Self-Assembly of Silica Nanoparticles at Water–Hydrocarbon Interfaces: Insights from In Operando Small-Angle X-ray Scattering Measurements and Molecular Dynamics Simulations

Mohammed, Sohaib; Asgar, Hassnain; Kuzmenko, Ivan; Gadikota, Greeshma

doi:10.1021/acs.energyfuels.0c02759

Title: Self-Assembly of Silica Nanoparticles at Water–Hydrocarbon Interfaces: Insights from In Operando Small-Angle X-ray Scattering Measurements and Molecular Dynamics Simulations

Abstract

To achieve tunable controls on the interactions of siliceous materials in subsurface environments bearing water and hydrocarbons, it is essential to determine the influence of hydrocarbon–water interfaces on the self-assembly of the silica particles. The hydrophilic silica particle have a tendency to aggregate on the water front of the interface. Self-assembly of silica nanoparticles proceeds via the migration of these nanoparticles to the water–hydrocarbon interface followed by aggregation at the interface. Fractal-like morphologies of assembled silica nanoparticles at water–hydrocarbon interfaces are observed. Rapid assembly of the hydrophilic silica nanoparticles at water–hydrocarbon interfaces corresponds to an overall reduction in the surface tension of water–toluene and water–heptane systems. These studies demonstrate the silica aggregation that is the precursor of silica polymerization, or nucleation and growth is influenced by the presence of hydrocarbons in subsurface geologic environments. These insights were derived from in operando ultrasmall and small-angle X-ray scattering (USAXS/SAXS) measurements, cryo-scanning electron microscopy (Cryo-SEM) imaging, and classical molecular dynamics simulations. As a result, these studies are intended to inform current and future efforts aimed at tuning silica reactivity in subsurface geologic environments to enhance permeability, the design and use of silica-based proppants to enhance fractures, and the development of effective strategies tomore »« less

Authors:

^[1];

^[1]; Kuzmenko, Ivan ^[2];

^[1]

Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY (United States)
Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Lemont, IL (United States)

Publication Date:: Wed Sep 23 00:00:00 EDT 2020

Research Org.:: Univ. of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (United States); Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES)

OSTI Identifier:: 1721723

Alternate Identifier(s):: OSTI ID: 1797955

Grant/Contract Number:: SC0019285; AC02-06CH11357

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Energy and Fuels

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 34; Journal Issue: 10; Journal ID: ISSN 0887-0624

Publisher:: American Chemical Society (ACS)

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 42 ENGINEERING; Self organization; Emulsions; Hydrocarbons; Interfaces; Nanoparticles; MD simulations; interfacial tension

Citation Formats


                    Mohammed, Sohaib, Asgar, Hassnain, Kuzmenko, Ivan, and Gadikota, Greeshma. Self-Assembly of Silica Nanoparticles at Water–Hydrocarbon Interfaces: Insights from In Operando Small-Angle X-ray Scattering Measurements and Molecular Dynamics Simulations.  United States: N. p., 2020. 
Web.  doi:10.1021/acs.energyfuels.0c02759.

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                    Mohammed, Sohaib, Asgar, Hassnain, Kuzmenko, Ivan, & Gadikota, Greeshma. Self-Assembly of Silica Nanoparticles at Water–Hydrocarbon Interfaces: Insights from In Operando Small-Angle X-ray Scattering Measurements and Molecular Dynamics Simulations.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.0c02759

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                    Mohammed, Sohaib, Asgar, Hassnain, Kuzmenko, Ivan, and Gadikota, Greeshma. Wed .  
"Self-Assembly of Silica Nanoparticles at Water–Hydrocarbon Interfaces: Insights from In Operando Small-Angle X-ray Scattering Measurements and Molecular Dynamics Simulations".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.0c02759.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1721723.

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@article{osti_1721723,

  title        = {Self-Assembly of Silica Nanoparticles at Water–Hydrocarbon Interfaces: Insights from In Operando Small-Angle X-ray Scattering Measurements and Molecular Dynamics Simulations},

  author       = {Mohammed, Sohaib and Asgar, Hassnain and Kuzmenko, Ivan and Gadikota, Greeshma},

  abstractNote = {To achieve tunable controls on the interactions of siliceous materials in subsurface environments bearing water and hydrocarbons, it is essential to determine the influence of hydrocarbon–water interfaces on the self-assembly of the silica particles. The hydrophilic silica particle have a tendency to aggregate on the water front of the interface. Self-assembly of silica nanoparticles proceeds via the migration of these nanoparticles to the water–hydrocarbon interface followed by aggregation at the interface. Fractal-like morphologies of assembled silica nanoparticles at water–hydrocarbon interfaces are observed. Rapid assembly of the hydrophilic silica nanoparticles at water–hydrocarbon interfaces corresponds to an overall reduction in the surface tension of water–toluene and water–heptane systems. These studies demonstrate the silica aggregation that is the precursor of silica polymerization, or nucleation and growth is influenced by the presence of hydrocarbons in subsurface geologic environments. These insights were derived from in operando ultrasmall and small-angle X-ray scattering (USAXS/SAXS) measurements, cryo-scanning electron microscopy (Cryo-SEM) imaging, and classical molecular dynamics simulations. As a result, these studies are intended to inform current and future efforts aimed at tuning silica reactivity in subsurface geologic environments to enhance permeability, the design and use of silica-based proppants to enhance fractures, and the development of effective strategies to control silica-based scaling behavior in subsurface reservoirs.},

  doi          = {10.1021/acs.energyfuels.0c02759},

  journal      = {Energy and Fuels},

  number       = 10,

  volume       = 34,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Wed Sep 23 00:00:00 EDT 2020},

  month        = {Wed Sep 23 00:00:00 EDT 2020}

}

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The ability to direct subsurface fluid flow or achieve a high level of control on permeability in subsurface environments necessitates the development of tunable novel subsurface fluids. These multifunctional fluids should have the potential to form hydrogels to divert flow or enhance fracture networks at elevated pressures, ability to transport proppants, undergo reversible transformations from gel-like to fluid-like in response to chemical- or pressure-based perturbations, and have improved CO₂ carrying capacity for enhancing the miscibility and flowability of oil and gas. In this paper, we discuss the development of multifunctional nanofluids constructed from silica (SiO₂) nanoparticles and poly(allylamine) (PAA), aminemore »« less
Cited by 6
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.9b00445

Full Text Available
Mechanistic insights into the colloidal assembly of mesoporous silica using in-operando cross-scale X-ray scattering and spectroscopic measurements

Journal Article Asgar, Hassnain ; Seifert, Soenke ; Kuzmenko, Ivan ; ... - Materialia

Advancing a mechanistic understanding of the colloidal to solid-phase transformations of silica allows us to tune these meso-scale structures. In this study, we probe the structural transformations associated with the formation of mesoporous silica particles, SBA-15 using in-operando Small Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS) and Grazing Incidence-Small Angle X-ray Scattering (GI-SAXS). The chemical transformations associated with the hydrolysis and condensation of silica particles is investigated using Attenuated Total Reflection – Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) measurements. Fast polymerization of Si-O-Si species to form mesoporous silica is noted when SBA-15 is synthesized in the presence of nitrate salts, due to the “salting-in”more »« less
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtla.2020.100764

Full Text Available

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Title: Self-Assembly of Silica Nanoparticles at Water–Hydrocarbon Interfaces: Insights from In Operando Small-Angle X-ray Scattering Measurements and Molecular Dynamics Simulations

Abstract

Citation Formats

Scale Prediction for Oil and Gas Production journal, February 2012

Scale formation and control in oil and gas fields: A review journal, May 2016

Oilfield scale formation and chemical removal: A review journal, December 2018

Permeability Changes Resulting from Quartz Precipitation and Dissolution around Upper Crustal Intrusions journal, July 2018

Evidence for SiO 2 -NaCl complexing in H 2 O-NaCl solutions at high pressure and temperature journal, September 2015

Silica Precipitation in Fractures and the Evolution of Permeability in Hydrothermal Upflow Zones journal, April 1993

Silica Precipitation in Acidic Solutions: Mechanism, pH Effect, and Salt Effect journal, June 2010

Development of dummy molecularly imprinted based on functionalized silica nanoparticles for determination of acrylamide in processed food by matrix solid phase dispersion journal, November 2016

Pickering Emulsions for Food Applications: Background, Trends, and Challenges journal, April 2015

Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Biocompatibility and Drug Delivery journal, February 2012

Mesoporous silica nanoparticles as controlled release drug delivery and gene transfection carriers journal, August 2008

Solid Nanoparticles that Catalyze Biofuel Upgrade Reactions at the Water/Oil Interface journal, December 2009

Phase-Selective Catalysis in Emulsions Stabilized by Janus Silica-Nanoparticles journal, October 2010

Silica nanoparticles as carriers of antifouling ligands for PVDF ultrafiltration membranes journal, April 2013

Fabrication of a novel thin-film nanocomposite (TFN) membrane containing MCM-41 silica nanoparticles (NPs) for water purification journal, December 2012

The impact of silica nanoparticles on the performance of polymer solution in presence of salts in polymer flooding for heavy oil recovery journal, May 2014

Reducing surfactant adsorption on rock by silica nanoparticles for enhanced oil recovery journal, May 2017

Nanofluid Enhanced Oil Recovery Using Hydrophobically Associative Zwitterionic Polymer-Coated Silica Nanoparticles journal, July 2017

Polymer-coated nanoparticles for enhanced oil recovery journal, March 2014

Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Nanoparticle Self-Assembly at a Liquid−Liquid Interface journal, July 2006

Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Surfactant Functionalized Nanoparticles in the Vicinity of an Oil/Water Interface journal, June 2010

Nanoparticle Assembly and Transport at Liquid-Liquid Interfaces journal, January 2003

Packing, Flipping, and Buckling Transitions in Compressed Monolayers of Ellipsoidal Latex Particles journal, June 2006

Self-assembly of nanoparticles at interfaces journal, January 2007

Fabricating colloidal particles with photolithography and their interactions at an air-water interface journal, July 2000

Adsorption of surface functionalized silica nanoparticles onto mineral surfaces and decane/water interface journal, October 2012

Emulsions stabilized by the interaction of silica nanoparticles and palmitic acid at the water–hexane interface journal, October 2014

Synergistic Interaction in Emulsions Stabilized by a Mixture of Silica Nanoparticles and Cationic Surfactant journal, March 2007

Oil-in-Water Emulsions Stabilized by Highly Charged Polyelectrolyte-Grafted Silica Nanoparticles † journal, October 2005

Hydrophilic Silica Nanoparticles at the PDMS Droplet−Water Interface journal, April 2003

Stabilization of Carbon Dioxide-in-Water Emulsions with Silica Nanoparticles journal, September 2004

Contact Angles of Colloid Silica and Gold Particles at Air−Water and Oil−Water Interfaces Determined with the Gel Trapping Technique journal, October 2004

Understanding the effect of different size silica nanoparticles and SDS surfactant mixtures on interfacial tension of n-hexane–water journal, December 2016

Size-dependent properties of silica nanoparticles for Pickering stabilization of emulsions and foams journal, March 2016

Nanoparticle stabilized oil in water emulsions: A critical review journal, April 2018

Nanoparticle silica-stabilised oil-in-water emulsions: improving emulsion stability journal, February 2005

Enhanced Stabilization of Emulsions Due to Surfactant-Induced Nanoparticle Flocculation journal, July 2007

Thermal stability of oil-in-water Pickering emulsion in the presence of nanoparticle, surfactant, and polymer journal, February 2015

Amphiphilic Silica Nanoparticles at the Decane−Water Interface: Insights from Atomistic Simulations journal, May 2011

Functionalized Silica Nanoparticles within Multicomponent Oil/Brine Interfaces: A Study in Molecular Dynamics journal, March 2016

Ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering at the Advanced Photon Source journal, April 2009

Ultra-Small-Angle X-ray Scattering Instrument at the Advanced Photon Source: History, Recent Development, and Current Status journal, October 2012

Irena : tool suite for modeling and analysis of small-angle scattering journal, February 2009

Designing CO 2 -Responsive Multifunctional Nanoscale Fluids with Tunable Hydrogel Behavior for Subsurface Energy Recovery journal, June 2019

Relating Structural and Microstructural Evolution to the Reactivity of Cellulose and Lignin during Alkaline Thermal Treatment with Ca(OH) 2 for Sustainable Energy Production Integrated with CO 2 Capture journal, January 2019

In Situ Angstrom-to-Micrometer Characterization of the Structural and Microstructural Changes in Kaolinite on Heating Using Ultrasmall-Angle, Small-Angle, and Wide-Angle X-ray Scattering (USAXS/SAXS/WAXS) journal, October 2017

Connecting the Morphological and Crystal Structural Changes during the Conversion of Lithium Hydroxide Monohydrate to Lithium Carbonate Using Multi-Scale X-ray Scattering Measurements journal, September 2017

Towards understanding the microstructural and structural changes in natural hierarchical materials for energy recovery: In-operando multi-scale X-ray scattering characterization of Na- and Ca-montmorillonite on heating to 1150 °C journal, May 2017

Molecular Models of Hydroxide, Oxyhydroxide, and Clay Phases and the Development of a General Force Field journal, January 2004

The missing term in effective pair potentials journal, November 1987

Development and Testing of the OPLS All-Atom Force Field on Conformational Energetics and Properties of Organic Liquids journal, January 1996

A molecular dynamics method for simulations in the canonical ensemble journal, June 1984

Canonical dynamics: Equilibrium phase-space distributions journal, March 1985

Strain fluctuations and elastic constants journal, March 1982

Particle mesh Ewald: An N ⋅log( N ) method for Ewald sums in large systems journal, June 1993

GROMACS: High performance molecular simulations through multi-level parallelism from laptops to supercomputers journal, September 2015

The influence of CO2 on the structure of confined asphaltenes in calcite nanopores journal, January 2019

The role of calcite and silica interfaces on the aggregation and transport of asphaltenes in confinement journal, January 2019

Dynamic Wettability Alteration of Calcite, Silica and Illite Surfaces in Subsurface Environments: A Case Study of Asphaltene Self-Assembly at Solid Interfaces journal, March 2020

The Effect of Hydration on the Structure and Transport Properties of Confined Carbon Dioxide and Methane in Calcite Nanopores journal, August 2018

CO2-Induced displacement and diffusive transport of shale geofluids in silica nanopores of varying sizes journal, July 2019

Exploring the Role of Inorganic and Organic Interfaces on CO 2 and CH 4 Partitioning: Case Study of Silica, Illite, Calcite, and Kerogen Nanopores on Gas Adsorption and Nanoscale Transport Behaviors journal, February 2020

Small Angle X-ray Scattering for Nanoparticle Research journal, April 2016

Oil-Water Interface Templating of Mesoporous Macroscale Structures journal, August 1996

Preparation of Hard Mesoporous Silica Spheres journal, January 1997

Synthesis of Oriented Zeolite Membranes at the Interface between Two Fluid Phases journal, August 1997

Simple Method to Produce Janus Colloidal Particles in Large Quantity journal, November 2006

Properties of Fatty Amine–Silica Nanoparticle Interfacial Layers at the Hexane–Water Interface journal, January 2012

Nanoparticle Assembly at Fluid Interfaces: Structure and Dynamics journal, January 2005

Nanoparticles Adsorbed at the Water/Oil Interface: Coverage and Composition Effects on Structure and Diffusion journal, December 2012

Influence of Particle Wettability on the Type and Stability of Surfactant-Free Emulsions † journal, November 2000

Assembly of Nanoparticles at Liquid Interfaces: Crowding and Ordering journal, March 2014

Nanoparticle effects on the water-oil interfacial tension journal, November 2012

Molecular dynamics study of nanoparticles and non-ionic surfactant at an oil–water interface journal, January 2011

Scale Prediction for Oil and Gas Production
journal, February 2012

Scale formation and control in oil and gas fields: A review
journal, May 2016

Oilfield scale formation and chemical removal: A review
journal, December 2018

Permeability Changes Resulting from Quartz Precipitation and Dissolution around Upper Crustal Intrusions
journal, July 2018

Evidence for SiO ₂ -NaCl complexing in H ₂ O-NaCl solutions at high pressure and temperature
journal, September 2015

Silica Precipitation in Fractures and the Evolution of Permeability in Hydrothermal Upflow Zones
journal, April 1993

Silica Precipitation in Acidic Solutions: Mechanism, pH Effect, and Salt Effect
journal, June 2010

Development of dummy molecularly imprinted based on functionalized silica nanoparticles for determination of acrylamide in processed food by matrix solid phase dispersion
journal, November 2016

Pickering Emulsions for Food Applications: Background, Trends, and Challenges
journal, April 2015

Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Biocompatibility and Drug Delivery
journal, February 2012

Mesoporous silica nanoparticles as controlled release drug delivery and gene transfection carriers
journal, August 2008

Solid Nanoparticles that Catalyze Biofuel Upgrade Reactions at the Water/Oil Interface
journal, December 2009

Phase-Selective Catalysis in Emulsions Stabilized by Janus Silica-Nanoparticles
journal, October 2010

Silica nanoparticles as carriers of antifouling ligands for PVDF ultrafiltration membranes
journal, April 2013

Fabrication of a novel thin-film nanocomposite (TFN) membrane containing MCM-41 silica nanoparticles (NPs) for water purification
journal, December 2012

The impact of silica nanoparticles on the performance of polymer solution in presence of salts in polymer flooding for heavy oil recovery
journal, May 2014

Reducing surfactant adsorption on rock by silica nanoparticles for enhanced oil recovery
journal, May 2017

Nanofluid Enhanced Oil Recovery Using Hydrophobically Associative Zwitterionic Polymer-Coated Silica Nanoparticles
journal, July 2017

Polymer-coated nanoparticles for enhanced oil recovery
journal, March 2014

Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Nanoparticle Self-Assembly at a Liquid−Liquid Interface
journal, July 2006

Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Surfactant Functionalized Nanoparticles in the Vicinity of an Oil/Water Interface
journal, June 2010

Nanoparticle Assembly and Transport at Liquid-Liquid Interfaces
journal, January 2003

Packing, Flipping, and Buckling Transitions in Compressed Monolayers of Ellipsoidal Latex Particles
journal, June 2006

Self-assembly of nanoparticles at interfaces
journal, January 2007

Fabricating colloidal particles with photolithography and their interactions at an air-water interface
journal, July 2000

Adsorption of surface functionalized silica nanoparticles onto mineral surfaces and decane/water interface
journal, October 2012

Emulsions stabilized by the interaction of silica nanoparticles and palmitic acid at the water–hexane interface
journal, October 2014

Synergistic Interaction in Emulsions Stabilized by a Mixture of Silica Nanoparticles and Cationic Surfactant
journal, March 2007

Oil-in-Water Emulsions Stabilized by Highly Charged Polyelectrolyte-Grafted Silica Nanoparticles ^†
journal, October 2005

Hydrophilic Silica Nanoparticles at the PDMS Droplet−Water Interface
journal, April 2003

Stabilization of Carbon Dioxide-in-Water Emulsions with Silica Nanoparticles
journal, September 2004

Contact Angles of Colloid Silica and Gold Particles at Air−Water and Oil−Water Interfaces Determined with the Gel Trapping Technique
journal, October 2004

Understanding the effect of different size silica nanoparticles and SDS surfactant mixtures on interfacial tension of n-hexane–water
journal, December 2016

Size-dependent properties of silica nanoparticles for Pickering stabilization of emulsions and foams
journal, March 2016

Nanoparticle stabilized oil in water emulsions: A critical review
journal, April 2018

Nanoparticle silica-stabilised oil-in-water emulsions: improving emulsion stability
journal, February 2005

Enhanced Stabilization of Emulsions Due to Surfactant-Induced Nanoparticle Flocculation
journal, July 2007

Thermal stability of oil-in-water Pickering emulsion in the presence of nanoparticle, surfactant, and polymer
journal, February 2015

Amphiphilic Silica Nanoparticles at the Decane−Water Interface: Insights from Atomistic Simulations
journal, May 2011

Functionalized Silica Nanoparticles within Multicomponent Oil/Brine Interfaces: A Study in Molecular Dynamics
journal, March 2016

Ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering at the Advanced Photon Source
journal, April 2009

Ultra-Small-Angle X-ray Scattering Instrument at the Advanced Photon Source: History, Recent Development, and Current Status
journal, October 2012

Irena : tool suite for modeling and analysis of small-angle scattering
journal, February 2009

Designing CO ₂ -Responsive Multifunctional Nanoscale Fluids with Tunable Hydrogel Behavior for Subsurface Energy Recovery
journal, June 2019

Relating Structural and Microstructural Evolution to the Reactivity of Cellulose and Lignin during Alkaline Thermal Treatment with Ca(OH) ₂ for Sustainable Energy Production Integrated with CO ₂ Capture
journal, January 2019

In Situ Angstrom-to-Micrometer Characterization of the Structural and Microstructural Changes in Kaolinite on Heating Using Ultrasmall-Angle, Small-Angle, and Wide-Angle X-ray Scattering (USAXS/SAXS/WAXS)
journal, October 2017

Connecting the Morphological and Crystal Structural Changes during the Conversion of Lithium Hydroxide Monohydrate to Lithium Carbonate Using Multi-Scale X-ray Scattering Measurements
journal, September 2017

Towards understanding the microstructural and structural changes in natural hierarchical materials for energy recovery: In-operando multi-scale X-ray scattering characterization of Na- and Ca-montmorillonite on heating to 1150 °C
journal, May 2017

Molecular Models of Hydroxide, Oxyhydroxide, and Clay Phases and the Development of a General Force Field
journal, January 2004

The missing term in effective pair potentials
journal, November 1987

Development and Testing of the OPLS All-Atom Force Field on Conformational Energetics and Properties of Organic Liquids
journal, January 1996

A molecular dynamics method for simulations in the canonical ensemble
journal, June 1984

Canonical dynamics: Equilibrium phase-space distributions
journal, March 1985

Strain fluctuations and elastic constants
journal, March 1982

Particle mesh Ewald: An N ⋅log( N ) method for Ewald sums in large systems
journal, June 1993

GROMACS: High performance molecular simulations through multi-level parallelism from laptops to supercomputers
journal, September 2015

The influence of CO2 on the structure of confined asphaltenes in calcite nanopores
journal, January 2019

The role of calcite and silica interfaces on the aggregation and transport of asphaltenes in confinement
journal, January 2019

Dynamic Wettability Alteration of Calcite, Silica and Illite Surfaces in Subsurface Environments: A Case Study of Asphaltene Self-Assembly at Solid Interfaces
journal, March 2020

The Effect of Hydration on the Structure and Transport Properties of Confined Carbon Dioxide and Methane in Calcite Nanopores
journal, August 2018

CO2-Induced displacement and diffusive transport of shale geofluids in silica nanopores of varying sizes
journal, July 2019

Exploring the Role of Inorganic and Organic Interfaces on CO ₂ and CH ₄ Partitioning: Case Study of Silica, Illite, Calcite, and Kerogen Nanopores on Gas Adsorption and Nanoscale Transport Behaviors
journal, February 2020

Small Angle X-ray Scattering for Nanoparticle Research
journal, April 2016

Oil-Water Interface Templating of Mesoporous Macroscale Structures
journal, August 1996

Preparation of Hard Mesoporous Silica Spheres
journal, January 1997

Synthesis of Oriented Zeolite Membranes at the Interface between Two Fluid Phases
journal, August 1997

Simple Method to Produce Janus Colloidal Particles in Large Quantity
journal, November 2006

Properties of Fatty Amine–Silica Nanoparticle Interfacial Layers at the Hexane–Water Interface
journal, January 2012

Nanoparticle Assembly at Fluid Interfaces: Structure and Dynamics
journal, January 2005

Nanoparticles Adsorbed at the Water/Oil Interface: Coverage and Composition Effects on Structure and Diffusion
journal, December 2012

Influence of Particle Wettability on the Type and Stability of Surfactant-Free Emulsions ^†
journal, November 2000

Assembly of Nanoparticles at Liquid Interfaces: Crowding and Ordering
journal, March 2014

Nanoparticle effects on the water-oil interfacial tension
journal, November 2012

Molecular dynamics study of nanoparticles and non-ionic surfactant at an oil–water interface
journal, January 2011