Direct measurement of the muonic content of extensive air showers between 2 $\times$ 1017 and 2 $\times$ 1018 eV at the Pierre Auger Observatory

Aab, A.; Abreu, P.; Aglietta, M.; Albury, J. M.; Allekotte, I.; Almela, A.; Alvarez Castillo, J.; Alvarez-Muñiz, J.; Anastasi, G. A.; Anchordoqui, L.; Andrada, B.; Andringa, S.; Aramo, C.; Araújo Ferreira, P. R.; Asorey, H.; Assis, P.; Avila, G.; Badescu, A. M.; Bakalova, A.; Balaceanu, A.; Barbato, F.; Barreira Luz, R. J.; Becker, K. H.; Bellido, J. A.; Berat, C.; Bertaina, M. E.; Bertou, X.; Biermann, P. L.; Bister, T.; Biteau, J.; Blanco, A.; Blazek, J.; Bleve, C.; Boháčová, M.; Boncioli, D.; Bonifazi, C.; Bonneau Arbeletche, L.; Borodai, N.; Botti, A. M.; Brack, J.; Bretz, T.; Briechle, F. L.; Buchholz, P.; Bueno, A.; Buitink, S.; Buscemi, M.; Caballero-Mora, K. S.; Caccianiga, L.; Calcagni, L.; Cancio, A.; Canfora, F.; Caracas, I.; Carceller, J. M.; Caruso, R.; Castellina, A.; Catalani, F.; Cataldi, G.; Cazon, L.; Cerda, M.; Chinellato, J. A.; Choi, K.; Chudoba, J.; Chytka, L.; Clay, R. W.; Cobos Cerutti, A. C.; Colalillo, R.; Coleman, A.; Coluccia, M. R.; Conceição, R.; Condorelli, A.; Consolati, G.; Contreras, F.; Convenga, F.; Covault, C. E.; Dasso, S.; Daumiller, K.; Dawson, B. R.; Day, J. A.; de Almeida, R. M.; de Jesús, J.; de Jong, S. J.; De Mauro, G.; de Mello Neto, J. T.; De Mitri, I.; de Oliveira, J.; de Oliveira Franco, D.; de Souza, V.; Debatin, J.; del Río, M.; Deligny, O.; Dhital, N.; Di Matteo, A.; Díaz Castro, M. L.; Dobrigkeit, C.; D’Olivo, J. C.; Dorosti, Q.; dos Anjos, R. C.; Dova, M. T.; Ebr, J.; Engel, R.; Epicoco, I.; Erdmann, M.; Escobar, C. O.; Etchegoyen, A.; Falcke, H.; Farmer, J.; Farrar, G.; Fauth, A. C.; Fazzini, N.; Feldbusch, F.; Fenu, F.; Fick, B.; Figueira, J. M.; Filipčič, A.; Freire, M. M.; Fujii, T.; Fuster, A.; Galea, C.; Galelli, C.; García, B.; Garcia Vegas, A. L.; Gemmeke, H.; Gesualdi, F.; Gherghel-Lascu, A.; Ghia, P. L.; Giaccari, U.; Giammarchi, M.; Giller, M.; Glombitza, J.; Gobbi, F.; Golup, G.; Gómez Berisso, M.; Gómez Vitale, P. F.; Gongora, J. P.; González, N.; Goos, I.; Góra, D.; Gorgi, A.; Gottowik, M.; Grubb, T. D.; Guarino, F.; Guedes, G. P.; Guido, E.; Hahn, S.; Halliday, R.; Hampel, M. R.; Hansen, P.; Harari, D.; Harvey, V. M.; Haungs, A.; Hebbeker, T.; Heck, D.; Hill, G. C.; Hojvat, C.; Hörandel, J. R.; Horvath, P.; Hrabovský, M.; Huege, T.; Hulsman, J.; Insolia, A.; Isar, P. G.; Johnsen, J. A.; Jurysek, J.; Kääpä, A.; Kampert, K. H.; Keilhauer, B.; Kemp, J.; Klages, H. O.; Kleifges, M.; Kleinfeller, J.; Köpke, M.; Kukec Mezek, G.; Lago, B. L.; LaHurd, D.; Lang, R. G.; Leigui de Oliveira, M. A.; Lenok, V.; Letessier-Selvon, A.; Lhenry-Yvon, I.; Lo Presti, D.; Lopes, L.; López, R.; López Casado, A.; Lorek, R.; Luce, Q.; Lucero, A.; Machado Payeras, A.; Malacari, M.; Mancarella, G.; Mandat, D.; Manning, B. C.; Manshanden, J.; Mantsch, P.; Mariazzi, A. G.; Mariş, I. C.; Marsella, G.; Martello, D.; Martinez, H.; Martínez Bravo, O.; Mastrodicasa, M.; Mathes, H. J.; Matthews, J.; Matthiae, G.; Mayotte, E.; Mazur, P. O.; Medina-Tanco, G.; Melo, D.; Menshikov, A.; Merenda, K. -D.; Michal, S.; Micheletti, M. I.; Miramonti, L.; Mockler, D.; Mollerach, S.; Montanet, F.; Morello, C.; Mostafá, M.; Müller, A. L.; Muller, M. A.; Müller, S.; Mussa, R.; Muzio, M.; Namasaka, W. M.; Nellen, L.; Niculescu-Oglinzanu, M.; Niechciol, M.; Nitz, D.; Nosek, D.; Novotny, V.; Nožka, L.; Nucita, A.; Núñez, L. A.; Palatka, M.; Pallotta, J.; Panetta, M. P.; Papenbreer, P.; Parente, G.; Parra, A.; Pech, M.; Pedreira, F.; Pȩkala, J.; Pelayo, R.; Peña-Rodriguez, J.; Perez Armand, J.; Perlin, M.; Perrone, L.; Peters, C.; Petrera, S.; Pierog, T.; Pimenta, M.; Pirronello, V.; Platino, M.; Pont, B.; Pothast, M.; Privitera, P.; Prouza, M.; Puyleart, A.; Querchfeld, S.; Rautenberg, J.; Ravignani, D.; Reininghaus, M.; Ridky, J.; Riehn, F.; Risse, M.; Ristori, P.; Rizi, V.; Rodrigues de Carvalho, W.; Rodriguez Rojo, J.; Roncoroni, M. J.; Roth, M.; Roulet, E.; Rovero, A. C.; Ruehl, P.; Saffi, S. J.; Saftoiu, A.; Salamida, F.; Salazar, H.; Salina, G.; Sanabria Gomez, J. D.; Sánchez, F.; Santos, E. M.; Santos, E.; Sarazin, F.; Sarmento, R.; Sarmiento-Cano, C.; Sato, R.; Savina, P.; Schäfer, C.; Scherini, V.; Schieler, H.; Schimassek, M.; Schimp, M.; Schlüter, F.; Schmidt, D.; Scholten, O.; Schovánek, P.; Schröder, F. G.; Schröder, S.; Sciutto, S. J.; Scornavacche, M.; Shellard, R. C.; Sigl, G.; Silli, G.; Sima, O.; Šmída, R.; Sommers, P.; Soriano, J. F.; Souchard, J.; Squartini, R.; Stadelmaier, M.; Stanca, D.; Stanič, S.; Stasielak, J.; Stassi, P.; Streich, A.; Suárez-Durán, M.; Sudholz, T.; Suomijärvi, T.; Supanitsky, A. D.; Šupík, J.; Szadkowski, Z.; Taboada, A.; Taborda, O. A.; Tapia, A.; Timmermans, C.; Tobiska, P.; Todero Peixoto, C. J.; Tomé, B.; Torralba Elipe, G.; Travaini, A.; Travnicek, P.; Trimarelli, C.; Trini, M.; Tueros, M.; Ulrich, R.; Unger, M.; Urban, M.; Vaclavek, L.; Valdés Galicia, J. F.; Valiño, I.; Valore, L.; van Vliet, A.; Varela, E.; Vargas Cárdenas, B.; Vásquez-Ramírez, A.; Veberič, D.; Ventura, C.; Vergara Quispe, I. D.; Verzi, V.; Vicha, J.; Villaseñor, L.; Vink, J.; Vorobiov, S.; Wahlberg, H.; Watson, A. A.; Weber, M.; Weindl, A.; Wiencke, L.; Wilczyński, H.; Winchen, T.; Wirtz, M.; Wittkowski, D.; Wundheiler, B.; Yushkov, A.; Zapparrata, O.; Zas, E.; Zavrtanik, D.; Zavrtanik, M.; Zehrer, L.; Zepeda, A.; Ziolkowski, M.; Zuccarello, F.

doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-020-8055-y

Title: Direct measurement of the muonic content of extensive air showers between 2 $$\times$$ 10¹⁷ and 2 $$\times$$ 10¹⁸ eV at the Pierre Auger Observatory

Abstract

The hybrid design of the Pierre Auger Observatory allows for the measurement of the properties of extensive air showers initiated by ultra-high energy cosmic rays with unprecedented precision. By using an array of prototype underground muon detectors, we have performed the first direct measurement, by the Auger Collaboration, of the muon content of air showers between 2 $$\times$$ 10¹⁷ and 2 $$\times$$ 10¹⁸ eV. We have studied the energy evolution of the attenuation-corrected muon density, and compared it to predictions from air shower simulations. The observed densities are found to be larger than those predicted by models. We quantify this discrepancy by combining the measurements from the muon detector with those from the Auger fluorescence detector at 10^17.5 eV and 10¹⁸ eV. We find that, for the models to explain the data, an increase in the muon density of 38% $$±$$4%(12%) $$±^{21\%}_{18\%}$$ for EPOS-LHC, and of 50%(53%) $$±$$4%(13%) $$±^{23\%}_{20\%}$$ for QGSJETII-04, is respectively needed.

Authors:

Aab, A.; Abreu, P.; Aglietta, M.; Albury, J. M.; Allekotte, I.; Almela, A.; Alvarez Castillo, J.; Alvarez-Muñiz, J.; Anastasi, G. A.; Anchordoqui, L.; Andrada, B.; Andringa, S.; Aramo, C.; Araújo Ferreira, P. R.; Asorey, H.; Assis, P.; Avila, G.; Badescu, A. M.; Bakalova, A.; Balaceanu, A. more »

Publication Date:: Tue Aug 18 00:00:00 EDT 2020

Research Org.:: Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (FNAL), Batavia, IL (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), High Energy Physics (HEP); National Science Foundation (NSF)

Contributing Org.:: The Pierre Auger Collaboration

OSTI Identifier:: 1682290

Report Number(s):: FERMILAB-PUB-20-548-ND-PPD-TD
Journal ID: ISSN 1434-6044; oai:inspirehep.net:1812658; TRN: US2204055

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-07CH11359; FG02-04ER41300; FG02-99ER41107; SC0011689; 0450696

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: European Physical Journal. C, Particles and Fields

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 80; Journal Issue: 8; Journal ID: ISSN 1434-6044

Publisher:: Springer

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS

Citation Formats


                    Aab, A., Abreu, P., Aglietta, M., Albury, J. M., Allekotte, I., Almela, A., Alvarez Castillo, J., Alvarez-Muñiz, J., Anastasi, G. A., Anchordoqui, L., Andrada, B., Andringa, S., Aramo, C., Araújo Ferreira, P. R., Asorey, H., Assis, P., Avila, G., Badescu, A. M., Bakalova, A., Balaceanu, A., Barbato, F., Barreira Luz, R. J., Becker, K. H., Bellido, J. A., Berat, C., Bertaina, M. E., Bertou, X., Biermann, P. L., Bister, T., Biteau, J., Blanco, A., Blazek, J., Bleve, C., Boháčová, M., Boncioli, D., Bonifazi, C., Bonneau Arbeletche, L., Borodai, N., Botti, A. M., Brack, J., Bretz, T., Briechle, F. L., Buchholz, P., Bueno, A., Buitink, S., Buscemi, M., Caballero-Mora, K. S., Caccianiga, L., Calcagni, L., Cancio, A., Canfora, F., Caracas, I., Carceller, J. M., Caruso, R., Castellina, A., Catalani, F., Cataldi, G., Cazon, L., Cerda, M., Chinellato, J. A., Choi, K., Chudoba, J., Chytka, L., Clay, R. W., Cobos Cerutti, A. C., Colalillo, R., Coleman, A., Coluccia, M. R., Conceição, R., Condorelli, A., Consolati, G., Contreras, F., Convenga, F., Covault, C. E., Dasso, S., Daumiller, K., Dawson, B. R., Day, J. A., de Almeida, R. M., de Jesús, J., de Jong, S. J., De Mauro, G., de Mello Neto, J. T., De Mitri, I., de Oliveira, J., de Oliveira Franco, D., de Souza, V., Debatin, J., del Río, M., Deligny, O., Dhital, N., Di Matteo, A., Díaz Castro, M. L., Dobrigkeit, C., D’Olivo, J. C., Dorosti, Q., dos Anjos, R. C., Dova, M. T., Ebr, J., Engel, R., Epicoco, I., Erdmann, M., Escobar, C. O., Etchegoyen, A., Falcke, H., Farmer, J., Farrar, G., Fauth, A. C., Fazzini, N., Feldbusch, F., Fenu, F., Fick, B., Figueira, J. M., Filipčič, A., Freire, M. M., Fujii, T., Fuster, A., Galea, C., Galelli, C., García, B., Garcia Vegas, A. L., Gemmeke, H., Gesualdi, F., Gherghel-Lascu, A., Ghia, P. L., Giaccari, U., Giammarchi, M., Giller, M., Glombitza, J., Gobbi, F., Golup, G., Gómez Berisso, M., Gómez Vitale, P. F., Gongora, J. P., González, N., Goos, I., Góra, D., Gorgi, A., Gottowik, M., Grubb, T. D., Guarino, F., Guedes, G. P., Guido, E., Hahn, S., Halliday, R., Hampel, M. R., Hansen, P., Harari, D., Harvey, V. M., Haungs, A., Hebbeker, T., Heck, D., Hill, G. C., Hojvat, C., Hörandel, J. R., Horvath, P., Hrabovský, M., Huege, T., Hulsman, J., Insolia, A., Isar, P. G., Johnsen, J. A., Jurysek, J., Kääpä, A., Kampert, K. H., Keilhauer, B., Kemp, J., Klages, H. O., Kleifges, M., Kleinfeller, J., Köpke, M., Kukec Mezek, G., Lago, B. L., LaHurd, D., Lang, R. G., Leigui de Oliveira, M. A., Lenok, V., Letessier-Selvon, A., Lhenry-Yvon, I., Lo Presti, D., Lopes, L., López, R., López Casado, A., Lorek, R., Luce, Q., Lucero, A., Machado Payeras, A., Malacari, M., Mancarella, G., Mandat, D., Manning, B. C., Manshanden, J., Mantsch, P., Mariazzi, A. G., Mariş, I. C., Marsella, G., Martello, D., Martinez, H., Martínez Bravo, O., Mastrodicasa, M., Mathes, H. J., Matthews, J., Matthiae, G., Mayotte, E., Mazur, P. O., Medina-Tanco, G., Melo, D., Menshikov, A., Merenda, K. -D., Michal, S., Micheletti, M. I., Miramonti, L., Mockler, D., Mollerach, S., Montanet, F., Morello, C., Mostafá, M., Müller, A. L., Muller, M. A., Müller, S., Mussa, R., Muzio, M., Namasaka, W. M., Nellen, L., Niculescu-Oglinzanu, M., Niechciol, M., Nitz, D., Nosek, D., Novotny, V., Nožka, L., Nucita, A., Núñez, L. A., Palatka, M., Pallotta, J., Panetta, M. P., Papenbreer, P., Parente, G., Parra, A., Pech, M., Pedreira, F., Pȩkala, J., Pelayo, R., Peña-Rodriguez, J., Perez Armand, J., Perlin, M., Perrone, L., Peters, C., Petrera, S., Pierog, T., Pimenta, M., Pirronello, V., Platino, M., Pont, B., Pothast, M., Privitera, P., Prouza, M., Puyleart, A., Querchfeld, S., Rautenberg, J., Ravignani, D., Reininghaus, M., Ridky, J., Riehn, F., Risse, M., Ristori, P., Rizi, V., Rodrigues de Carvalho, W., Rodriguez Rojo, J., Roncoroni, M. J., Roth, M., Roulet, E., Rovero, A. C., Ruehl, P., Saffi, S. J., Saftoiu, A., Salamida, F., Salazar, H., Salina, G., Sanabria Gomez, J. D., Sánchez, F., Santos, E. M., Santos, E., Sarazin, F., Sarmento, R., Sarmiento-Cano, C., Sato, R., Savina, P., Schäfer, C., Scherini, V., Schieler, H., Schimassek, M., Schimp, M., Schlüter, F., Schmidt, D., Scholten, O., Schovánek, P., Schröder, F. G., Schröder, S., Sciutto, S. J., Scornavacche, M., Shellard, R. C., Sigl, G., Silli, G., Sima, O., Šmída, R., Sommers, P., Soriano, J. F., Souchard, J., Squartini, R., Stadelmaier, M., Stanca, D., Stanič, S., Stasielak, J., Stassi, P., Streich, A., Suárez-Durán, M., Sudholz, T., Suomijärvi, T., Supanitsky, A. D., Šupík, J., Szadkowski, Z., Taboada, A., Taborda, O. A., Tapia, A., Timmermans, C., Tobiska, P., Todero Peixoto, C. J., Tomé, B., Torralba Elipe, G., Travaini, A., Travnicek, P., Trimarelli, C., Trini, M., Tueros, M., Ulrich, R., Unger, M., Urban, M., Vaclavek, L., Valdés Galicia, J. F., Valiño, I., Valore, L., van Vliet, A., Varela, E., Vargas Cárdenas, B., Vásquez-Ramírez, A., Veberič, D., Ventura, C., Vergara Quispe, I. D., Verzi, V., Vicha, J., Villaseñor, L., Vink, J., Vorobiov, S., Wahlberg, H., Watson, A. A., Weber, M., Weindl, A., Wiencke, L., Wilczyński, H., Winchen, T., Wirtz, M., Wittkowski, D., Wundheiler, B., Yushkov, A., Zapparrata, O., Zas, E., Zavrtanik, D., Zavrtanik, M., Zehrer, L., Zepeda, A., Ziolkowski, M., and Zuccarello, F. Direct measurement of the muonic content of extensive air showers between 2 $\times$ 1017 and 2 $\times$ 1018 eV at the Pierre Auger Observatory.  United States: N. p., 2020. 
Web.  doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-020-8055-y.

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                    Aab, A., Abreu, P., Aglietta, M., Albury, J. M., Allekotte, I., Almela, A., Alvarez Castillo, J., Alvarez-Muñiz, J., Anastasi, G. A., Anchordoqui, L., Andrada, B., Andringa, S., Aramo, C., Araújo Ferreira, P. R., Asorey, H., Assis, P., Avila, G., Badescu, A. M., Bakalova, A., Balaceanu, A., Barbato, F., Barreira Luz, R. J., Becker, K. H., Bellido, J. A., Berat, C., Bertaina, M. E., Bertou, X., Biermann, P. L., Bister, T., Biteau, J., Blanco, A., Blazek, J., Bleve, C., Boháčová, M., Boncioli, D., Bonifazi, C., Bonneau Arbeletche, L., Borodai, N., Botti, A. M., Brack, J., Bretz, T., Briechle, F. L., Buchholz, P., Bueno, A., Buitink, S., Buscemi, M., Caballero-Mora, K. S., Caccianiga, L., Calcagni, L., Cancio, A., Canfora, F., Caracas, I., Carceller, J. M., Caruso, R., Castellina, A., Catalani, F., Cataldi, G., Cazon, L., Cerda, M., Chinellato, J. A., Choi, K., Chudoba, J., Chytka, L., Clay, R. W., Cobos Cerutti, A. C., Colalillo, R., Coleman, A., Coluccia, M. R., Conceição, R., Condorelli, A., Consolati, G., Contreras, F., Convenga, F., Covault, C. E., Dasso, S., Daumiller, K., Dawson, B. R., Day, J. A., de Almeida, R. M., de Jesús, J., de Jong, S. J., De Mauro, G., de Mello Neto, J. T., De Mitri, I., de Oliveira, J., de Oliveira Franco, D., de Souza, V., Debatin, J., del Río, M., Deligny, O., Dhital, N., Di Matteo, A., Díaz Castro, M. L., Dobrigkeit, C., D’Olivo, J. C., Dorosti, Q., dos Anjos, R. C., Dova, M. T., Ebr, J., Engel, R., Epicoco, I., Erdmann, M., Escobar, C. O., Etchegoyen, A., Falcke, H., Farmer, J., Farrar, G., Fauth, A. C., Fazzini, N., Feldbusch, F., Fenu, F., Fick, B., Figueira, J. M., Filipčič, A., Freire, M. M., Fujii, T., Fuster, A., Galea, C., Galelli, C., García, B., Garcia Vegas, A. L., Gemmeke, H., Gesualdi, F., Gherghel-Lascu, A., Ghia, P. L., Giaccari, U., Giammarchi, M., Giller, M., Glombitza, J., Gobbi, F., Golup, G., Gómez Berisso, M., Gómez Vitale, P. F., Gongora, J. P., González, N., Goos, I., Góra, D., Gorgi, A., Gottowik, M., Grubb, T. D., Guarino, F., Guedes, G. P., Guido, E., Hahn, S., Halliday, R., Hampel, M. R., Hansen, P., Harari, D., Harvey, V. M., Haungs, A., Hebbeker, T., Heck, D., Hill, G. C., Hojvat, C., Hörandel, J. R., Horvath, P., Hrabovský, M., Huege, T., Hulsman, J., Insolia, A., Isar, P. G., Johnsen, J. A., Jurysek, J., Kääpä, A., Kampert, K. H., Keilhauer, B., Kemp, J., Klages, H. O., Kleifges, M., Kleinfeller, J., Köpke, M., Kukec Mezek, G., Lago, B. L., LaHurd, D., Lang, R. G., Leigui de Oliveira, M. A., Lenok, V., Letessier-Selvon, A., Lhenry-Yvon, I., Lo Presti, D., Lopes, L., López, R., López Casado, A., Lorek, R., Luce, Q., Lucero, A., Machado Payeras, A., Malacari, M., Mancarella, G., Mandat, D., Manning, B. C., Manshanden, J., Mantsch, P., Mariazzi, A. G., Mariş, I. C., Marsella, G., Martello, D., Martinez, H., Martínez Bravo, O., Mastrodicasa, M., Mathes, H. J., Matthews, J., Matthiae, G., Mayotte, E., Mazur, P. O., Medina-Tanco, G., Melo, D., Menshikov, A., Merenda, K. -D., Michal, S., Micheletti, M. I., Miramonti, L., Mockler, D., Mollerach, S., Montanet, F., Morello, C., Mostafá, M., Müller, A. L., Muller, M. A., Müller, S., Mussa, R., Muzio, M., Namasaka, W. M., Nellen, L., Niculescu-Oglinzanu, M., Niechciol, M., Nitz, D., Nosek, D., Novotny, V., Nožka, L., Nucita, A., Núñez, L. A., Palatka, M., Pallotta, J., Panetta, M. P., Papenbreer, P., Parente, G., Parra, A., Pech, M., Pedreira, F., Pȩkala, J., Pelayo, R., Peña-Rodriguez, J., Perez Armand, J., Perlin, M., Perrone, L., Peters, C., Petrera, S., Pierog, T., Pimenta, M., Pirronello, V., Platino, M., Pont, B., Pothast, M., Privitera, P., Prouza, M., Puyleart, A., Querchfeld, S., Rautenberg, J., Ravignani, D., Reininghaus, M., Ridky, J., Riehn, F., Risse, M., Ristori, P., Rizi, V., Rodrigues de Carvalho, W., Rodriguez Rojo, J., Roncoroni, M. J., Roth, M., Roulet, E., Rovero, A. C., Ruehl, P., Saffi, S. J., Saftoiu, A., Salamida, F., Salazar, H., Salina, G., Sanabria Gomez, J. D., Sánchez, F., Santos, E. M., Santos, E., Sarazin, F., Sarmento, R., Sarmiento-Cano, C., Sato, R., Savina, P., Schäfer, C., Scherini, V., Schieler, H., Schimassek, M., Schimp, M., Schlüter, F., Schmidt, D., Scholten, O., Schovánek, P., Schröder, F. G., Schröder, S., Sciutto, S. J., Scornavacche, M., Shellard, R. C., Sigl, G., Silli, G., Sima, O., Šmída, R., Sommers, P., Soriano, J. F., Souchard, J., Squartini, R., Stadelmaier, M., Stanca, D., Stanič, S., Stasielak, J., Stassi, P., Streich, A., Suárez-Durán, M., Sudholz, T., Suomijärvi, T., Supanitsky, A. D., Šupík, J., Szadkowski, Z., Taboada, A., Taborda, O. A., Tapia, A., Timmermans, C., Tobiska, P., Todero Peixoto, C. J., Tomé, B., Torralba Elipe, G., Travaini, A., Travnicek, P., Trimarelli, C., Trini, M., Tueros, M., Ulrich, R., Unger, M., Urban, M., Vaclavek, L., Valdés Galicia, J. F., Valiño, I., Valore, L., van Vliet, A., Varela, E., Vargas Cárdenas, B., Vásquez-Ramírez, A., Veberič, D., Ventura, C., Vergara Quispe, I. D., Verzi, V., Vicha, J., Villaseñor, L., Vink, J., Vorobiov, S., Wahlberg, H., Watson, A. A., Weber, M., Weindl, A., Wiencke, L., Wilczyński, H., Winchen, T., Wirtz, M., Wittkowski, D., Wundheiler, B., Yushkov, A., Zapparrata, O., Zas, E., Zavrtanik, D., Zavrtanik, M., Zehrer, L., Zepeda, A., Ziolkowski, M., & Zuccarello, F. Direct measurement of the muonic content of extensive air showers between 2 $\times$ 1017 and 2 $\times$ 1018 eV at the Pierre Auger Observatory.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-020-8055-y

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                    Aab, A., Abreu, P., Aglietta, M., Albury, J. M., Allekotte, I., Almela, A., Alvarez Castillo, J., Alvarez-Muñiz, J., Anastasi, G. A., Anchordoqui, L., Andrada, B., Andringa, S., Aramo, C., Araújo Ferreira, P. R., Asorey, H., Assis, P., Avila, G., Badescu, A. M., Bakalova, A., Balaceanu, A., Barbato, F., Barreira Luz, R. J., Becker, K. H., Bellido, J. A., Berat, C., Bertaina, M. E., Bertou, X., Biermann, P. L., Bister, T., Biteau, J., Blanco, A., Blazek, J., Bleve, C., Boháčová, M., Boncioli, D., Bonifazi, C., Bonneau Arbeletche, L., Borodai, N., Botti, A. M., Brack, J., Bretz, T., Briechle, F. L., Buchholz, P., Bueno, A., Buitink, S., Buscemi, M., Caballero-Mora, K. S., Caccianiga, L., Calcagni, L., Cancio, A., Canfora, F., Caracas, I., Carceller, J. M., Caruso, R., Castellina, A., Catalani, F., Cataldi, G., Cazon, L., Cerda, M., Chinellato, J. A., Choi, K., Chudoba, J., Chytka, L., Clay, R. W., Cobos Cerutti, A. C., Colalillo, R., Coleman, A., Coluccia, M. R., Conceição, R., Condorelli, A., Consolati, G., Contreras, F., Convenga, F., Covault, C. E., Dasso, S., Daumiller, K., Dawson, B. R., Day, J. A., de Almeida, R. M., de Jesús, J., de Jong, S. J., De Mauro, G., de Mello Neto, J. T., De Mitri, I., de Oliveira, J., de Oliveira Franco, D., de Souza, V., Debatin, J., del Río, M., Deligny, O., Dhital, N., Di Matteo, A., Díaz Castro, M. L., Dobrigkeit, C., D’Olivo, J. C., Dorosti, Q., dos Anjos, R. C., Dova, M. T., Ebr, J., Engel, R., Epicoco, I., Erdmann, M., Escobar, C. O., Etchegoyen, A., Falcke, H., Farmer, J., Farrar, G., Fauth, A. C., Fazzini, N., Feldbusch, F., Fenu, F., Fick, B., Figueira, J. M., Filipčič, A., Freire, M. M., Fujii, T., Fuster, A., Galea, C., Galelli, C., García, B., Garcia Vegas, A. L., Gemmeke, H., Gesualdi, F., Gherghel-Lascu, A., Ghia, P. L., Giaccari, U., Giammarchi, M., Giller, M., Glombitza, J., Gobbi, F., Golup, G., Gómez Berisso, M., Gómez Vitale, P. F., Gongora, J. P., González, N., Goos, I., Góra, D., Gorgi, A., Gottowik, M., Grubb, T. D., Guarino, F., Guedes, G. P., Guido, E., Hahn, S., Halliday, R., Hampel, M. R., Hansen, P., Harari, D., Harvey, V. M., Haungs, A., Hebbeker, T., Heck, D., Hill, G. C., Hojvat, C., Hörandel, J. R., Horvath, P., Hrabovský, M., Huege, T., Hulsman, J., Insolia, A., Isar, P. G., Johnsen, J. A., Jurysek, J., Kääpä, A., Kampert, K. H., Keilhauer, B., Kemp, J., Klages, H. O., Kleifges, M., Kleinfeller, J., Köpke, M., Kukec Mezek, G., Lago, B. L., LaHurd, D., Lang, R. G., Leigui de Oliveira, M. A., Lenok, V., Letessier-Selvon, A., Lhenry-Yvon, I., Lo Presti, D., Lopes, L., López, R., López Casado, A., Lorek, R., Luce, Q., Lucero, A., Machado Payeras, A., Malacari, M., Mancarella, G., Mandat, D., Manning, B. C., Manshanden, J., Mantsch, P., Mariazzi, A. G., Mariş, I. C., Marsella, G., Martello, D., Martinez, H., Martínez Bravo, O., Mastrodicasa, M., Mathes, H. J., Matthews, J., Matthiae, G., Mayotte, E., Mazur, P. O., Medina-Tanco, G., Melo, D., Menshikov, A., Merenda, K. -D., Michal, S., Micheletti, M. I., Miramonti, L., Mockler, D., Mollerach, S., Montanet, F., Morello, C., Mostafá, M., Müller, A. L., Muller, M. A., Müller, S., Mussa, R., Muzio, M., Namasaka, W. M., Nellen, L., Niculescu-Oglinzanu, M., Niechciol, M., Nitz, D., Nosek, D., Novotny, V., Nožka, L., Nucita, A., Núñez, L. A., Palatka, M., Pallotta, J., Panetta, M. P., Papenbreer, P., Parente, G., Parra, A., Pech, M., Pedreira, F., Pȩkala, J., Pelayo, R., Peña-Rodriguez, J., Perez Armand, J., Perlin, M., Perrone, L., Peters, C., Petrera, S., Pierog, T., Pimenta, M., Pirronello, V., Platino, M., Pont, B., Pothast, M., Privitera, P., Prouza, M., Puyleart, A., Querchfeld, S., Rautenberg, J., Ravignani, D., Reininghaus, M., Ridky, J., Riehn, F., Risse, M., Ristori, P., Rizi, V., Rodrigues de Carvalho, W., Rodriguez Rojo, J., Roncoroni, M. J., Roth, M., Roulet, E., Rovero, A. C., Ruehl, P., Saffi, S. J., Saftoiu, A., Salamida, F., Salazar, H., Salina, G., Sanabria Gomez, J. D., Sánchez, F., Santos, E. M., Santos, E., Sarazin, F., Sarmento, R., Sarmiento-Cano, C., Sato, R., Savina, P., Schäfer, C., Scherini, V., Schieler, H., Schimassek, M., Schimp, M., Schlüter, F., Schmidt, D., Scholten, O., Schovánek, P., Schröder, F. G., Schröder, S., Sciutto, S. J., Scornavacche, M., Shellard, R. C., Sigl, G., Silli, G., Sima, O., Šmída, R., Sommers, P., Soriano, J. F., Souchard, J., Squartini, R., Stadelmaier, M., Stanca, D., Stanič, S., Stasielak, J., Stassi, P., Streich, A., Suárez-Durán, M., Sudholz, T., Suomijärvi, T., Supanitsky, A. D., Šupík, J., Szadkowski, Z., Taboada, A., Taborda, O. A., Tapia, A., Timmermans, C., Tobiska, P., Todero Peixoto, C. J., Tomé, B., Torralba Elipe, G., Travaini, A., Travnicek, P., Trimarelli, C., Trini, M., Tueros, M., Ulrich, R., Unger, M., Urban, M., Vaclavek, L., Valdés Galicia, J. F., Valiño, I., Valore, L., van Vliet, A., Varela, E., Vargas Cárdenas, B., Vásquez-Ramírez, A., Veberič, D., Ventura, C., Vergara Quispe, I. D., Verzi, V., Vicha, J., Villaseñor, L., Vink, J., Vorobiov, S., Wahlberg, H., Watson, A. A., Weber, M., Weindl, A., Wiencke, L., Wilczyński, H., Winchen, T., Wirtz, M., Wittkowski, D., Wundheiler, B., Yushkov, A., Zapparrata, O., Zas, E., Zavrtanik, D., Zavrtanik, M., Zehrer, L., Zepeda, A., Ziolkowski, M., and Zuccarello, F. Tue .  
"Direct measurement of the muonic content of extensive air showers between 2 $\times$ 1017 and 2 $\times$ 1018 eV at the Pierre Auger Observatory".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-020-8055-y.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1682290.

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@article{osti_1682290,

  title        = {Direct measurement of the muonic content of extensive air showers between 2 $\times$ 1017 and 2 $\times$ 1018 eV at the Pierre Auger Observatory},

  author       = {Aab, A. and Abreu, P. and Aglietta, M. and Albury, J. M. and Allekotte, I. and Almela, A. and Alvarez Castillo, J. and Alvarez-Muñiz, J. and Anastasi, G. A. and Anchordoqui, L. and Andrada, B. and Andringa, S. and Aramo, C. and Araújo Ferreira, P. R. and Asorey, H. and Assis, P. and Avila, G. and Badescu, A. M. and Bakalova, A. and Balaceanu, A. and Barbato, F. and Barreira Luz, R. J. and Becker, K. H. and Bellido, J. A. and Berat, C. and Bertaina, M. E. and Bertou, X. and Biermann, P. L. and Bister, T. and Biteau, J. and Blanco, A. and Blazek, J. and Bleve, C. and Boháčová, M. and Boncioli, D. and Bonifazi, C. and Bonneau Arbeletche, L. and Borodai, N. and Botti, A. M. and Brack, J. and Bretz, T. and Briechle, F. L. and Buchholz, P. and Bueno, A. and Buitink, S. and Buscemi, M. and Caballero-Mora, K. S. and Caccianiga, L. and Calcagni, L. and Cancio, A. and Canfora, F. and Caracas, I. and Carceller, J. M. and Caruso, R. and Castellina, A. and Catalani, F. and Cataldi, G. and Cazon, L. and Cerda, M. and Chinellato, J. A. and Choi, K. and Chudoba, J. and Chytka, L. and Clay, R. W. and Cobos Cerutti, A. C. and Colalillo, R. and Coleman, A. and Coluccia, M. R. and Conceição, R. and Condorelli, A. and Consolati, G. and Contreras, F. and Convenga, F. and Covault, C. E. and Dasso, S. and Daumiller, K. and Dawson, B. R. and Day, J. A. and de Almeida, R. M. and de Jesús, J. and de Jong, S. J. and De Mauro, G. and de Mello Neto, J. T. and De Mitri, I. and de Oliveira, J. and de Oliveira Franco, D. and de Souza, V. and Debatin, J. and del Río, M. and Deligny, O. and Dhital, N. and Di Matteo, A. and Díaz Castro, M. L. and Dobrigkeit, C. and D’Olivo, J. C. and Dorosti, Q. and dos Anjos, R. C. and Dova, M. T. and Ebr, J. and Engel, R. and Epicoco, I. and Erdmann, M. and Escobar, C. O. and Etchegoyen, A. and Falcke, H. and Farmer, J. and Farrar, G. and Fauth, A. C. and Fazzini, N. and Feldbusch, F. and Fenu, F. and Fick, B. and Figueira, J. M. and Filipčič, A. and Freire, M. M. and Fujii, T. and Fuster, A. and Galea, C. and Galelli, C. and García, B. and Garcia Vegas, A. L. and Gemmeke, H. and Gesualdi, F. and Gherghel-Lascu, A. and Ghia, P. L. and Giaccari, U. and Giammarchi, M. and Giller, M. and Glombitza, J. and Gobbi, F. and Golup, G. and Gómez Berisso, M. and Gómez Vitale, P. F. and Gongora, J. P. and González, N. and Goos, I. and Góra, D. and Gorgi, A. and Gottowik, M. and Grubb, T. D. and Guarino, F. and Guedes, G. P. and Guido, E. and Hahn, S. and Halliday, R. and Hampel, M. R. and Hansen, P. and Harari, D. and Harvey, V. M. and Haungs, A. and Hebbeker, T. and Heck, D. and Hill, G. C. and Hojvat, C. and Hörandel, J. R. and Horvath, P. and Hrabovský, M. and Huege, T. and Hulsman, J. and Insolia, A. and Isar, P. G. and Johnsen, J. A. and Jurysek, J. and Kääpä, A. and Kampert, K. H. and Keilhauer, B. and Kemp, J. and Klages, H. O. and Kleifges, M. and Kleinfeller, J. and Köpke, M. and Kukec Mezek, G. and Lago, B. L. and LaHurd, D. and Lang, R. G. and Leigui de Oliveira, M. A. and Lenok, V. and Letessier-Selvon, A. and Lhenry-Yvon, I. and Lo Presti, D. and Lopes, L. and López, R. and López Casado, A. and Lorek, R. and Luce, Q. and Lucero, A. and Machado Payeras, A. and Malacari, M. and Mancarella, G. and Mandat, D. and Manning, B. C. and Manshanden, J. and Mantsch, P. and Mariazzi, A. G. and Mariş, I. C. and Marsella, G. and Martello, D. and Martinez, H. and Martínez Bravo, O. and Mastrodicasa, M. and Mathes, H. J. and Matthews, J. and Matthiae, G. and Mayotte, E. and Mazur, P. O. and Medina-Tanco, G. and Melo, D. and Menshikov, A. and Merenda, K. -D. and Michal, S. and Micheletti, M. I. and Miramonti, L. and Mockler, D. and Mollerach, S. and Montanet, F. and Morello, C. and Mostafá, M. and Müller, A. L. and Muller, M. A. and Müller, S. and Mussa, R. and Muzio, M. and Namasaka, W. M. and Nellen, L. and Niculescu-Oglinzanu, M. and Niechciol, M. and Nitz, D. and Nosek, D. and Novotny, V. and Nožka, L. and Nucita, A. and Núñez, L. A. and Palatka, M. and Pallotta, J. and Panetta, M. P. and Papenbreer, P. and Parente, G. and Parra, A. and Pech, M. and Pedreira, F. and Pȩkala, J. and Pelayo, R. and Peña-Rodriguez, J. and Perez Armand, J. and Perlin, M. and Perrone, L. and Peters, C. and Petrera, S. and Pierog, T. and Pimenta, M. and Pirronello, V. and Platino, M. and Pont, B. and Pothast, M. and Privitera, P. and Prouza, M. and Puyleart, A. and Querchfeld, S. and Rautenberg, J. and Ravignani, D. and Reininghaus, M. and Ridky, J. and Riehn, F. and Risse, M. and Ristori, P. and Rizi, V. and Rodrigues de Carvalho, W. and Rodriguez Rojo, J. and Roncoroni, M. J. and Roth, M. and Roulet, E. and Rovero, A. C. and Ruehl, P. and Saffi, S. J. and Saftoiu, A. and Salamida, F. and Salazar, H. and Salina, G. and Sanabria Gomez, J. D. and Sánchez, F. and Santos, E. M. and Santos, E. and Sarazin, F. and Sarmento, R. and Sarmiento-Cano, C. and Sato, R. and Savina, P. and Schäfer, C. and Scherini, V. and Schieler, H. and Schimassek, M. and Schimp, M. and Schlüter, F. and Schmidt, D. and Scholten, O. and Schovánek, P. and Schröder, F. G. and Schröder, S. and Sciutto, S. J. and Scornavacche, M. and Shellard, R. C. and Sigl, G. and Silli, G. and Sima, O. and Šmída, R. and Sommers, P. and Soriano, J. F. and Souchard, J. and Squartini, R. and Stadelmaier, M. and Stanca, D. and Stanič, S. and Stasielak, J. and Stassi, P. and Streich, A. and Suárez-Durán, M. and Sudholz, T. and Suomijärvi, T. and Supanitsky, A. D. and Šupík, J. and Szadkowski, Z. and Taboada, A. and Taborda, O. A. and Tapia, A. and Timmermans, C. and Tobiska, P. and Todero Peixoto, C. J. and Tomé, B. and Torralba Elipe, G. and Travaini, A. and Travnicek, P. and Trimarelli, C. and Trini, M. and Tueros, M. and Ulrich, R. and Unger, M. and Urban, M. and Vaclavek, L. and Valdés Galicia, J. F. and Valiño, I. and Valore, L. and van Vliet, A. and Varela, E. and Vargas Cárdenas, B. and Vásquez-Ramírez, A. and Veberič, D. and Ventura, C. and Vergara Quispe, I. D. and Verzi, V. and Vicha, J. and Villaseñor, L. and Vink, J. and Vorobiov, S. and Wahlberg, H. and Watson, A. A. and Weber, M. and Weindl, A. and Wiencke, L. and Wilczyński, H. and Winchen, T. and Wirtz, M. and Wittkowski, D. and Wundheiler, B. and Yushkov, A. and Zapparrata, O. and Zas, E. and Zavrtanik, D. and Zavrtanik, M. and Zehrer, L. and Zepeda, A. and Ziolkowski, M. and Zuccarello, F.},

  abstractNote = {The hybrid design of the Pierre Auger Observatory allows for the measurement of the properties of extensive air showers initiated by ultra-high energy cosmic rays with unprecedented precision. By using an array of prototype underground muon detectors, we have performed the first direct measurement, by the Auger Collaboration, of the muon content of air showers between 2 $\times$ 1017 and 2 $\times$ 1018 eV. We have studied the energy evolution of the attenuation-corrected muon density, and compared it to predictions from air shower simulations. The observed densities are found to be larger than those predicted by models. We quantify this discrepancy by combining the measurements from the muon detector with those from the Auger fluorescence detector at 1017.5 eV and 1018 eV. We find that, for the models to explain the data, an increase in the muon density of 38% $±$4%(12%) $±^{21\%}_{18\%}$ for EPOS-LHC, and of 50%(53%) $±$4%(13%) $±^{23\%}_{20\%}$ for QGSJETII-04, is respectively needed.},

  doi          = {10.1140/epjc/s10052-020-8055-y},

  journal      = {European Physical Journal. C, Particles and Fields},

  number       = 8,

  volume       = 80,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Tue Aug 18 00:00:00 EDT 2020},

  month        = {Tue Aug 18 00:00:00 EDT 2020}

}

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Fig. 1: Sketch of the underground muon detector engineering array. The circles represent the water-Cherenkov detectors. The muon counters are symbolized by the rectangles

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Design, upgrade and characterization of the silicon photomultiplier front-end for the AMIGA detector at the Pierre Auger Observatory

Journal Article Aab, A. ; Abreu, P. ; Aglietta, M. ; ... - Journal of Instrumentation

AMIGA (Auger Muons and Infill for the Ground Array) is an upgrade of the Pierre Auger Observatory to complement the study of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECR) by measuring the muon content of extensive air showers (EAS). It consists of an array of 61 water Cherenkov detectors on a denser spacing in combination with underground scintillation detectors used for muon density measurement. Each detector is composed of three scintillation modules, with 10 m² detection area per module, buried at 2.3 m depth, resulting in a total detection area of 30 m². Silicon photomultiplier sensors (SiPM) measure the amount of scintillation lightmore »« less
https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/16/01/p01026

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Azimuthal asymmetry in the risetime of the surface detector signals of the Pierre Auger Observatory

Journal Article Aab, Alexander - Physical Review D

The azimuthal asymmetry in the risetime of signals in Auger surface detector stations is a source of information on shower development. The azimuthal asymmetry is due to a combination of the longitudinal evolution of the shower and geometrical effects related to the angles of incidence of the particles into the detectors. The magnitude of the effect depends upon the zenith angle and state of development of the shower and thus provides a novel observable, (secθ)_max, sensitive to the mass composition of cosmic rays above 3 x 10¹⁸ eV. By comparing measurements with predictions from shower simulations, we find for bothmore »« less
Cited by 20
https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.93.072006

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Testing hadronic interactions at ultrahigh energies with air showers measured by the Pierre Auger Observatory

Journal Article Aab, A. ; Abreu, P. ; Aglietta, M. ; ... - Physical Review Letters

Ultrahigh energy cosmic ray air showers probe particle physics at energies beyond the reach of accelerators. Here we introduce a new method to test hadronic interaction models without relying on the absolute energy calibration, and apply it to events with primary energy 6–16 EeV (E_CM = 110–170 TeV), whose longitudinal development and lateral distribution were simultaneously measured by the Pierre Auger Observatory. As a result, the average hadronic shower is 1.33±0.16 (1.61±0.21) times larger than predicted using the leading LHC-tuned models EPOS-LHC (QGSJetII-04), with a corresponding excess of muons.
Cited by 147
https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.192001

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Search for photons above 10¹⁹ eV with the surface detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory

Journal Article Abreu, P. ; Aglietta, M. ; Allekotte, I. ; ... - Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics

We use the surface detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory to search for air showers initiated by photons with an energy above 10¹⁹ eV. Photons in the zenith angle range from 30° to 60° can be identified in the overwhelming background of showers initiated by charged cosmic rays through the broader time structure of the signals induced in the water-Cherenkov detectors of the array and the steeper lateral distribution of shower particles reaching ground. Applying the search method to data collected between January 2004 and June 2020, upper limits at 95% CL are set to an E^-2 diffuse flux ofmore »« less
https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2023/05/021

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Limits on point-like sources of ultra-high-energy neutrinos with the Pierre Auger Observatory

Journal Article Aab, A. ; Abreu, P. ; Aglietta, M. ; ... - Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics

Here, with the Surface Detector array (SD) of the Pierre Auger Observatory we can detect neutrinos with energy between 10¹⁷ eV and 10²⁰ eV from point-like sources across the sky, from close to the Southern Celestial Pole up to 60° in declination, with peak sensitivities at declinations around ~ -53° and ~+55°, and an unmatched sensitivity for arrival directions in the Northern hemisphere. A search has been performed for highly-inclined air showers induced by neutrinos of all flavours with no candidate events found in data taken between 1 Jan 2004 and 31 Aug 2018. Upper limits on the neutrino flux from point-like steadymore »« less
Cited by 14
https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2019/11/004

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Title: Direct measurement of the muonic content of extensive air showers between 2 $$\times$$ 1017 and 2 $$\times$$ 1018 eV at the Pierre Auger Observatory

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Muons (>or=1 GeV) in large extensive air showers of energies between 10 16.5 eV and 10 19.5 eV observed at Akeno journal, August 1995

A new method for reconstructing the muon lateral distribution with an array of segmented counters journal, May 2015

The optimum distance at which to determine the size of a giant air shower journal, January 2007

A likelihood method to cross-calibrate air-shower detectors journal, January 2016

The cosmic ray primary composition in the “knee” region through the EAS electromagnetic and muon measurements at EAS-TOP journal, September 2004

Observations of Extensive Air Showers near the Maximum of Their Longitudinal Development journal, January 1961

A Heitler model of extensive air showers journal, January 2005

Measurements and tests of hadronic interactions at ultra-high energies with the Pierre Auger Observatory journal, January 2019

The accuracy of signal measurement with the water Cherenkov detectors of the Pierre Auger Observatory journal, July 2007

The KASCADE-Grande experiment journal, August 2010

Study of muons from ultrahigh energy cosmic ray air showers measured with the Telescope Array experiment journal, July 2018

Muon content of extensive air showers: Comparison of the energy spectra obtained by the Sydney University Giant Air-shower Recorder and by the Pierre Auger Observatory journal, July 2018

Muon content of ultrahigh-energy air showers: Yakutsk data versus simulations journal, April 2008

Muons in air showers at the Pierre Auger Observatory: Mean number in highly inclined events journal, February 2015

The Pierre Auger Cosmic Ray Observatory journal, July 2015

Evidence for Changing of Cosmic Ray Composition between 10 17 and 10 18 eV from Multicomponent Measurements journal, May 2000

Geant4—a simulation toolkit journal, July 2003

MUONS WITH E th ≥ 1 GEV AND MASS COMPOSITION IN THE ENERGY RANGE 10 18 - 10 20 EV OBSERVED BY YAKUTSK EAS ARRAY journal, November 2005

Direct Measurement of the Muon Density in Air Showers with the Pierre Auger Observatory journal, January 2019

Muon density measurements with the KASCADE central detector journal, February 2002

The offline software framework of the Pierre Auger Observatory journal, October 2007

Muons in extensive air showers. I. The lateral distribution of muons journal, January 1995

Properties and performance of the prototype instrument for the Pierre Auger Observatory journal, May 2004

Primary cosmic ray mass composition at energies 1015–1017 eV as measured by the MSU EAS array journal, May 1994

Title: Direct measurement of the muonic content of extensive air showers between 2 $$\times$$ 10¹⁷ and 2 $$\times$$ 10¹⁸ eV at the Pierre Auger Observatory

Muons (>or=1 GeV) in large extensive air showers of energies between 10 ^16.5 eV and 10 ^19.5 eV observed at Akeno
journal, August 1995

A new method for reconstructing the muon lateral distribution with an array of segmented counters
journal, May 2015

The optimum distance at which to determine the size of a giant air shower
journal, January 2007

A likelihood method to cross-calibrate air-shower detectors
journal, January 2016

The cosmic ray primary composition in the “knee” region through the EAS electromagnetic and muon measurements at EAS-TOP
journal, September 2004

Observations of Extensive Air Showers near the Maximum of Their Longitudinal Development
journal, January 1961

A Heitler model of extensive air showers
journal, January 2005

Measurements and tests of hadronic interactions at ultra-high energies with the Pierre Auger Observatory
journal, January 2019

The accuracy of signal measurement with the water Cherenkov detectors of the Pierre Auger Observatory
journal, July 2007

The KASCADE-Grande experiment
journal, August 2010

Study of muons from ultrahigh energy cosmic ray air showers measured with the Telescope Array experiment
journal, July 2018

Muon content of extensive air showers: Comparison of the energy spectra obtained by the Sydney University Giant Air-shower Recorder and by the Pierre Auger Observatory
journal, July 2018

Muon content of ultrahigh-energy air showers: Yakutsk data versus simulations
journal, April 2008

Muons in air showers at the Pierre Auger Observatory: Mean number in highly inclined events
journal, February 2015

The Pierre Auger Cosmic Ray Observatory
journal, July 2015

Evidence for Changing of Cosmic Ray Composition between $10^{17}$ and $10^{18}$ eV from Multicomponent Measurements
journal, May 2000

Geant4—a simulation toolkit
journal, July 2003

MUONS WITH E _th ≥ 1 GEV AND MASS COMPOSITION IN THE ENERGY RANGE 10 ¹⁸ - 10 ²⁰ EV OBSERVED BY YAKUTSK EAS ARRAY
journal, November 2005

Direct Measurement of the Muon Density in Air Showers with the Pierre Auger Observatory
journal, January 2019

Muon density measurements with the KASCADE central detector
journal, February 2002

The offline software framework of the Pierre Auger Observatory
journal, October 2007

Muons in extensive air showers. I. The lateral distribution of muons
journal, January 1995

Properties and performance of the prototype instrument for the Pierre Auger Observatory
journal, May 2004

Primary cosmic ray mass composition at energies 1015–1017 eV as measured by the MSU EAS array
journal, May 1994