Measurement of the gamma ray background in the Davis cavern at the Sanford Underground Research Facility

Akerib, D. S.; Akerlof, C. W.; Alsum, S. K.; Angelides, N.; Araújo, H. M.; Armstrong, J. E.; Arthurs, M.; Bai, X.; Balajthy, J.; Balashov, S.; Baxter, A.; Bernard, E. P.; Biekert, A.; Biesiadzinski, T. P.; Boast, K. E.; Boxer, B.; Brás, P.; Buckley, J. H.; Bugaev, V. V.; Burdin, S.; Busenitz, J. K.; Carels, C.; Carlsmith, D. L.; Carmona-Benitez, M. C.; Cascella, M.; Chan, C.; Cole, A.; Cottle, A.; Cutter, J. E.; Dahl, C. E.; de Viveiros, L.; Dobson, J. E. Y.; Druszkiewicz, E.; Edberg, T. K.; Fan, A.; Fiorucci, S.; Flaecher, H.; Fruth, T.; Gaitskell, R. J.; Genovesi, J.; Ghag, C.; Gilchriese, M. G. D.; Gokhale, S.; van der Grinten, M. G. D.; Hall, C. R.; Hans, S.; Harrison, J.; Haselschwardt, S. J.; Hertel, S. A.; Hor, J. Y-K.; Horn, M.; Huang, D. Q.; Ignarra, C. M.; Jahangir, O.; Ji, W.; Johnson, J.; Kaboth, A. C.; Kamdin, K.; Khaitan, D.; Khazov, A.; Kim, W. T.; Kocher, C. D.; Korley, L.; Korolkova, E. V.; Kras, J.; Kraus, H.; Kravitz, S. W.; Kreczko, L.; Krikler, B.; Kudryavtsev, V. A.; Leason, E. A.; Lee, J.; Leonard, D. S.; Lesko, K. T.; Levy, C.; Li, J.; Liao, J.; Liao, F. -T.; Lin, J.; Lindote, A.; Linehan, R.; Lippincott, W. H.; Liu, R.; Liu, X.; Loniewski, C.; Lopes, M. I.; López Paredes, B.; Lorenzon, W.; Luitz, S.; Lyle, J. M.; Majewski, P. A.; Manalaysay, A.; Manenti, L.; Mannino, R. L.; Marangou, N.; Marzioni, M. F.; McKinsey, D. N.; McLaughlin, J.; Meng, Y.; Miller, E. H.; Monzani, M. E.; Morad, J. A.; Morrison, E.; Mount, B. J.; Murphy, A. St. J.; Naim, D.; Naylor, A.; Nedlik, C.; Nehrkorn, C.; Nelson, H. N.; Neves, F.; Nikoleyczik, J.; Nilima, A.; Olcina, I.; Oliver-Mallory, K. C.; Pal, S.; Palladino, K. J.; Pease, E. K.; Penning, B. P.; Pereira, G.; Piepke, A.; Pushkin, K.; Reichenbacher, J.; Rhyne, C. A.; Riffard, Q.; Rischbieter, G. R. C.; Rodrigues, J. P.; Rosero, R.; Rossiter, P.; Rutherford, G.; Sazzad, A. B. M. R.; Schnee, R. W.; Schubnell, M.; Scovell, P. R.; Seymour, D.; Shaw, S.; Shutt, T. A.; Silk, J. J.; Silva, C.; Solmaz, M.; Solovov, V. N.; Sorensen, P.; Stancu, I.; Stevens, A.; Stiegler, T. M.; Stifter, K.; Szydagis, M.; Taylor, W. C.; Taylor, R.; Temples, D.; Terman, P. A.; Tiedt, D. R.; Timalsina, M.; Tomás, A.; Tripathi, M.; Tvrznikova, L.; Utku, U.; Uvarov, S.; Vacheret, A.; Wang, J. J.; Watson, J. R.; Webb, R. C.; White, R. G.; Whitis, T. J.; Wolfs, F. L. H.; Woodward, D.; Yin, J.

doi:10.1016/j.astropartphys.2019.102391

Title: Measurement of the gamma ray background in the Davis cavern at the Sanford Underground Research Facility

Abstract

Deep underground environments are ideal for low background searches due to the attenuation of cosmic rays by passage through the earth. However, they are affected by backgrounds from γ-rays emitted by ⁴⁰K and the ²³⁸U and ²³²Th decay chains in the surrounding rock. The LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment will search for dark matter particle interactions with a liquid xenon TPC located within the Davis campus at the Sanford Underground Research Facility, Lead, South Dakota, at the 4850-foot level. In order to characterise the cavern background, in-situ γ-ray measurements were taken with a sodium iodide detector in various locations and with lead shielding. The integral count rates (0–3300 keV) varied from 596 Hz to 1355 Hz for unshielded measurements, corresponding to a total flux from the cavern walls of 1.9±0.4 $$γ$$ cm^-2s^-1. The resulting activity in the walls of the cavern can be characterised as 220±60 Bq/kg of 40K, 29±15 Bq/kg of ²³⁸U, and 13±3 Bq/kg of ²³²Th.

Authors:: Akerib, D. S.; Akerlof, C. W.; Alsum, S. K.; Angelides, N.; Araújo, H. M.; Armstrong, J. E.; Arthurs, M.; Bai, X.; Balajthy, J.; Balashov, S.; Baxter, A.; Bernard, E. P.; Biekert, A.; Biesiadzinski, T. P.; Boast, K. E.; Boxer, B.; Brás, P.; Buckley, J. H.; Bugaev, V. V.; Burdin, S. more »« less

Publication Date:: Sun Mar 01 00:00:00 EST 2020

Research Org.:: SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States); University of California, Berkeley, CA (United States); Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States); Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (FNAL), Batavia, IL (United States); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States); Univ. of Rochester, NY (United States); Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD (United States); Brown Univ., Providence, RI (United States); Univ. of California, Santa Barbara, CA (United States); Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI (United States); Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), High Energy Physics (HEP); National Science Foundation (NSF); Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) (United Kingdom); Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology; Inst. for Basic Science (South Korea); International Exchange Scheme' Univ. of Wisconsin

Contributing Org.:: LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) Collaboration; The LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) Collaboration; LUX-ZEPLIN Collaboration

OSTI Identifier:: 1633964

Alternate Identifier(s):: OSTI ID: 1545107; OSTI ID: 1576066; OSTI ID: 1576512; OSTI ID: 1596297; OSTI ID: 1671747; OSTI ID: 1756455; OSTI ID: 1777209; OSTI ID: 1819035; OSTI ID: 1889912

Report Number(s):: arXiv:1904.02112; FERMILAB-PUB-19-139-AE-PPD; LLNL-JRNL-825560
Journal ID: ISSN 0927-6505; TRN: US2201275

Grant/Contract Number:: SC0010072; SC0010010; SC0011702; AC02-07CH11359; AC52-07NA27344; AC02-76SF00515; SC0019066; AC02-05CH11231; CERN/FP/123610/2011; PTDC/FISNUC/1525/2014; ST/M003655/1, ST/M003981/1; ST/M003744/1; ST/M003639/1; ST/M003604/1; ST/M003469/1; IBS-R016-D1; IBS-R016-S1; IE141517; PRJ82AJ; SC0018982; SC0008475; SC0019193

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Astroparticle Physics

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 116; Journal Issue: C; Journal ID: ISSN 0927-6505

Publisher:: Elsevier

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS; 46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY; 72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS; Dark matter; Low background; Radiation; Underground; Gamma rays; Gamma spectroscopy

Citation Formats


                    Akerib, D. S., Akerlof, C. W., Alsum, S. K., Angelides, N., Araújo, H. M., Armstrong, J. E., Arthurs, M., Bai, X., Balajthy, J., Balashov, S., Baxter, A., Bernard, E. P., Biekert, A., Biesiadzinski, T. P., Boast, K. E., Boxer, B., Brás, P., Buckley, J. H., Bugaev, V. V., Burdin, S., Busenitz, J. K., Carels, C., Carlsmith, D. L., Carmona-Benitez, M. C., Cascella, M., Chan, C., Cole, A., Cottle, A., Cutter, J. E., Dahl, C. E., de Viveiros, L., Dobson, J. E. Y., Druszkiewicz, E., Edberg, T. K., Fan, A., Fiorucci, S., Flaecher, H., Fruth, T., Gaitskell, R. J., Genovesi, J., Ghag, C., Gilchriese, M. G. D., Gokhale, S., van der Grinten, M. G. D., Hall, C. R., Hans, S., Harrison, J., Haselschwardt, S. J., Hertel, S. A., Hor, J. Y-K., Horn, M., Huang, D. Q., Ignarra, C. M., Jahangir, O., Ji, W., Johnson, J., Kaboth, A. C., Kamdin, K., Khaitan, D., Khazov, A., Kim, W. T., Kocher, C. D., Korley, L., Korolkova, E. V., Kras, J., Kraus, H., Kravitz, S. W., Kreczko, L., Krikler, B., Kudryavtsev, V. A., Leason, E. A., Lee, J., Leonard, D. S., Lesko, K. T., Levy, C., Li, J., Liao, J., Liao, F. -T., Lin, J., Lindote, A., Linehan, R., Lippincott, W. H., Liu, R., Liu, X., Loniewski, C., Lopes, M. I., López Paredes, B., Lorenzon, W., Luitz, S., Lyle, J. M., Majewski, P. A., Manalaysay, A., Manenti, L., Mannino, R. L., Marangou, N., Marzioni, M. F., McKinsey, D. N., McLaughlin, J., Meng, Y., Miller, E. H., Monzani, M. E., Morad, J. A., Morrison, E., Mount, B. J., Murphy, A. St. J., Naim, D., Naylor, A., Nedlik, C., Nehrkorn, C., Nelson, H. N., Neves, F., Nikoleyczik, J., Nilima, A., Olcina, I., Oliver-Mallory, K. C., Pal, S., Palladino, K. J., Pease, E. K., Penning, B. P., Pereira, G., Piepke, A., Pushkin, K., Reichenbacher, J., Rhyne, C. A., Riffard, Q., Rischbieter, G. R. C., Rodrigues, J. P., Rosero, R., Rossiter, P., Rutherford, G., Sazzad, A. B. M. R., Schnee, R. W., Schubnell, M., Scovell, P. R., Seymour, D., Shaw, S., Shutt, T. A., Silk, J. J., Silva, C., Solmaz, M., Solovov, V. N., Sorensen, P., Stancu, I., Stevens, A., Stiegler, T. M., Stifter, K., Szydagis, M., Taylor, W. C., Taylor, R., Temples, D., Terman, P. A., Tiedt, D. R., Timalsina, M., Tomás, A., Tripathi, M., Tvrznikova, L., Utku, U., Uvarov, S., Vacheret, A., Wang, J. J., Watson, J. R., Webb, R. C., White, R. G., Whitis, T. J., Wolfs, F. L. H., Woodward, D., and Yin, J. Measurement of the gamma ray background in the Davis cavern at the Sanford Underground Research Facility.  United States: N. p., 2020. 
Web.  doi:10.1016/j.astropartphys.2019.102391.

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                    Akerib, D. S., Akerlof, C. W., Alsum, S. K., Angelides, N., Araújo, H. M., Armstrong, J. E., Arthurs, M., Bai, X., Balajthy, J., Balashov, S., Baxter, A., Bernard, E. P., Biekert, A., Biesiadzinski, T. P., Boast, K. E., Boxer, B., Brás, P., Buckley, J. H., Bugaev, V. V., Burdin, S., Busenitz, J. K., Carels, C., Carlsmith, D. L., Carmona-Benitez, M. C., Cascella, M., Chan, C., Cole, A., Cottle, A., Cutter, J. E., Dahl, C. E., de Viveiros, L., Dobson, J. E. Y., Druszkiewicz, E., Edberg, T. K., Fan, A., Fiorucci, S., Flaecher, H., Fruth, T., Gaitskell, R. J., Genovesi, J., Ghag, C., Gilchriese, M. G. D., Gokhale, S., van der Grinten, M. G. D., Hall, C. R., Hans, S., Harrison, J., Haselschwardt, S. J., Hertel, S. A., Hor, J. Y-K., Horn, M., Huang, D. Q., Ignarra, C. M., Jahangir, O., Ji, W., Johnson, J., Kaboth, A. C., Kamdin, K., Khaitan, D., Khazov, A., Kim, W. T., Kocher, C. D., Korley, L., Korolkova, E. V., Kras, J., Kraus, H., Kravitz, S. W., Kreczko, L., Krikler, B., Kudryavtsev, V. A., Leason, E. A., Lee, J., Leonard, D. S., Lesko, K. T., Levy, C., Li, J., Liao, J., Liao, F. -T., Lin, J., Lindote, A., Linehan, R., Lippincott, W. H., Liu, R., Liu, X., Loniewski, C., Lopes, M. I., López Paredes, B., Lorenzon, W., Luitz, S., Lyle, J. M., Majewski, P. A., Manalaysay, A., Manenti, L., Mannino, R. L., Marangou, N., Marzioni, M. F., McKinsey, D. N., McLaughlin, J., Meng, Y., Miller, E. H., Monzani, M. E., Morad, J. A., Morrison, E., Mount, B. J., Murphy, A. St. J., Naim, D., Naylor, A., Nedlik, C., Nehrkorn, C., Nelson, H. N., Neves, F., Nikoleyczik, J., Nilima, A., Olcina, I., Oliver-Mallory, K. C., Pal, S., Palladino, K. J., Pease, E. K., Penning, B. P., Pereira, G., Piepke, A., Pushkin, K., Reichenbacher, J., Rhyne, C. A., Riffard, Q., Rischbieter, G. R. C., Rodrigues, J. P., Rosero, R., Rossiter, P., Rutherford, G., Sazzad, A. B. M. R., Schnee, R. W., Schubnell, M., Scovell, P. R., Seymour, D., Shaw, S., Shutt, T. A., Silk, J. J., Silva, C., Solmaz, M., Solovov, V. N., Sorensen, P., Stancu, I., Stevens, A., Stiegler, T. M., Stifter, K., Szydagis, M., Taylor, W. C., Taylor, R., Temples, D., Terman, P. A., Tiedt, D. R., Timalsina, M., Tomás, A., Tripathi, M., Tvrznikova, L., Utku, U., Uvarov, S., Vacheret, A., Wang, J. J., Watson, J. R., Webb, R. C., White, R. G., Whitis, T. J., Wolfs, F. L. H., Woodward, D., & Yin, J. Measurement of the gamma ray background in the Davis cavern at the Sanford Underground Research Facility.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.astropartphys.2019.102391

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                    Akerib, D. S., Akerlof, C. W., Alsum, S. K., Angelides, N., Araújo, H. M., Armstrong, J. E., Arthurs, M., Bai, X., Balajthy, J., Balashov, S., Baxter, A., Bernard, E. P., Biekert, A., Biesiadzinski, T. P., Boast, K. E., Boxer, B., Brás, P., Buckley, J. H., Bugaev, V. V., Burdin, S., Busenitz, J. K., Carels, C., Carlsmith, D. L., Carmona-Benitez, M. C., Cascella, M., Chan, C., Cole, A., Cottle, A., Cutter, J. E., Dahl, C. E., de Viveiros, L., Dobson, J. E. Y., Druszkiewicz, E., Edberg, T. K., Fan, A., Fiorucci, S., Flaecher, H., Fruth, T., Gaitskell, R. J., Genovesi, J., Ghag, C., Gilchriese, M. G. D., Gokhale, S., van der Grinten, M. G. D., Hall, C. R., Hans, S., Harrison, J., Haselschwardt, S. J., Hertel, S. A., Hor, J. Y-K., Horn, M., Huang, D. Q., Ignarra, C. M., Jahangir, O., Ji, W., Johnson, J., Kaboth, A. C., Kamdin, K., Khaitan, D., Khazov, A., Kim, W. T., Kocher, C. D., Korley, L., Korolkova, E. V., Kras, J., Kraus, H., Kravitz, S. W., Kreczko, L., Krikler, B., Kudryavtsev, V. A., Leason, E. A., Lee, J., Leonard, D. S., Lesko, K. T., Levy, C., Li, J., Liao, J., Liao, F. -T., Lin, J., Lindote, A., Linehan, R., Lippincott, W. H., Liu, R., Liu, X., Loniewski, C., Lopes, M. I., López Paredes, B., Lorenzon, W., Luitz, S., Lyle, J. M., Majewski, P. A., Manalaysay, A., Manenti, L., Mannino, R. L., Marangou, N., Marzioni, M. F., McKinsey, D. N., McLaughlin, J., Meng, Y., Miller, E. H., Monzani, M. E., Morad, J. A., Morrison, E., Mount, B. J., Murphy, A. St. J., Naim, D., Naylor, A., Nedlik, C., Nehrkorn, C., Nelson, H. N., Neves, F., Nikoleyczik, J., Nilima, A., Olcina, I., Oliver-Mallory, K. C., Pal, S., Palladino, K. J., Pease, E. K., Penning, B. P., Pereira, G., Piepke, A., Pushkin, K., Reichenbacher, J., Rhyne, C. A., Riffard, Q., Rischbieter, G. R. C., Rodrigues, J. P., Rosero, R., Rossiter, P., Rutherford, G., Sazzad, A. B. M. R., Schnee, R. W., Schubnell, M., Scovell, P. R., Seymour, D., Shaw, S., Shutt, T. A., Silk, J. J., Silva, C., Solmaz, M., Solovov, V. N., Sorensen, P., Stancu, I., Stevens, A., Stiegler, T. M., Stifter, K., Szydagis, M., Taylor, W. C., Taylor, R., Temples, D., Terman, P. A., Tiedt, D. R., Timalsina, M., Tomás, A., Tripathi, M., Tvrznikova, L., Utku, U., Uvarov, S., Vacheret, A., Wang, J. J., Watson, J. R., Webb, R. C., White, R. G., Whitis, T. J., Wolfs, F. L. H., Woodward, D., and Yin, J. Sun .  
"Measurement of the gamma ray background in the Davis cavern at the Sanford Underground Research Facility".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.astropartphys.2019.102391.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1633964.

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@article{osti_1633964,

  title        = {Measurement of the gamma ray background in the Davis cavern at the Sanford Underground Research Facility},

  author       = {Akerib, D. S. and Akerlof, C. W. and Alsum, S. K. and Angelides, N. and Araújo, H. M. and Armstrong, J. E. and Arthurs, M. and Bai, X. and Balajthy, J. and Balashov, S. and Baxter, A. and Bernard, E. P. and Biekert, A. and Biesiadzinski, T. P. and Boast, K. E. and Boxer, B. and Brás, P. and Buckley, J. H. and Bugaev, V. V. and Burdin, S. and Busenitz, J. K. and Carels, C. and Carlsmith, D. L. and Carmona-Benitez, M. C. and Cascella, M. and Chan, C. and Cole, A. and Cottle, A. and Cutter, J. E. and Dahl, C. E. and de Viveiros, L. and Dobson, J. E. Y. and Druszkiewicz, E. and Edberg, T. K. and Fan, A. and Fiorucci, S. and Flaecher, H. and Fruth, T. and Gaitskell, R. J. and Genovesi, J. and Ghag, C. and Gilchriese, M. G. D. and Gokhale, S. and van der Grinten, M. G. D. and Hall, C. R. and Hans, S. and Harrison, J. and Haselschwardt, S. J. and Hertel, S. A. and Hor, J. Y-K. and Horn, M. and Huang, D. Q. and Ignarra, C. M. and Jahangir, O. and Ji, W. and Johnson, J. and Kaboth, A. C. and Kamdin, K. and Khaitan, D. and Khazov, A. and Kim, W. T. and Kocher, C. D. and Korley, L. and Korolkova, E. V. and Kras, J. and Kraus, H. and Kravitz, S. W. and Kreczko, L. and Krikler, B. and Kudryavtsev, V. A. and Leason, E. A. and Lee, J. and Leonard, D. S. and Lesko, K. T. and Levy, C. and Li, J. and Liao, J. and Liao, F. -T. and Lin, J. and Lindote, A. and Linehan, R. and Lippincott, W. H. and Liu, R. and Liu, X. and Loniewski, C. and Lopes, M. I. and López Paredes, B. and Lorenzon, W. and Luitz, S. and Lyle, J. M. and Majewski, P. A. and Manalaysay, A. and Manenti, L. and Mannino, R. L. and Marangou, N. and Marzioni, M. F. and McKinsey, D. N. and McLaughlin, J. and Meng, Y. and Miller, E. H. and Monzani, M. E. and Morad, J. A. and Morrison, E. and Mount, B. J. and Murphy, A. St. J. and Naim, D. and Naylor, A. and Nedlik, C. and Nehrkorn, C. and Nelson, H. N. and Neves, F. and Nikoleyczik, J. and Nilima, A. and Olcina, I. and Oliver-Mallory, K. C. and Pal, S. and Palladino, K. J. and Pease, E. K. and Penning, B. P. and Pereira, G. and Piepke, A. and Pushkin, K. and Reichenbacher, J. and Rhyne, C. A. and Riffard, Q. and Rischbieter, G. R. C. and Rodrigues, J. P. and Rosero, R. and Rossiter, P. and Rutherford, G. and Sazzad, A. B. M. R. and Schnee, R. W. and Schubnell, M. and Scovell, P. R. and Seymour, D. and Shaw, S. and Shutt, T. A. and Silk, J. J. and Silva, C. and Solmaz, M. and Solovov, V. N. and Sorensen, P. and Stancu, I. and Stevens, A. and Stiegler, T. M. and Stifter, K. and Szydagis, M. and Taylor, W. C. and Taylor, R. and Temples, D. and Terman, P. A. and Tiedt, D. R. and Timalsina, M. and Tomás, A. and Tripathi, M. and Tvrznikova, L. and Utku, U. and Uvarov, S. and Vacheret, A. and Wang, J. J. and Watson, J. R. and Webb, R. C. and White, R. G. and Whitis, T. J. and Wolfs, F. L. H. and Woodward, D. and Yin, J.},

  abstractNote = {Deep underground environments are ideal for low background searches due to the attenuation of cosmic rays by passage through the earth. However, they are affected by backgrounds from γ-rays emitted by 40K and the 238U and 232Th decay chains in the surrounding rock. The LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment will search for dark matter particle interactions with a liquid xenon TPC located within the Davis campus at the Sanford Underground Research Facility, Lead, South Dakota, at the 4850-foot level. In order to characterise the cavern background, in-situ γ-ray measurements were taken with a sodium iodide detector in various locations and with lead shielding. The integral count rates (0–3300 keV) varied from 596 Hz to 1355 Hz for unshielded measurements, corresponding to a total flux from the cavern walls of 1.9±0.4 $γ$ cm-2s-1. The resulting activity in the walls of the cavern can be characterised as 220±60 Bq/kg of 40K, 29±15 Bq/kg of 238U, and 13±3 Bq/kg of 232Th.},

  doi          = {10.1016/j.astropartphys.2019.102391},

  journal      = {Astroparticle Physics},

  number       = C,

  volume       = 116,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Sun Mar 01 00:00:00 EST 2020},

  month        = {Sun Mar 01 00:00:00 EST 2020}

}

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Gamma background measurements in the Boulby Underground Laboratory
journal, May 2013

Malczewski, Dariusz; Kisiel, Jan; Dorda, Jerzy
Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, Vol. 298, Issue 3
DOI: 10.1007/s10967-013-2540-9

Identification of radiopure titanium for the LZ dark matter experiment and future rare event searches
journal, November 2017

Akerib, D. S.; Akerlof, C. W.; Akimov, D. Yu.
Astroparticle Physics, Vol. 96
DOI: 10.1016/j.astropartphys.2017.09.002

The Large Underground Xenon (LUX) experiment
journal, March 2013

Akerib, D. S.; Bai, X.; Bedikian, S.
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 704
DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2012.11.135

Dark Matter Results from 54-Ton-Day Exposure of PandaX-II Experiment
journal, October 2017

Cui, Xiangyi; Abdukerim, Abdusalam; Chen, Wei
Physical Review Letters, Vol. 119, Issue 18
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.119.181302

A liquid scintillation detector for radioassay of gadolinium-loaded liquid scintillator for the LZ Outer Detector
journal, September 2019

Haselschwardt, S. J.; Shaw, S.; Nelson, H. N.
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 937
DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2019.05.055

Results on the Spin-Dependent Scattering of Weakly Interacting Massive Particles on Nucleons from the Run 3 Data of the LUX Experiment
journal, April 2016

Akerib, D. S.; Araújo, H. M.; Bai, X.
Physical Review Letters, Vol. 116, Issue 16
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.161302

Radioactive background in a cryogenic dark matter experiment
journal, September 2010

Tomasello, V.; Robinson, M.; Kudryavtsev, V. A.
Astroparticle Physics, Vol. 34, Issue 2
DOI: 10.1016/j.astropartphys.2010.05.005

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Identification of radiopure titanium for the LZ dark matter experiment and future rare event searches

Journal Article Akerib, D. S. ; Akerlof, C. W. ; Akimov, D. Yu. ; ... - Astroparticle Physics

The LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment will search for dark matter particle interactions with a detector containing a total of 10 tonnes of liquid xenon within a double-vessel cryostat. The large mass and proximity of the cryostat to the active detector volume demand the use of material with extremely low intrinsic radioactivity. We report on the radioassay campaign conducted to identify suitable metals, the determination of factors limiting radiopure production, and the selection of titanium for construction of the LZ cryostat and other detector components. This titanium has been measured with activities of ²³⁸U_e < 1.6 mBq/kg, ²³⁸U_l< 0.09 mBq/kg, ²³²Th_e =0.28more »« less
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We describe the design and assembly of the LUX-ZEPLIN experiment, a direct detection search for cosmic WIMP dark matter particles. The centerpiece of the experiment is a large liquid xenon time projection chamber sensitive to low energy nuclear recoils. Rejection of backgrounds is enhanced by a Xe skin veto detector and by a liquid scintillator Outer Detector loaded with gadolinium for efficient neutron capture and tagging. LZ is located in the Davis Cavern at the 4850’ level of the Sanford Underground Research Facility in Lead, South Dakota, USA. We describe the major subsystems of the experiment and its key designmore » features and requirements.« less
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The projected sensitivity of the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment to two-neutrino and neutrinoless double beta decay of ¹³⁴Xe is presented. LZ is a 10-tonne xenon time projection chamber optimized for the detection of dark matter particles, that is expected to start operating in 2021 at Sanford Underground Research Facility, USA. Its large mass of natural xenon provides an exceptional opportunity to search for the double beta decay of ¹³⁴Xe, for which xenon detectors enriched in ¹³⁶Xe are less effective. For the two-neutrino decay mode, LZ is predicted to exclude values of the half-life up to 1.7 x 10²⁴ years at 90%more »« less
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LUX-ZEPLIN is a dark matter detector expected to obtain world-leading sensitivity to weakly-interacting massive particles interacting via nuclear recoils with a ~7-tonne xenon target mass. This paper presents sensitivity projections to several low-energy signals of the complementary electron recoil signal type: 1) an effective neutrino magnetic moment, and 2) an effective neutrino millicharge, both for pp-chain solar neutrinos, 3) an axion flux generated by the Sun, 4) axionlike particles forming the Galactic dark matter, 5) hidden photons, 6) mirror dark matter, and 7) leptophilic dark matter. World-leading sensitivities are expected in each case, a result of the large 5.6 tmore »« less
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Title: Measurement of the gamma ray background in the Davis cavern at the Sanford Underground Research Facility

Abstract

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Environmental gamma background measurements in China Jinping Underground Laboratory
journal, April 2014

Early results on radioactive background characterization for Sanford Laboratory and DUSEL experiments
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journal, May 2011

Results from a Search for Dark Matter in the Complete LUX Exposure
journal, January 2017

Geant4—a simulation toolkit
journal, July 2003

Muon flux measurements at the davis campus of the sanford underground research facility with the majorana demonstrator veto system
journal, July 2017

Gamma background measurements in the Laboratoire Souterrain de Modane
journal, November 2011

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journal, April 2017

Understanding internal backgrounds in NaI(Tl) crystals toward a 200 kg array for the KIMS-NaI experiment
journal, April 2016

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journal, May 2013

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journal, October 2017

A liquid scintillation detector for radioassay of gadolinium-loaded liquid scintillator for the LZ Outer Detector
journal, September 2019

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