Reionization with galaxies and active galactic nuclei
Abstract
In this work we investigate the properties of the sources that reionized the intergalactic medium (IGM) in the high-redshift Universe. Using a semi-analytical model aimed at reproducing galaxies and black holes in the first ~1.5 Gyr of the Universe, we revisit the relative role of star formation and black hole accretion in producing ionizing photons that can escape into the IGM. Both star formation and black hole accretion are regulated by supernova feedback, resulting in black hole accretion being stunted in low-mass haloes. We explore a wide range of combinations for the escape fraction of ionizing photons (redshift-dependent, constant, and scaling with stellar mass) from both star formation (|$$\langle f_{\rm esc}^{\rm sf} \rangle$$|) and AGN (|$$f_{\rm esc}^{\rm bh}$$|) to find: (i) the ionizing budget is dominated by stellar radiation from low stellar mass (|$$M_*\lt 10^9 \, {\rm \rm M_\odot }$$|) galaxies at z > 6 with the AGN contribution (driven by |$$M_{bh}\gt 10^6 \, {\rm \rm M_\odot }$$| black holes in |$$M_* \gtrsim 10^9\, {\rm \rm M_\odot}$$| galaxies) dominating at lower redshifts; (ii) AGN only contribute |$$10-25{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$$| to the cumulative ionizing emissivity by z = 4 for the models that match the observed reionization constraints; (iii) if the stellar mass dependence of |$$\langle f_{\rm esc}^{\rm sf} \rangle$$| is shallower than |$$f_{\rm esc}^{\rm bh}$$|, at z < 7 a transition stellar mass exists above which AGN dominate the escaping ionizing photon production rate; (iv) the transition stellar mass decreases with decreasing redshift. While AGN dominate the escaping emissivity above the knee of the stellar mass function at z ~ 6.8, they take-over at stellar masses that are a tenth of the knee mass by z = 4.
- Authors:
-
[1];
[3];
[5];
- Univ. of Groningen (Netherlands)
- Sorbonne Univ., Paris (France)
- Tata Inst. of Fundamental Research, Pune (India)
- ‘Sapienza’ Univ. di Roma (Italy); INAF/Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma (Italy)
- Sorbonne Univ., Paris (France); Max-Planck-Inst. fur Astronomie, Heidelberg (Germany); Zentrum fur Astronomie der Univ. at Heidelberg (Germany)
- Fermi National Accelerator Lab. (FNAL), Batavia, IL (United States); Univ. of Chicago, IL (United States)
- Univ. of Copenhagen (Denmark)
- Montana State Univ., Bozeman, MT (United States)
- Publication Date:
- Research Org.:
- Fermi National Accelerator Lab. (FNAL), Batavia, IL (United States)
- Sponsoring Org.:
- USDOE Office of Science (SC), High Energy Physics (HEP); European Research Council (ERC); Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO); European Commission (EC); University of Groningen; Ministry for Instruction, University and Research (MIUR); German Research Foundation (DFG); Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales (CNES); Carlsberg Foundation
- OSTI Identifier:
- 1638664
- Report Number(s):
- arXiv:2001.06021; FERMILAB-PUB-20-301-T
Journal ID: ISSN 0035-8711; oai:inspirehep.net:1801994; TRN: US2201800
- Grant/Contract Number:
- AC02-07CH11359; ERC StG-717001; 016.VIDI.189.162; 614199; CF15-0384
- Resource Type:
- Accepted Manuscript
- Journal Name:
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
- Additional Journal Information:
- Journal Volume: 495; Journal Issue: 3; Journal ID: ISSN 0035-8711
- Publisher:
- Royal Astronomical Society
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
- Subject:
- 79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS; galaxies: evolution; galaxies: high-redshift; intergalactic medium; quasars: general; reionization
Citation Formats
Dayal, Pratika, Volonteri, Marta, Choudhury, Tirthankar Roy, Schneider, Raffaella, Trebitsch, Maxime, Gnedin, Nickolay Y., Atek, Hakim, Hirschmann, Michaela, and Reines, Amy. Reionization with galaxies and active galactic nuclei. United States: N. p., 2020.
Web. doi:10.1093/mnras/staa1138.
Dayal, Pratika, Volonteri, Marta, Choudhury, Tirthankar Roy, Schneider, Raffaella, Trebitsch, Maxime, Gnedin, Nickolay Y., Atek, Hakim, Hirschmann, Michaela, & Reines, Amy. Reionization with galaxies and active galactic nuclei. United States. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa1138
Dayal, Pratika, Volonteri, Marta, Choudhury, Tirthankar Roy, Schneider, Raffaella, Trebitsch, Maxime, Gnedin, Nickolay Y., Atek, Hakim, Hirschmann, Michaela, and Reines, Amy. Sat .
"Reionization with galaxies and active galactic nuclei". United States. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa1138. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1638664.
@article{osti_1638664,
title = {Reionization with galaxies and active galactic nuclei},
author = {Dayal, Pratika and Volonteri, Marta and Choudhury, Tirthankar Roy and Schneider, Raffaella and Trebitsch, Maxime and Gnedin, Nickolay Y. and Atek, Hakim and Hirschmann, Michaela and Reines, Amy},
abstractNote = {In this work we investigate the properties of the sources that reionized the intergalactic medium (IGM) in the high-redshift Universe. Using a semi-analytical model aimed at reproducing galaxies and black holes in the first ~1.5 Gyr of the Universe, we revisit the relative role of star formation and black hole accretion in producing ionizing photons that can escape into the IGM. Both star formation and black hole accretion are regulated by supernova feedback, resulting in black hole accretion being stunted in low-mass haloes. We explore a wide range of combinations for the escape fraction of ionizing photons (redshift-dependent, constant, and scaling with stellar mass) from both star formation (|$\langle f_{\rm esc}^{\rm sf} \rangle$|) and AGN (|$f_{\rm esc}^{\rm bh}$|) to find: (i) the ionizing budget is dominated by stellar radiation from low stellar mass (|$M_*\lt 10^9 \, {\rm \rm M_\odot }$|) galaxies at z > 6 with the AGN contribution (driven by |$M_{bh}\gt 10^6 \, {\rm \rm M_\odot }$| black holes in |$M_* \gtrsim 10^9\, {\rm \rm M_\odot}$| galaxies) dominating at lower redshifts; (ii) AGN only contribute |$10-25{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$| to the cumulative ionizing emissivity by z = 4 for the models that match the observed reionization constraints; (iii) if the stellar mass dependence of |$\langle f_{\rm esc}^{\rm sf} \rangle$| is shallower than |$f_{\rm esc}^{\rm bh}$|, at z < 7 a transition stellar mass exists above which AGN dominate the escaping ionizing photon production rate; (iv) the transition stellar mass decreases with decreasing redshift. While AGN dominate the escaping emissivity above the knee of the stellar mass function at z ~ 6.8, they take-over at stellar masses that are a tenth of the knee mass by z = 4.},
doi = {10.1093/mnras/staa1138},
journal = {Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society},
number = 3,
volume = 495,
place = {United States},
year = {Sat May 23 00:00:00 EDT 2020},
month = {Sat May 23 00:00:00 EDT 2020}
}
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