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Title: Constraints on the Physical Properties of GW190814 through Simulations Based on DECam Follow-up Observations by the Dark Energy Survey

Abstract

On 14 August 2019, the LIGO and Virgo Collaborations alerted the astronomical community of a high significance detection of gravitational waves and classified the source as a neutron star - black hole (NSBH) merger, the first event of its kind. In search of an optical counterpart, the Dark Energy Survey (DES) Gravitational Wave Search and Discovery Team performed the most thorough and accurate analysis to date, targeting the entire 90 percent confidence level localization area with Blanco/DECam 0, 1, 2, 3, 6, and 16 nights after the merger was detected. Objects with varying brightness were detected by the DES Search and Discovery Pipeline and we systematically reduced the list of candidate counterparts through catalog matching, light curve properties, host-galaxy photometric redshifts, SOAR spectroscopic follow-up observations, and machine-learning-based photometric classification. All candidates were rejected as counterparts to the merger. To quantify the sensitivity of our search, we applied our selection criteria to simulations of supernovae and kilonovae as they would appear in the DECam observations. Since there are no explicit light curve models for NSBH mergers, we characterize our sensitivity with binary NS models that are expected to have similar optical signatures as NSBH mergers. We find that if a kilonovamore » occurred during this merger, configurations where the ejected matter is greater than 0.07 solar masses, has lanthanide abundance less than 10-8.56, and has a velocity between 0.18c and 0.21c are disfavored at the 2σ level. Furthermore, we estimate that our background reduction methods are capable of associating gravitational wave signals with a detected electromagnetic counterpart at the 4σ level in 95% of future follow-up observations.« less

Authors:
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Publication Date:
Research Org.:
SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States); Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (FNAL), Batavia, IL (United States); Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States); Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI (United States)
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE Office of Science (SC), High Energy Physics (HEP); National Science Foundation (NSF); National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA); Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation; Heising-Simons Foundation; David and Lucile Packard Foundation
Contributing Org.:
DES Collaboration
OSTI Identifier:
1637635
Alternate Identifier(s):
OSTI ID: 1783802
Report Number(s):
arXiv:2006.07385; FERMILAB-PUB-20-219-AE
Journal ID: ISSN 1538-4357; oai:inspirehep.net:1801199; TRN: US2201647
Grant/Contract Number:  
AC02-07CH11359; NNG17PX03C; AST-1815935; AST-1138766; AST-1536171; SC0019193
Resource Type:
Accepted Manuscript
Journal Name:
The Astrophysical Journal (Online)
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Name: The Astrophysical Journal (Online); Journal Volume: 901; Journal Issue: 1; Journal ID: ISSN 1538-4357
Publisher:
Institute of Physics (IOP)
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS; 46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY; Gravitational wave sources; Optical observation; Light curve classification; Astronomical simulations; 46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOG

Citation Formats

Morgan, R., Soares-Santos, M., Annis, J., Herner, K., Garcia, A., Palmese, A., Drlica-Wagner, A., Kessler, R., García-Bellido, J., Bachmann, T. G., Sherman, N., Allam, S., Bechtol, K., Bom, C. R., Brout, D., Butler, R. E., Butner, M., Cartier, R., Chen, H., Conselice, C., Cook, E., Davis, T. M., Doctor, Z., Farr, B., Figueiredo, A. L., Finley, D. A., Foley, R. J., Galarza, J. Y., Gill, M. S., Gruendl, R. A., Holz, D. E., Kuropatkin, N., Lidman, C., Lin, H., Malik, U., Mann, A. W., Marriner, J., Marshall, J. L., Martínez-Vázquez, C. E., Meza, N., Neilsen, E., Nicolaou, C., Olivares E., F., Paz-Chinchón, F., Points, S., Quirola-Vásquez, J., Rodriguez, O., Sako, M., Scolnic, D., Smith, M., Sobreira, F., Tucker, D. L., Vivas, A. K., Wiesner, M., Wood, M. L., Yanny, B., Zenteno, A., Abbott, T. C., Aguena, M., Avila, S., Bertin, E., Bhargava, S., Brooks, D., Burke, D. L., Rosell, A. Carnero, Kind, M. Carrasco, Carretero, J., Costa, L. da, Costanzi, M., De Vicente, J., Desai, S., Diehl, H. T., Doel, P., Eifler, T. F., Everett, S., Flaugher, B., Frieman, J., Gaztanaga, E., Gerdes, D. W., Gruen, D., Gschwend, J., Gutierrez, G., Hartley, W. G., Hinton, S. R., Hollowood, D. L., Honscheid, K., James, D. J., Kuehn, K., Lahav, O., Lima, M., Maia, M. G., March, M., Miquel, R., Ogando, R. C., Plazas, A. A., Roodman, A., Sanchez, E., Scarpine, V., Schubnell, M., Serrano, S., Sevilla-Noarbe, I., Suchyta, E., and Tarle, G. Constraints on the Physical Properties of GW190814 through Simulations Based on DECam Follow-up Observations by the Dark Energy Survey. United States: N. p., 2020. Web. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abafaa.
Morgan, R., Soares-Santos, M., Annis, J., Herner, K., Garcia, A., Palmese, A., Drlica-Wagner, A., Kessler, R., García-Bellido, J., Bachmann, T. G., Sherman, N., Allam, S., Bechtol, K., Bom, C. R., Brout, D., Butler, R. E., Butner, M., Cartier, R., Chen, H., Conselice, C., Cook, E., Davis, T. M., Doctor, Z., Farr, B., Figueiredo, A. L., Finley, D. A., Foley, R. J., Galarza, J. Y., Gill, M. S., Gruendl, R. A., Holz, D. E., Kuropatkin, N., Lidman, C., Lin, H., Malik, U., Mann, A. W., Marriner, J., Marshall, J. L., Martínez-Vázquez, C. E., Meza, N., Neilsen, E., Nicolaou, C., Olivares E., F., Paz-Chinchón, F., Points, S., Quirola-Vásquez, J., Rodriguez, O., Sako, M., Scolnic, D., Smith, M., Sobreira, F., Tucker, D. L., Vivas, A. K., Wiesner, M., Wood, M. L., Yanny, B., Zenteno, A., Abbott, T. C., Aguena, M., Avila, S., Bertin, E., Bhargava, S., Brooks, D., Burke, D. L., Rosell, A. Carnero, Kind, M. Carrasco, Carretero, J., Costa, L. da, Costanzi, M., De Vicente, J., Desai, S., Diehl, H. T., Doel, P., Eifler, T. F., Everett, S., Flaugher, B., Frieman, J., Gaztanaga, E., Gerdes, D. W., Gruen, D., Gschwend, J., Gutierrez, G., Hartley, W. G., Hinton, S. R., Hollowood, D. L., Honscheid, K., James, D. J., Kuehn, K., Lahav, O., Lima, M., Maia, M. G., March, M., Miquel, R., Ogando, R. C., Plazas, A. A., Roodman, A., Sanchez, E., Scarpine, V., Schubnell, M., Serrano, S., Sevilla-Noarbe, I., Suchyta, E., & Tarle, G. Constraints on the Physical Properties of GW190814 through Simulations Based on DECam Follow-up Observations by the Dark Energy Survey. United States. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abafaa
Morgan, R., Soares-Santos, M., Annis, J., Herner, K., Garcia, A., Palmese, A., Drlica-Wagner, A., Kessler, R., García-Bellido, J., Bachmann, T. G., Sherman, N., Allam, S., Bechtol, K., Bom, C. R., Brout, D., Butler, R. E., Butner, M., Cartier, R., Chen, H., Conselice, C., Cook, E., Davis, T. M., Doctor, Z., Farr, B., Figueiredo, A. L., Finley, D. A., Foley, R. J., Galarza, J. Y., Gill, M. S., Gruendl, R. A., Holz, D. E., Kuropatkin, N., Lidman, C., Lin, H., Malik, U., Mann, A. W., Marriner, J., Marshall, J. L., Martínez-Vázquez, C. E., Meza, N., Neilsen, E., Nicolaou, C., Olivares E., F., Paz-Chinchón, F., Points, S., Quirola-Vásquez, J., Rodriguez, O., Sako, M., Scolnic, D., Smith, M., Sobreira, F., Tucker, D. L., Vivas, A. K., Wiesner, M., Wood, M. L., Yanny, B., Zenteno, A., Abbott, T. C., Aguena, M., Avila, S., Bertin, E., Bhargava, S., Brooks, D., Burke, D. L., Rosell, A. Carnero, Kind, M. Carrasco, Carretero, J., Costa, L. da, Costanzi, M., De Vicente, J., Desai, S., Diehl, H. T., Doel, P., Eifler, T. F., Everett, S., Flaugher, B., Frieman, J., Gaztanaga, E., Gerdes, D. W., Gruen, D., Gschwend, J., Gutierrez, G., Hartley, W. G., Hinton, S. R., Hollowood, D. L., Honscheid, K., James, D. J., Kuehn, K., Lahav, O., Lima, M., Maia, M. G., March, M., Miquel, R., Ogando, R. C., Plazas, A. A., Roodman, A., Sanchez, E., Scarpine, V., Schubnell, M., Serrano, S., Sevilla-Noarbe, I., Suchyta, E., and Tarle, G. Thu . "Constraints on the Physical Properties of GW190814 through Simulations Based on DECam Follow-up Observations by the Dark Energy Survey". United States. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abafaa. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1637635.
@article{osti_1637635,
title = {Constraints on the Physical Properties of GW190814 through Simulations Based on DECam Follow-up Observations by the Dark Energy Survey},
author = {Morgan, R. and Soares-Santos, M. and Annis, J. and Herner, K. and Garcia, A. and Palmese, A. and Drlica-Wagner, A. and Kessler, R. and García-Bellido, J. and Bachmann, T. G. and Sherman, N. and Allam, S. and Bechtol, K. and Bom, C. R. and Brout, D. and Butler, R. E. and Butner, M. and Cartier, R. and Chen, H. and Conselice, C. and Cook, E. and Davis, T. M. and Doctor, Z. and Farr, B. and Figueiredo, A. L. and Finley, D. A. and Foley, R. J. and Galarza, J. Y. and Gill, M. S. and Gruendl, R. A. and Holz, D. E. and Kuropatkin, N. and Lidman, C. and Lin, H. and Malik, U. and Mann, A. W. and Marriner, J. and Marshall, J. L. and Martínez-Vázquez, C. E. and Meza, N. and Neilsen, E. and Nicolaou, C. and Olivares E., F. and Paz-Chinchón, F. and Points, S. and Quirola-Vásquez, J. and Rodriguez, O. and Sako, M. and Scolnic, D. and Smith, M. and Sobreira, F. and Tucker, D. L. and Vivas, A. K. and Wiesner, M. and Wood, M. L. and Yanny, B. and Zenteno, A. and Abbott, T. C. and Aguena, M. and Avila, S. and Bertin, E. and Bhargava, S. and Brooks, D. and Burke, D. L. and Rosell, A. Carnero and Kind, M. Carrasco and Carretero, J. and Costa, L. da and Costanzi, M. and De Vicente, J. and Desai, S. and Diehl, H. T. and Doel, P. and Eifler, T. F. and Everett, S. and Flaugher, B. and Frieman, J. and Gaztanaga, E. and Gerdes, D. W. and Gruen, D. and Gschwend, J. and Gutierrez, G. and Hartley, W. G. and Hinton, S. R. and Hollowood, D. L. and Honscheid, K. and James, D. J. and Kuehn, K. and Lahav, O. and Lima, M. and Maia, M. G. and March, M. and Miquel, R. and Ogando, R. C. and Plazas, A. A. and Roodman, A. and Sanchez, E. and Scarpine, V. and Schubnell, M. and Serrano, S. and Sevilla-Noarbe, I. and Suchyta, E. and Tarle, G.},
abstractNote = {On 14 August 2019, the LIGO and Virgo Collaborations alerted the astronomical community of a high significance detection of gravitational waves and classified the source as a neutron star - black hole (NSBH) merger, the first event of its kind. In search of an optical counterpart, the Dark Energy Survey (DES) Gravitational Wave Search and Discovery Team performed the most thorough and accurate analysis to date, targeting the entire 90 percent confidence level localization area with Blanco/DECam 0, 1, 2, 3, 6, and 16 nights after the merger was detected. Objects with varying brightness were detected by the DES Search and Discovery Pipeline and we systematically reduced the list of candidate counterparts through catalog matching, light curve properties, host-galaxy photometric redshifts, SOAR spectroscopic follow-up observations, and machine-learning-based photometric classification. All candidates were rejected as counterparts to the merger. To quantify the sensitivity of our search, we applied our selection criteria to simulations of supernovae and kilonovae as they would appear in the DECam observations. Since there are no explicit light curve models for NSBH mergers, we characterize our sensitivity with binary NS models that are expected to have similar optical signatures as NSBH mergers. We find that if a kilonova occurred during this merger, configurations where the ejected matter is greater than 0.07 solar masses, has lanthanide abundance less than 10-8.56, and has a velocity between 0.18c and 0.21c are disfavored at the 2σ level. Furthermore, we estimate that our background reduction methods are capable of associating gravitational wave signals with a detected electromagnetic counterpart at the 4σ level in 95% of future follow-up observations.},
doi = {10.3847/1538-4357/abafaa},
journal = {The Astrophysical Journal (Online)},
number = 1,
volume = 901,
place = {United States},
year = {Thu Sep 24 00:00:00 EDT 2020},
month = {Thu Sep 24 00:00:00 EDT 2020}
}

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Southern Astrophysical Research (SOAR) Telescope: Steps on the Route to Success
conference, February 2003

  • Sebring, Thomas A.; Krabbendam, Victor L.; Heathcote, Steven R.
  • Astronomical Telescopes and Instrumentation, SPIE Proceedings
  • DOI: 10.1117/12.456692

GW170817: Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Neutron Star Inspiral
journal, October 2017


The formation of the double pulsar PSR J0737-3039A/B
journal, November 2006

  • Stairs, I. H.; Thorsett, S. E.; Dewey, R. J.
  • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters, Vol. 373, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-3933.2006.00241.x

Remnant baryon mass in neutron star-black hole mergers: Predictions for binary neutron star mimickers and rapidly spinning black holes
journal, October 2018


GROWTH on S190814bv: Deep Synoptic Limits on the Optical/Near-infrared Counterpart to a Neutron Star–Black Hole Merger
journal, February 2020

  • Andreoni, Igor; Goldstein, Daniel A.; Kasliwal, Mansi M.
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 890, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab6a1b

Multimessenger observations of a flaring blazar coincident with high-energy neutrino IceCube-170922A
journal, July 2018

  • Collaboration, Icecube; Aartsen, Mark; Ackermann, Markus
  • Science, Vol. 361, Issue 6398
  • DOI: 10.1126/science.aat1378

The Difference Imaging Pipeline for the Transient Search in the dark Energy Survey
journal, November 2015


Evidence for Dynamically Driven Formation of the GW170817 Neutron Star Binary in NGC 4993
journal, November 2017


Probing Extreme-density Matter with Gravitational-wave Observations of Binary Neutron Star Merger Remnants
journal, June 2017

  • Radice, David; Bernuzzi, Sebastiano; Pozzo, Walter Del
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 842, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/aa775f

The Supernova Legacy Survey 3-year sample: Type Ia supernovae photometric distances and cosmological constraints
journal, November 2010


Neutron Stars Versus Black Holes: Probing the mass gap with Ligo/Virgo
journal, July 2015


The Gaia mission
journal, November 2016


Effect of a high Opacity on the Light Curves of Radioactively Powered Transients from Compact Object Mergers
journal, August 2013


Prospects for Joint Gravitational-Wave and Electromagnetic Observations of Neutron-Star-Black-Hole Coalescing Binaries
journal, July 2014


GW190814: Gravitational Waves from the Coalescence of a 23 Solar Mass Black Hole with a 2.6 Solar Mass Compact Object
journal, June 2020


Type Ia Supernova Explosion Models
journal, September 2000


Stringent constraints on neutron-star radii from multimessenger observations and nuclear theory
journal, March 2020


A Search for Kilonovae in the Dark Energy Survey
journal, March 2017


Dynamics, nucleosynthesis, and kilonova signature of black hole—neutron star merger ejecta
journal, July 2017

  • Fernández, Rodrigo; Foucart, Francois; Kasen, Daniel
  • Classical and Quantum Gravity, Vol. 34, Issue 15
  • DOI: 10.1088/1361-6382/aa7a77

The optical afterglow of the short gamma-ray burst associated with GW170817
journal, July 2018


DNF – Galaxy photometric redshift by Directional Neighbourhood Fitting
journal, April 2016

  • De Vicente, J.; Sánchez, E.; Sevilla-Noarbe, I.
  • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 459, Issue 3
  • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stw857

Implications of the search for optical counterparts during the first six months of the Advanced LIGO’s and Advanced Virgo’s third observing run: possible limits on the ejecta mass and binary properties
journal, December 2019

  • Coughlin, Michael W.; Dietrich, Tim; Antier, Sarah
  • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 492, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stz3457

First year performance of the IceCube neutrino telescope
journal, October 2006


A DECam Search for Explosive Optical Transients Associated with IceCube Neutrino Alerts
journal, September 2019


Systematics of Dynamical mass Ejection, Nucleosynthesis, and Radioactively Powered Electromagnetic Signals from Neutron-Star Mergers
journal, July 2013


Searching for soft relativistic jets in core-collapse supernovae with the IceCube optical follow-up program
journal, February 2012


Models of Kilonova/Macronova Emission from Black Hole–Neutron star Mergers
journal, June 2016

  • Kawaguchi, Kyohei; Kyutoku, Koutarou; Shibata, Masaru
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 825, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.3847/0004-637X/825/1/52

Numerical simulations of neutron star-black hole binaries in the near-equal-mass regime
journal, May 2019


Random Forests
journal, January 2001


INTEGRAL Detection of the First Prompt Gamma-Ray Signal Coincident with the Gravitational-wave Event GW170817
journal, October 2017


Characterization of the LIGO detectors during their sixth science run
journal, May 2015