Mars Upper Atmospheric Responses to the 10 September 2017 Solar Flare: A Global, Time-Dependent Simulation

Fang, Xiaohua; Pawlowski, David; Ma, Yingjuan; Bougher, Stephen; Thiemann, Edward; Eparvier, Francis; Wang, Wenbin; Dong, Chuanfei; Lee, Christina O.; Dong, Yaxue; Benna, Mehdi; Elrod, Meredith; Chamberlin, Phillip; Mahaffy, Paul; Jakosky, Bruce

doi:10.1029/2019gl084515

Title: Mars Upper Atmospheric Responses to the 10 September 2017 Solar Flare: A Global, Time-Dependent Simulation

Abstract

Here, we report the first global, time-dependent simulation of the Mars upper atmospheric responses to a realistic solar flare event, an X8.2 eruption on 10 September 2017. The Mars Global Ionosphere-Thermosphere Model runs with realistically specified flare irradiance, giving results in reasonably good agreement with the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN spacecraft measurements. It is found that the ionized and neutral regimes of the upper atmosphere are significantly disturbed by the flare but react differently. The ionospheric electron density enhancement is concentrated below ~110-km altitude due to enhanced solar X-rays, closely following the time evolution of the flare. The neutral atmospheric perturbation increases with altitude and is important above ~150-km altitude, in association with atmospheric upwelling driven by solar extreme ultraviolet heating. It takes ~2.5 hr past the flare peak to reach the maximum disturbance and then additional ~10 hr to generally settle down to preflare levels.

Authors:

^[1]; Pawlowski, David ^[2];

^[3];

^[4];

^[1];

^[5];

^[6];

^[7];

^[1];

^[8];

^[1];

^[8];

^[1]

Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, CO (United States)
Eastern Michigan Univ., Ypsilanti, MI (United States)
Univ. of California, Los Angeles, CA (United States)
Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI (United States)
National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), Boulder, CO (United States)
Princeton Univ., NJ (United States)
Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States)
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Greenbelt, MD (United States)

Publication Date:: Mon Aug 05 00:00:00 EDT 2019

Research Org.:: Princeton Plasma Physics Lab. (PPPL), Princeton, NJ (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE; National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)

OSTI Identifier:: 1648113

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-09CH11466; 80NSSC19K0562

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Geophysical Research Letters

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 46; Journal Issue: 16; Journal ID: ISSN 0094-8276

Publisher:: American Geophysical Union

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS; solar flare; Mars; upper atmosphere; ionosphere

Citation Formats


                    Fang, Xiaohua, Pawlowski, David, Ma, Yingjuan, Bougher, Stephen, Thiemann, Edward, Eparvier, Francis, Wang, Wenbin, Dong, Chuanfei, Lee, Christina O., Dong, Yaxue, Benna, Mehdi, Elrod, Meredith, Chamberlin, Phillip, Mahaffy, Paul, and Jakosky, Bruce. Mars Upper Atmospheric Responses to the 10 September 2017 Solar Flare: A Global, Time-Dependent Simulation.  United States: N. p., 2019. 
Web.  doi:10.1029/2019gl084515.

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                    Fang, Xiaohua, Pawlowski, David, Ma, Yingjuan, Bougher, Stephen, Thiemann, Edward, Eparvier, Francis, Wang, Wenbin, Dong, Chuanfei, Lee, Christina O., Dong, Yaxue, Benna, Mehdi, Elrod, Meredith, Chamberlin, Phillip, Mahaffy, Paul, & Jakosky, Bruce. Mars Upper Atmospheric Responses to the 10 September 2017 Solar Flare: A Global, Time-Dependent Simulation.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1029/2019gl084515

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                    Fang, Xiaohua, Pawlowski, David, Ma, Yingjuan, Bougher, Stephen, Thiemann, Edward, Eparvier, Francis, Wang, Wenbin, Dong, Chuanfei, Lee, Christina O., Dong, Yaxue, Benna, Mehdi, Elrod, Meredith, Chamberlin, Phillip, Mahaffy, Paul, and Jakosky, Bruce. Mon .  
"Mars Upper Atmospheric Responses to the 10 September 2017 Solar Flare: A Global, Time-Dependent Simulation".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1029/2019gl084515.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1648113.

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@article{osti_1648113,

  title        = {Mars Upper Atmospheric Responses to the 10 September 2017 Solar Flare: A Global, Time-Dependent Simulation},

  author       = {Fang, Xiaohua and Pawlowski, David and Ma, Yingjuan and Bougher, Stephen and Thiemann, Edward and Eparvier, Francis and Wang, Wenbin and Dong, Chuanfei and Lee, Christina O. and Dong, Yaxue and Benna, Mehdi and Elrod, Meredith and Chamberlin, Phillip and Mahaffy, Paul and Jakosky, Bruce},

  abstractNote = {Here, we report the first global, time-dependent simulation of the Mars upper atmospheric responses to a realistic solar flare event, an X8.2 eruption on 10 September 2017. The Mars Global Ionosphere-Thermosphere Model runs with realistically specified flare irradiance, giving results in reasonably good agreement with the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN spacecraft measurements. It is found that the ionized and neutral regimes of the upper atmosphere are significantly disturbed by the flare but react differently. The ionospheric electron density enhancement is concentrated below ~110-km altitude due to enhanced solar X-rays, closely following the time evolution of the flare. The neutral atmospheric perturbation increases with altitude and is important above ~150-km altitude, in association with atmospheric upwelling driven by solar extreme ultraviolet heating. It takes ~2.5 hr past the flare peak to reach the maximum disturbance and then additional ~10 hr to generally settle down to preflare levels.},

  doi          = {10.1029/2019gl084515},

  journal      = {Geophysical Research Letters},

  number       = 16,

  volume       = 46,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Mon Aug 05 00:00:00 EDT 2019},

  month        = {Mon Aug 05 00:00:00 EDT 2019}

}

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Works referenced in this record:

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Title: Mars Upper Atmospheric Responses to the 10 September 2017 Solar Flare: A Global, Time-Dependent Simulation

Abstract

Citation Formats

Mars Global Ionosphere-Thermosphere Model: Solar cycle, seasonal, and diurnal variations of the Mars upper atmosphere: BOUGHER ET AL. journal, February 2015

The Mars Topside Ionosphere Response to the X8.2 Solar Flare of 10 September 2017 journal, August 2018

Effects of solar X-ray flares in the E region ionosphere of Mars: First model results: X-RAY FLARES AND MODELING ON MARS journal, May 2012

Observations and Modeling of the Mars Low-Altitude Ionospheric Response to the 10 September 2017 X-Class Solar Flare journal, August 2018

On the responses to solar X-ray flare and coronal mass ejection in the ionospheres of Mars and Earth journal, January 2009

First measurements of composition and dynamics of the Martian ionosphere by MAVEN's Neutral Gas and Ion Mass Spectrometer: NGIMS OBSERVATIONS OF MARS' IONOSPHERE journal, November 2015

Control of Mars global atmospheric loss by the continuous rotation of the crustal magnetic field: A time-dependent MHD study: MARS CRUSTAL FIELD AND ATMOSPHERIC LOSS journal, December 2015

Mars mesosphere and thermosphere: 1. Global mean heat budget and thermal structure journal, January 1988

The structure and variability of Mars dayside thermosphere from MAVEN NGIMS and IUVS measurements: Seasonal and solar activity trends in scale heights and temperatures journal, January 2017

Response of the Mars ionosphere to solar flares: Analysis of MGS radio occultation data journal, November 2015

The MAVEN EUVM model of solar spectral irradiance variability at Mars: Algorithms and results journal, March 2017

Structure and composition of the neutral upper atmosphere of Mars from the MAVEN NGIMS investigation: STATE OF THE UPPER ATMOSPHERE OF MARS journal, November 2015

Effects of Solar Flares on the Ionosphere of Mars journal, February 2006

The Solar Extreme Ultraviolet Monitor for MAVEN journal, September 2015

Contrasting behavior of the thermosphere and ionosphere in response to the 28 October 2003 solar flare: FLARE EFECT IN EQUATORIAL REGIONS journal, July 2007

Observations of Vertical Reflections from the Topside Martian Ionosphere journal, December 2006

Modeling the thermospheric response to solar flares: THERMOSPHERIC RESPONSE TO FLARES journal, October 2008

September 2017 Solar Flare Event: Rapid Heating of the Martian Neutral Upper Atmosphere From the X-Class Flare as Observed by MAVEN journal, September 2018

Variability of thermosphere and ionosphere responses to solar flares: UPPER ATMOSPHERE RESPONSES TO FLARES journal, October 2011

Comparative terrestrial planet thermospheres: 3. Solar cycle variation of global structure and winds at solstices journal, July 2000

Radar Soundings of the Ionosphere of Mars journal, December 2005

Global thermal inertia and surface properties of Mars from the MGS mapping mission journal, February 2005

Observations and Impacts of the 10 September 2017 Solar Events at Mars: An Overview and Synthesis of the Initial Results journal, September 2018

The global ionosphere–thermosphere model journal, May 2006

Ionospheric effects of solar flares at Mars: SOLAR FLARES AND MARS IONOSPHERE journal, August 2009

Neutral density response to solar flares at Mars: NEUTRAL RESPONSE TO FLARES journal, November 2015

The Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution (MAVEN) Mission journal, April 2015

The Neutral Gas and Ion Mass Spectrometer on the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution Mission journal, September 2014

Mars thermosphere as seen in MAVEN accelerometer data journal, March 2017

The effects of different solar flare characteristics on the global thermosphere journal, August 2011

The importance of pickup oxygen ion precipitation to the Mars upper atmosphere under extreme solar wind conditions: MARS THERMOSPHERIC IMPACT BY PICKUP IONS journal, May 2013

Early MAVEN Deep Dip campaign reveals thermosphere and ionosphere variability journal, November 2015

The Mars crustal magnetic field control of plasma boundary locations and atmospheric loss: MHD prediction and comparison with MAVEN: Global control by Mars crustal field journal, April 2017

Numerical simulations of the ionosphere of Mars during a solar flare: SOLAR FLARES AND THE MARTIAN IONOSPHERE journal, May 2012

Mars Global Ionosphere-Thermosphere Model: Solar cycle, seasonal, and diurnal variations of the Mars upper atmosphere: BOUGHER ET AL.
journal, February 2015

The Mars Topside Ionosphere Response to the X8.2 Solar Flare of 10 September 2017
journal, August 2018

Effects of solar X-ray flares in the E region ionosphere of Mars: First model results: X-RAY FLARES AND MODELING ON MARS
journal, May 2012

Observations and Modeling of the Mars Low-Altitude Ionospheric Response to the 10 September 2017 X-Class Solar Flare
journal, August 2018

On the responses to solar X-ray flare and coronal mass ejection in the ionospheres of Mars and Earth
journal, January 2009

First measurements of composition and dynamics of the Martian ionosphere by MAVEN's Neutral Gas and Ion Mass Spectrometer: NGIMS OBSERVATIONS OF MARS' IONOSPHERE
journal, November 2015

Control of Mars global atmospheric loss by the continuous rotation of the crustal magnetic field: A time-dependent MHD study: MARS CRUSTAL FIELD AND ATMOSPHERIC LOSS
journal, December 2015

Mars mesosphere and thermosphere: 1. Global mean heat budget and thermal structure
journal, January 1988

The structure and variability of Mars dayside thermosphere from MAVEN NGIMS and IUVS measurements: Seasonal and solar activity trends in scale heights and temperatures
journal, January 2017

Response of the Mars ionosphere to solar flares: Analysis of MGS radio occultation data
journal, November 2015

The MAVEN EUVM model of solar spectral irradiance variability at Mars: Algorithms and results
journal, March 2017

Structure and composition of the neutral upper atmosphere of Mars from the MAVEN NGIMS investigation: STATE OF THE UPPER ATMOSPHERE OF MARS
journal, November 2015

Effects of Solar Flares on the Ionosphere of Mars
journal, February 2006

The Solar Extreme Ultraviolet Monitor for MAVEN
journal, September 2015

Contrasting behavior of the thermosphere and ionosphere in response to the 28 October 2003 solar flare: FLARE EFECT IN EQUATORIAL REGIONS
journal, July 2007

Observations of Vertical Reflections from the Topside Martian Ionosphere
journal, December 2006

Modeling the thermospheric response to solar flares: THERMOSPHERIC RESPONSE TO FLARES
journal, October 2008

September 2017 Solar Flare Event: Rapid Heating of the Martian Neutral Upper Atmosphere From the X-Class Flare as Observed by MAVEN
journal, September 2018

Variability of thermosphere and ionosphere responses to solar flares: UPPER ATMOSPHERE RESPONSES TO FLARES
journal, October 2011

Comparative terrestrial planet thermospheres: 3. Solar cycle variation of global structure and winds at solstices
journal, July 2000

Radar Soundings of the Ionosphere of Mars
journal, December 2005

Global thermal inertia and surface properties of Mars from the MGS mapping mission
journal, February 2005

Observations and Impacts of the 10 September 2017 Solar Events at Mars: An Overview and Synthesis of the Initial Results
journal, September 2018

The global ionosphere–thermosphere model
journal, May 2006

Ionospheric effects of solar flares at Mars: SOLAR FLARES AND MARS IONOSPHERE
journal, August 2009

Neutral density response to solar flares at Mars: NEUTRAL RESPONSE TO FLARES
journal, November 2015

The Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution (MAVEN) Mission
journal, April 2015

The Neutral Gas and Ion Mass Spectrometer on the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution Mission
journal, September 2014

Mars thermosphere as seen in MAVEN accelerometer data
journal, March 2017

The effects of different solar flare characteristics on the global thermosphere
journal, August 2011

The importance of pickup oxygen ion precipitation to the Mars upper atmosphere under extreme solar wind conditions: MARS THERMOSPHERIC IMPACT BY PICKUP IONS
journal, May 2013

Early MAVEN Deep Dip campaign reveals thermosphere and ionosphere variability
journal, November 2015

The Mars crustal magnetic field control of plasma boundary locations and atmospheric loss: MHD prediction and comparison with MAVEN: Global control by Mars crustal field
journal, April 2017

Numerical simulations of the ionosphere of Mars during a solar flare: SOLAR FLARES AND THE MARTIAN IONOSPHERE
journal, May 2012