Novel techniques for constraining neutron-capture rates relevant for r-process heavy-element nucleosynthesis

Larsen, A. C.; Spyrou, A.; Liddick, S. N.; Guttormsen, M.

doi:10.1016/j.ppnp.2019.04.002

Title: Novel techniques for constraining neutron-capture rates relevant for r-process heavy-element nucleosynthesis

Abstract

The rapid-neutron capture process (r process) is identified as the producer of about 50% of elements heavier than iron. This process requires an astrophysical environment with an extremely high neutron flux over a short amount of time ( seconds), creating very neutron-rich nuclei that are subsequently transformed to stable nuclei via beta decay. In 2017, one site for the r process was confiimed: the advanced LIGO and advanced Virgo detectors observed two neutron stars merging, and immediate follow-up measurements of the electromagnetic transients demonstrated an "afterglow" over a broad range of frequencies fully consistent with the expected signal of an r process taking place. Although neutronstar mergers are now known to be r-process element factories, contributions from other sites are still possible, and a comprehensive understanding and description of the r process is still lacking. One key ingredient to large-scale r-process reaction networks is radiative neutron-capture ( $n, γ$ ) rates, for which there exist virtually no data for extremely neutron rich nuclei involved in the r process. Due to the current status of nuclear-reaction theory and our poor understanding of basic nuclear properties such as level densities and average g-decay strengths, theoretically estimated ( $n, γ$ ) rates may vary by orders of magnitude and represent a major source of uncertainty in any nuclear-reaction network calculation of r-process abundances. Here in this review, we discuss new approaches to provide information on neutron-capture cross sections and reaction rates relevant to the r process. In particular, we focus on indirect, experimental techniques to measure radiative neutron-capture rates. While direct measurements are not available at present, but could possibly be realized in the future, the indirect approaches present a first step towards constraining neutron-capture rates of importance to the r process.

Authors:

Larsen, A. C. ^[1]; Spyrou, A. ^[2]; Liddick, S. N. ^[3]; Guttormsen, M. ^[1]

Univ. of Oslo (Norway)
Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, MI (United States). National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Joint Institute for Nuclear Astrophysics
Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, MI (United States). National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory

Publication Date:: Fri Apr 05 00:00:00 EDT 2019

Research Org.:: Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, MI (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA)

OSTI Identifier:: 1657659

Grant/Contract Number:: NA0003221

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 107; Journal ID: ISSN 0146-6410

Publisher:: Elsevier

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS; Experimental techniques; Level density; γ-ray strength function; r, process; (n, γ,) cross sections

Citation Formats


                    Larsen, A. C., Spyrou, A., Liddick, S. N., and Guttormsen, M. Novel techniques for constraining neutron-capture rates relevant for r-process heavy-element nucleosynthesis.  United States: N. p., 2019. 
Web.  doi:10.1016/j.ppnp.2019.04.002.

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                    Larsen, A. C., Spyrou, A., Liddick, S. N., & Guttormsen, M. Novel techniques for constraining neutron-capture rates relevant for r-process heavy-element nucleosynthesis.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppnp.2019.04.002

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                    Larsen, A. C., Spyrou, A., Liddick, S. N., and Guttormsen, M. Fri .  
"Novel techniques for constraining neutron-capture rates relevant for r-process heavy-element nucleosynthesis".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppnp.2019.04.002.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1657659.

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@article{osti_1657659,

  title        = {Novel techniques for constraining neutron-capture rates relevant for r-process heavy-element nucleosynthesis},

  author       = {Larsen, A. C. and Spyrou, A. and Liddick, S. N. and Guttormsen, M.},

  abstractNote = {The rapid-neutron capture process (r process) is identified as the producer of about 50% of elements heavier than iron. This process requires an astrophysical environment with an extremely high neutron flux over a short amount of time ( seconds), creating very neutron-rich nuclei that are subsequently transformed to stable nuclei via beta decay. In 2017, one site for the r process was confiimed: the advanced LIGO and advanced Virgo detectors observed two neutron stars merging, and immediate follow-up measurements of the electromagnetic transients demonstrated an "afterglow" over a broad range of frequencies fully consistent with the expected signal of an r process taking place. Although neutronstar mergers are now known to be r-process element factories, contributions from other sites are still possible, and a comprehensive understanding and description of the r process is still lacking. One key ingredient to large-scale r-process reaction networks is radiative neutron-capture ( n , γ ) rates, for which there exist virtually no data for extremely neutron rich nuclei involved in the r process. Due to the current status of nuclear-reaction theory and our poor understanding of basic nuclear properties such as level densities and average g-decay strengths, theoretically estimated ( n , γ ) rates may vary by orders of magnitude and represent a major source of uncertainty in any nuclear-reaction network calculation of r-process abundances. Here in this review, we discuss new approaches to provide information on neutron-capture cross sections and reaction rates relevant to the r process. In particular, we focus on indirect, experimental techniques to measure radiative neutron-capture rates. While direct measurements are not available at present, but could possibly be realized in the future, the indirect approaches present a first step towards constraining neutron-capture rates of importance to the r process.},

  doi          = {10.1016/j.ppnp.2019.04.002},

  journal      = {Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics},

  number       = ,

  volume       = 107,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Fri Apr 05 00:00:00 EDT 2019},

  month        = {Fri Apr 05 00:00:00 EDT 2019}

}

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Ngwetsheni, Cebo; Orce, José Nicolás
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Title: Novel techniques for constraining neutron-capture rates relevant for r-process heavy-element nucleosynthesis

Abstract

Citation Formats

Evidence for Pygmy and Giant Dipole Resonances in Sn 130 and Sn 132 journal, September 2005

Experimental studies of the Pygmy Dipole Resonance journal, May 2013

Accelerator facilities for pure and applied physics at Legnaro Italian Nuclear Physics National Lab journal, March 2010

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First experiment with the NUSTAR/FAIR Decay Total Absorption γ -Ray Spectrometer (DTAS) at the IGISOL IV facility journal, June 2016

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Sensitivity studies for the weak r process: neutron capture rates journal, April 2014

Nucleosynthesis in the Outflow from Gamma‐Ray Burst Accretion Disks journal, June 2006

The Discovery of the Electromagnetic Counterpart of GW170817: Kilonova AT 2017gfo/DLT17ck journal, October 2017

Average-Resonance Method of Neutron-Capture γ -Ray Spectroscopy: States of Pd 106 , Gd 156 , Gd 158 , Ho 166 , and Er 168 journal, November 1970

SuN: Summing NaI(Tl) gamma-ray detector for capture reaction measurements journal, March 2013

Constant temperature model for nuclear level density journal, August 2018

Neutron Fission Cross Sections for 231 Th, 233 Th, 235 U, 237 U, 239 U, 241 Pu, and 243 Pu from 0.5 to 2.25 MeV Using ( t, pf ) Reactions journal, August 1970

Construction and commissioning of the SuperORRUBA detector journal, May 2013

Radioactive beams at Texas A&M University journal, April 2002

Light curves of the neutron star merger GW170817/SSS17a: Implications for r-process nucleosynthesis journal, October 2017

Origin of the heavy elements in binary neutron-star mergers from a gravitational-wave event journal, October 2017

Cross sections for neutron capture from surrogate measurements: An examination of Weisskopf-Ewing and ratio approximations journal, February 2010

Impact of Nuclear Mass Uncertainties on the r Process journal, March 2016

Systematics of low-lying dipole strengths in odd and even Dy and Gd isotopes journal, November 1995

Isospin Character of Low-Lying Pygmy Dipole States in Pb 208 via Inelastic Scattering of O 17 Ions journal, July 2014

The SiRi particle-telescope system journal, August 2011

Statistical properties of Pu 243 , and Pu 242 ( n , γ ) cross section calculation journal, January 2016

Neutron capture rates near A = 130 that effect a global change to the r -process abundance distribution journal, April 2009

Determination of ( n , γ ) cross sections in the rare-earth region using the surrogate ratio method journal, December 2008

Breaking of axial symmetry in excited nuclei as identified in experimental data journal, January 2017

Influence of neutron capture rates in the rare earth region on the r -process abundance pattern journal, September 2012

Complete inclusion of parity-dependent level densities in the statistical description of astrophysical reaction rates journal, September 2008

Combinatorial nuclear level-density model journal, September 2013

Search for the Pygmy Dipole Resonance in Ni 68 at 600 MeV / nucleon journal, March 2009

Statistical Gamma-Decay at Low Angular Momentum journal, January 1990

New Isovector Collective Modes in Deformed Nuclei journal, November 1978

Observation of the M1 giant resonance by resonance averaging in 106Pd journal, June 1987

Nuclear Reactions in the Continuous Energy Region journal, July 1939

M1 strength functions from large-scale shell-model calculations and their effect on astrophysical neutron capture cross-sections journal, March 2012

Parity dependence of nuclear level densities journal, June 2003

Radiative neutron capture: Hauser Feshbach vs. statistical resonances journal, January 2017

Synthesis of the Elements in Stars journal, October 1957

On nuclear level densities journal, June 1964

Quasicontinuum properties of M 1 spectra in the particle-rotor model journal, December 1982

Compilation of giant electric dipole resonances built on excited states journal, July 2007

Large-scale prediction of the parity distribution in the nuclear level density and application to astrophysical reaction rates journal, April 2007

TIGRESS: TRIUMF-ISAC gamma-ray escape-suppressed spectrometer journal, September 2005

The p-process of stellar nucleosynthesis: astrophysics and nuclear physics status journal, September 2003

Electric Dipole Ground-State Transition Width Strength Function and 7-Mev Photon Interactions journal, April 1962

The R-process and nucleochronology journal, November 1991

Nuclear Deformation and Neutron Excess as Competing Effects for Dipole Strength in the Pygmy Region journal, February 2014

Measurement of the Dipole Polarizability of the Unstable Neutron-Rich Nucleus Ni 68 journal, December 2013

New Fission Fragment Distributions and r -Process Origin of the Rare-Earth Elements journal, December 2013

Modern Nuclear Data Evaluation with the TALYS Code System journal, December 2012

Galactic production of 138 La: Impact of 138,139 La statistical properties journal, May 2015

Low-energy M1 excitation mode in 172Yb journal, February 2006

Evidence for the Dipole Nature of the Low-Energy γ Enhancement in Fe 56 journal, December 2013

The RIKEN RI Beam Factory Project: A status report journal, August 2007

Atlas of photoneutron cross sections obtained with monoenergetic photons journal, March 1988

Impact of a low-energy enhancement in the γ -ray strength function on the neutron-capture cross section journal, July 2010

Direct reaction measurements with a 132 Sn radioactive ion beam journal, September 2011

Cosmic neutron-star merger rate and gravitational waves constrained by the r-process nucleosynthesis journal, November 2015

Estimation of M 1 scissors mode strength for deformed nuclei in the medium- to heavy-mass region by statistical Hauser-Feshbach model calculations journal, August 2017

Commissioning the A1900 projectile fragment separator journal, May 2003

The production of transuranium elements by the r-process nucleosynthesis journal, December 2015

Microscopic description of mixed-symmetry states in nearly spherical nuclei journal, September 2004

E 1 and M 1 strength functions from average resonance capture data journal, May 2017

Level density and γ -ray strength function in the odd-odd Np 238 nucleus journal, April 2014

Observation of Bound-State β − Decay of Fully Ionized 187 Re: 187 Re − 187 Os Cosmochronometry journal, December 1996

Erratum: Determination of the level density of Si 29 from Ericson fluctuations journal, May 1993

An Ordinary Short Gamma-Ray Burst with Extraordinary Implications: Fermi -GBM Detection of GRB 170817A journal, October 2017

Short-lived 244Pu points to compact binary mergers as sites for heavy r-process nucleosynthesis journal, December 2015

Measurement of high energy resolution inelastic proton scattering at and close to zero degrees journal, July 2009

A solenoidal spectrometer for reactions in inverse kinematics journal, October 2007

A statistical analysis of excited nuclear states journal, May 1959

Production of C-14 and neutrons in red giants journal, February 1977

Beta decay of highly charged ions journal, December 2010

Production of Light-Element Primary Process Nuclei in Neutrino-Driven Winds journal, March 2011

γ -ray strength function and pygmy resonance in rare earth nuclei journal, March 2001

Analysis of possible systematic errors in the Oslo method journal, March 2011

Galactic Evolution of Sr, Y, and Zr: A Multiplicity of Nucleosynthetic Processes journal, February 2004

Evidence for Pygmy and Giant Dipole Resonances in ${}^{130}{Sn}$ and ${}^{132}{Sn}$
journal, September 2005

Experimental studies of the Pygmy Dipole Resonance
journal, May 2013

Accelerator facilities for pure and applied physics at Legnaro Italian Nuclear Physics National Lab
journal, March 2010

Nucleosynthesis in Early Supernova Winds. II. The Role of Neutrinos
journal, June 2006

First experiment with the NUSTAR/FAIR Decay Total Absorption $γ$ -Ray Spectrometer (DTAS) at the IGISOL IV facility
journal, June 2016

Europium production: neutron star mergers versus core-collapse supernovae
journal, January 2014

Sensitivity studies for the weak r process: neutron capture rates
journal, April 2014

Nucleosynthesis in the Outflow from Gamma‐Ray Burst Accretion Disks
journal, June 2006

The Discovery of the Electromagnetic Counterpart of GW170817: Kilonova AT 2017gfo/DLT17ck
journal, October 2017

Average-Resonance Method of Neutron-Capture $γ$ -Ray Spectroscopy: States of ${}^{106}{Pd}$ , ${}^{156}{Gd}$ , ${}^{158}{Gd}$ , ${}^{166}{Ho}$ , and ${}^{168}{Er}$
journal, November 1970

SuN: Summing NaI(Tl) gamma-ray detector for capture reaction measurements
journal, March 2013

Constant temperature model for nuclear level density
journal, August 2018

Neutron Fission Cross Sections for ²³¹ Th, ²³³ Th, ²³⁵ U, ²³⁷ U, ²³⁹ U, ²⁴¹ Pu, and ²⁴³ Pu from 0.5 to 2.25 MeV Using ( t, pf ) Reactions
journal, August 1970

Construction and commissioning of the SuperORRUBA detector
journal, May 2013

Radioactive beams at Texas A&M University
journal, April 2002

Light curves of the neutron star merger GW170817/SSS17a: Implications for r-process nucleosynthesis
journal, October 2017

Origin of the heavy elements in binary neutron-star mergers from a gravitational-wave event
journal, October 2017

Cross sections for neutron capture from surrogate measurements: An examination of Weisskopf-Ewing and ratio approximations
journal, February 2010

Impact of Nuclear Mass Uncertainties on the $r$ Process
journal, March 2016

Systematics of low-lying dipole strengths in odd and even Dy and Gd isotopes
journal, November 1995

Isospin Character of Low-Lying Pygmy Dipole States in ${}^{208}{Pb}$ via Inelastic Scattering of ${}^{17}O$ Ions
journal, July 2014

The SiRi particle-telescope system
journal, August 2011

Statistical properties of ${}^{243}{Pu}$ , and ${}^{242}{Pu} (n, γ)$ cross section calculation
journal, January 2016

Neutron capture rates near $A = 130$ that effect a global change to the $r$ -process abundance distribution
journal, April 2009

Determination of ( $n, γ$ ) cross sections in the rare-earth region using the surrogate ratio method
journal, December 2008

Breaking of axial symmetry in excited nuclei as identified in experimental data
journal, January 2017

Influence of neutron capture rates in the rare earth region on the $r$ -process abundance pattern
journal, September 2012

Complete inclusion of parity-dependent level densities in the statistical description of astrophysical reaction rates
journal, September 2008

Combinatorial nuclear level-density model
journal, September 2013

Search for the Pygmy Dipole Resonance in ${}^{68}{Ni}$ at $600 MeV / nucleon$
journal, March 2009

Statistical Gamma-Decay at Low Angular Momentum
journal, January 1990

New Isovector Collective Modes in Deformed Nuclei
journal, November 1978

Observation of the M1 giant resonance by resonance averaging in 106Pd
journal, June 1987

Nuclear Reactions in the Continuous Energy Region
journal, July 1939

M1 strength functions from large-scale shell-model calculations and their effect on astrophysical neutron capture cross-sections
journal, March 2012

Parity dependence of nuclear level densities
journal, June 2003

Radiative neutron capture: Hauser Feshbach vs. statistical resonances
journal, January 2017

Synthesis of the Elements in Stars
journal, October 1957

On nuclear level densities
journal, June 1964

Quasicontinuum properties of $M 1$ spectra in the particle-rotor model
journal, December 1982

Compilation of giant electric dipole resonances built on excited states
journal, July 2007

Large-scale prediction of the parity distribution in the nuclear level density and application to astrophysical reaction rates
journal, April 2007

TIGRESS: TRIUMF-ISAC gamma-ray escape-suppressed spectrometer
journal, September 2005

The p-process of stellar nucleosynthesis: astrophysics and nuclear physics status
journal, September 2003

Electric Dipole Ground-State Transition Width Strength Function and 7-Mev Photon Interactions
journal, April 1962

The R-process and nucleochronology
journal, November 1991

Nuclear Deformation and Neutron Excess as Competing Effects for Dipole Strength in the Pygmy Region
journal, February 2014

Measurement of the Dipole Polarizability of the Unstable Neutron-Rich Nucleus ${}^{68}{Ni}$
journal, December 2013

New Fission Fragment Distributions and $r$ -Process Origin of the Rare-Earth Elements
journal, December 2013

Modern Nuclear Data Evaluation with the TALYS Code System
journal, December 2012

Galactic production of 138 La: Impact of 138,139 La statistical properties
journal, May 2015

Low-energy M1 excitation mode in 172Yb
journal, February 2006

Evidence for the Dipole Nature of the Low-Energy $γ$ Enhancement in ${}^{56}{Fe}$
journal, December 2013

The RIKEN RI Beam Factory Project: A status report
journal, August 2007

Atlas of photoneutron cross sections obtained with monoenergetic photons
journal, March 1988

Impact of a low-energy enhancement in the $γ$ -ray strength function on the neutron-capture cross section
journal, July 2010

Direct reaction measurements with a $^{132}$ Sn radioactive ion beam
journal, September 2011

Cosmic neutron-star merger rate and gravitational waves constrained by the r-process nucleosynthesis
journal, November 2015

Estimation of $M 1$ scissors mode strength for deformed nuclei in the medium- to heavy-mass region by statistical Hauser-Feshbach model calculations
journal, August 2017

Commissioning the A1900 projectile fragment separator
journal, May 2003

The production of transuranium elements by the r-process nucleosynthesis
journal, December 2015

Microscopic description of mixed-symmetry states in nearly spherical nuclei
journal, September 2004

$E 1$ and $M 1$ strength functions from average resonance capture data
journal, May 2017

Level density and $γ$ -ray strength function in the odd-odd ${}^{238}{Np}$ nucleus
journal, April 2014

Observation of Bound-State $β^{-}$ Decay of Fully Ionized $^{187}$ Re: $^{187}$ Re $-^{187}$ Os Cosmochronometry
journal, December 1996

Erratum: Determination of the level density of ${}^{29}{Si}$ from Ericson fluctuations
journal, May 1993

An Ordinary Short Gamma-Ray Burst with Extraordinary Implications: Fermi -GBM Detection of GRB 170817A
journal, October 2017

Short-lived 244Pu points to compact binary mergers as sites for heavy r-process nucleosynthesis
journal, December 2015

Measurement of high energy resolution inelastic proton scattering at and close to zero degrees
journal, July 2009

A solenoidal spectrometer for reactions in inverse kinematics
journal, October 2007

A statistical analysis of excited nuclear states
journal, May 1959

Production of C-14 and neutrons in red giants
journal, February 1977

Beta decay of highly charged ions
journal, December 2010

Production of Light-Element Primary Process Nuclei in Neutrino-Driven Winds
journal, March 2011

$γ$ -ray strength function and pygmy resonance in rare earth nuclei
journal, March 2001

Analysis of possible systematic errors in the Oslo method
journal, March 2011

Galactic Evolution of Sr, Y, and Zr: A Multiplicity of Nucleosynthetic Processes
journal, February 2004

High energy-resolution zero-degree facility for light-ion scattering and reactions at iThemba LABS
journal, October 2011

High-accuracy determination of the neutron flux at n_TOF
journal, December 2013

Protoneutron star evolution and the neutrino-driven wind in general relativistic neutrino radiation hydrodynamics simulations
journal, July 2010