Search Menu
DOE PAGES title logo U.S. Department of Energy
Office of Scientific and Technical Information
Search Scholarly Publications

Title: Destruction of the Uranyl Moiety in a U(V) “Cation–Cation” Interaction

Abstract

A gas-phase uranyl peroxide dimer supported by three 12-crown-4 ether (12C4) ligands, [(UO2)2(O2)(12C4)3)]2+ (A), was prepared by electrospray ionization. Density functional theory (DFT) indicates a structure with two terminal 12C4 and the third 12C4 bridging the uranium centers. Collision induced dissociation (CID) of A resulted in elimination of the bridging 12C4 to yield a uranyl peroxide dimer with two terminal donor ligands, [(12C4)(UO2)(O2)(UO2)(12C4)]2+ (B). Remarkably, CID of B resulted in elimination of the bridging peroxide concomitant with reduction of U(VI) to U(V) in C, [(12C4)(UO2)(UO2)(12C4)]2+. DFT studies indicate that in C there is direct interaction between the two UO2+ species, which can thus be considered as a so-called cation-cation interaction (CCI). This formal CCI, induced by tetradentate 12C4 ligands, corresponds to destruction of the linear uranyl moieties and creation of bridging U-O-U oxo-bonds. Finally, on the basis of the structural rearrangement to achieve the structurally extreme CCI interaction, it is predicted also to be accessible for PaO2+ but is less feasible for transuranic actinyls.

Authors:
 [1];  [2];  [3]; ORCiD logo [2]
+ Show Author Affiliations
  1. Beijing Computational Science Research Center (China); Tsinghua Univ., Beijing (China)
  2. Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)
  3. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing (China); Southern Univ. of Science and Technology, Shenzhen (China)
Publication Date:
Research Org.:
Energy Frontier Research Centers (EFRC) (United States). Center for Actinide Science & Technology (CAST); Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES); NASF; National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)
OSTI Identifier:
1631606
Grant/Contract Number:  
AC02-05CH11231; SC0016568; U1530401; YZJJSQ2017072; 91426302; 21433005; 21701006
Resource Type:
Accepted Manuscript
Journal Name:
Inorganic Chemistry
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Volume: 58; Journal Issue: 15; Journal ID: ISSN 0020-1669
Publisher:
American Chemical Society (ACS)
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY; chemical structure; oxides; energy; ligands; cations

Citation Formats

Hu, Shu-Xian, Jian, Jiwen, Li, Jun, and Gibson, John K. Destruction of the Uranyl Moiety in a U(V) “Cation–Cation” Interaction. United States: N. p., 2019. Web. doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b01265.
Copy to clipboard
Hu, Shu-Xian, Jian, Jiwen, Li, Jun, & Gibson, John K. Destruction of the Uranyl Moiety in a U(V) “Cation–Cation” Interaction. United States. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b01265
Copy to clipboard
Hu, Shu-Xian, Jian, Jiwen, Li, Jun, and Gibson, John K. Thu . "Destruction of the Uranyl Moiety in a U(V) “Cation–Cation” Interaction". United States. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b01265. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1631606.
Copy to clipboard
@article{osti_1631606,
title = {Destruction of the Uranyl Moiety in a U(V) “Cation–Cation” Interaction},
author = {Hu, Shu-Xian and Jian, Jiwen and Li, Jun and Gibson, John K.},
abstractNote = {A gas-phase uranyl peroxide dimer supported by three 12-crown-4 ether (12C4) ligands, [(UO2)2(O2)(12C4)3)]2+ (A), was prepared by electrospray ionization. Density functional theory (DFT) indicates a structure with two terminal 12C4 and the third 12C4 bridging the uranium centers. Collision induced dissociation (CID) of A resulted in elimination of the bridging 12C4 to yield a uranyl peroxide dimer with two terminal donor ligands, [(12C4)(UO2)(O2)(UO2)(12C4)]2+ (B). Remarkably, CID of B resulted in elimination of the bridging peroxide concomitant with reduction of U(VI) to U(V) in C, [(12C4)(UO2)(UO2)(12C4)]2+. DFT studies indicate that in C there is direct interaction between the two UO2+ species, which can thus be considered as a so-called cation-cation interaction (CCI). This formal CCI, induced by tetradentate 12C4 ligands, corresponds to destruction of the linear uranyl moieties and creation of bridging U-O-U oxo-bonds. Finally, on the basis of the structural rearrangement to achieve the structurally extreme CCI interaction, it is predicted also to be accessible for PaO2+ but is less feasible for transuranic actinyls.},
doi = {10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b01265},
journal = {Inorganic Chemistry},
number = 15,
volume = 58,
place = {United States},
year = {Thu Jul 18 00:00:00 EDT 2019},
month = {Thu Jul 18 00:00:00 EDT 2019}
}
Copy to clipboard
Journal Article:
Free Publicly Available Full Text
Publisher's Version of Record
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b01265
Copyright Statement
Other availability
Search WorldCat Search WorldCat to find libraries that may hold this journal
Citation Metrics:
Cited by: 11 works
Citation information provided by
Web of Science

Figures / Tables:

Scheme 1 Scheme 1: Possible types of cation-cation interaction between two UO2 +.
All figures and tables (11 total)
Save / Share:
Export Metadata
Save to My Library
You must Sign In or Create an Account in order to save documents to your library.

Works referenced in this record:

A Theoretical Study of the Inner-Sphere Disproportionation Reaction Mechanism of the Pentavalent Actinyl Ions
journal, August 2007

  • Steele, Helen; Taylor, Robin J.
  • Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 46, Issue 16
  • DOI: 10.1021/ic070235c

Pentavalent uranyl complexes
journal, August 2009

  • Arnold, Polly L.; Love, Jason B.; Patel, Dipti
  • Coordination Chemistry Reviews, Vol. 253, Issue 15-16
  • DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2009.03.014

The effect of iron binding on uranyl( v ) stability
journal, January 2018

  • Faizova, Radmila; White, Sarah; Scopelliti, Rosario
  • Chemical Science, Vol. 9, Issue 38
  • DOI: 10.1039/C8SC02099J

Photocatalysis with visible-light-active uranyl complexes
journal, September 2013

Bioreduction of Uranium:  Environmental Implications of a Pentavalent Intermediate
journal, August 2005

  • Renshaw, Joanna C.; Butchins, Laura J. C.; Livens, Francis R.
  • Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 39, Issue 15
  • DOI: 10.1021/es048232b

Complexation and Separation of Lanthanides(III) and Actinides(III) by Heterocyclic N-Donors in Solutions
journal, October 2008

Multicoordinate ligands for actinide/lanthanide separations
journal, January 2007

  • Dam, Henk H.; Reinhoudt, David N.; Verboom, Willem
  • Chem. Soc. Rev., Vol. 36, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.1039/B603847F

Stability of Peroxide-Containing Uranyl Minerals
journal, November 2003

Uranyl oxo activation and functionalization by metal cation coordination
journal, November 2010

  • Arnold, Polly L.; Pécharman, Anne-Frédérique; Hollis, Emmalina
  • Nature Chemistry, Vol. 2, Issue 12
  • DOI: 10.1038/nchem.904

Recent advances in computational modeling and simulations on the An(III)/Ln(III) separation process
journal, July 2012

  • Lan, Jian-Hui; Shi, Wei-Qun; Yuan, Li-Yong
  • Coordination Chemistry Reviews, Vol. 256, Issue 13-14
  • DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.04.002

Complexation and Extraction of Trivalent Actinides and Lanthanides by Triazinylpyridine N -Donor Ligands
journal, October 2012

  • Panak, Petra J.; Geist, Andreas
  • Chemical Reviews, Vol. 113, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.1021/cr3003399

Separation of actinides from spent nuclear fuel: A review
journal, November 2016

Polyether complexes of groups 13 and 14
journal, January 2016

  • Swidan, Ala'aeddeen; Macdonald, Charles L. B.
  • Chemical Society Reviews, Vol. 45, Issue 14
  • DOI: 10.1039/C5CS00934K

Design and Synthesis of Macrocyclic Ligands and Their Complexes of Lanthanides and Actinides
journal, March 1995

Rational Design of Sequestering Agents for Plutonium and Other Actinides
journal, November 2003

  • Gorden, Anne E. V.; Xu, Jide; Raymond, Kenneth N.
  • Chemical Reviews, Vol. 103, Issue 11
  • DOI: 10.1021/cr990114x

Crown ether complexes of actinyls: a computational assessment of AnO 2 (15-crown-5) 2+ (An = U, Np, Pu, Am, Cm)
journal, January 2017

  • Hu, Shu-Xian; Li, Wan-Lu; Dong, Liang
  • Dalton Transactions, Vol. 46, Issue 36
  • DOI: 10.1039/C7DT02825C

Periodic Trends in Actinyl Thio-Crown Ether Complexes
journal, February 2018

Electronic structure and characterization of a uranyl di-15-crown-5 complex with an unprecedented sandwich structure
journal, January 2016

  • Hu, Shu-Xian; Gibson, John K.; Li, Wan-Lu
  • Chemical Communications, Vol. 52, Issue 86
  • DOI: 10.1039/C6CC07205D

Uranyl/12-crown-4 Ether Complexes and Derivatives: Structural Characterization and Isomeric Differentiation
journal, December 2017

Cation-cation complexes of PuO2+ and NpO2+ with Th4+ and UO22+
journal, January 2000

Structural Characterization and Redox Activity of a Uranyl Dimer and Transition-Metal Complexes of a Tetradentate BIAN Ligand
journal, August 2017

Spin−Orbit Effects in Electron Transfer in Neptunyl(VI)−Neptunyl(V) Complexes in Solution
journal, June 2005

  • Fromager, Emmanuel; Vallet, Valerie; Schimmelpfennig, Bernd
  • The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, Vol. 109, Issue 22
  • DOI: 10.1021/jp051056o

Isolation of a Tetrameric Cation−Cation Complex of Pentavalent Uranyl
journal, December 2006

  • Burdet, Fabien; Pécaut, Jacques; Mazzanti, Marinella
  • Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 128, Issue 51
  • DOI: 10.1021/ja067445t

Polynuclear Cation−Cation Complexes of Pentavalent Uranyl: Relating Stability and Magnetic Properties to Structure
journal, December 2008

  • Nocton, Grégory; Horeglad, Pawel; Pécaut, Jacques
  • Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 130, Issue 49
  • DOI: 10.1021/ja804766r

Combining a pyclen framework with conjugated antenna for the design of europium and samarium luminescent bioprobes
journal, January 2018

  • Hamon, Nadège; Galland, Margaux; Le Fur, Mariane
  • Chemical Communications, Vol. 54, Issue 48
  • DOI: 10.1039/C8CC02035C

Raman spectrometric studies of "cation-cation" complexes of pentavalent actinides in aqueous perchlorate solutions
journal, March 1982

  • Guillaume, B.; Begun, G. M.; Hahn, R. L.
  • Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 21, Issue 3
  • DOI: 10.1021/ic00133a055

Gas Phase Hydrolysis and Oxo‐Exchange of Actinide Dioxide Cations: Elucidating Intrinsic Chemistry from Protactinium to Einsteinium
journal, January 2019

  • Vasiliu, Monica; Gibson, John K.; Peterson, Kirk A.
  • Chemistry – A European Journal, Vol. 25, Issue 17
  • DOI: 10.1002/chem.201803932

Cation-cation interactions between uranyl(VI) ions
journal, March 2014

Pentavalent Neptunyl ([O≡Np≡O]+) Cation–Cation Interactions in Aqueous/Polar Organic Mixed-Solvent Media
journal, June 2017

  • Burn, Adam G.; Martin, Leigh R.; Nash, Kenneth L.
  • Journal of Solution Chemistry, Vol. 46, Issue 6
  • DOI: 10.1007/s10953-017-0647-2

New insights into the acid mediated disproportionation of pentavalent uranyl
journal, January 2010

  • Mougel, Victor; Biswas, Biplab; Pécaut, Jacques
  • Chemical Communications, Vol. 46, Issue 45
  • DOI: 10.1039/c0cc03443f

Electron Transfer in Uranyl(VI)−Uranyl(V) Complexes in Solution
journal, August 2004

  • Privalov, Timofei; Macak, Peter; Schimmelpfennig, Bernd
  • Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 126, Issue 31
  • DOI: 10.1021/ja049205o

Uranyl peroxide enhanced nuclear fuel corrosion in seawater
journal, January 2012

  • Armstrong, C. R.; Nyman, M.; Shvareva, T.
  • Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 109, Issue 6
  • DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1119758109

Self-Assembly of Uranyl-Peroxide Nanocapsules in Basic Peroxidic Environments
journal, May 2016

  • Miró, Pere; Vlaisavljevich, Bess; Gil, Adria
  • Chemistry - A European Journal, Vol. 22, Issue 25
  • DOI: 10.1002/chem.201600390

Structure and Reactivity of X-ray Amorphous Uranyl Peroxide, U 2 O 7
journal, March 2016

Alkali-metal ion coordination in uranyl( vi ) poly-peroxide complexes in solution. Part 1: the Li + , Na + and K + – peroxide–hydroxide systems
journal, January 2015

  • Zanonato, Pier Luigi; Di Bernardo, Plinio; Vallet, Valerie
  • Dalton Transactions, Vol. 44, Issue 4
  • DOI: 10.1039/C4DT02104E

Specific Interaction between Np(V) and U(VI) in Aqueous Perchloric Acid Media 1
journal, August 1961

  • Sullivan, J. C.; Hindman, J. C.; Zielen, A. J.
  • Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 83, Issue 16
  • DOI: 10.1021/ja01477a004

Gas-Phase Uranyl, Neptunyl, and Plutonyl: Hydration and Oxidation Studied by Experiment and Theory
journal, June 2012

  • Rios, Daniel; Michelini, Maria C.; Lucena, Ana F.
  • Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 51, Issue 12
  • DOI: 10.1021/ic3001625

Crown Ether Complexes of Uranyl, Neptunyl, and Plutonyl: Hydration Differentiates Inclusion versus Outer Coordination
journal, May 2014

  • Gong, Yu; Gibson, John K.
  • Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 53, Issue 11
  • DOI: 10.1021/ic500724q

Self-consistent molecular Hartree—Fock—Slater calculations I. The computational procedure
journal, September 1973

Chemistry with ADF
journal, January 2001

  • te Velde, G.; Bickelhaupt, F. M.; Baerends, E. J.
  • Journal of Computational Chemistry, Vol. 22, Issue 9, p. 931-967
  • DOI: 10.1002/jcc.1056

Rationale for mixing exact exchange with density functional approximations
journal, December 1996

  • Perdew, John P.; Ernzerhof, Matthias; Burke, Kieron
  • The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 105, Issue 22, p. 9982-9985
  • DOI: 10.1063/1.472933

Optimized Slater-type basis sets for the elements 1-118
journal, May 2003

  • Van Lenthe, E.; Baerends, E. J.
  • Journal of Computational Chemistry, Vol. 24, Issue 9
  • DOI: 10.1002/jcc.10255

Relativistic regular two‐component Hamiltonians
journal, September 1993

  • Lenthe, E. van; Baerends, E. J.; Snijders, J. G.
  • The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 99, Issue 6
  • DOI: 10.1063/1.466059

Density‐functional thermochemistry. III. The role of exact exchange
journal, April 1993

  • Becke, Axel D.
  • The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 98, Issue 7, p. 5648-5652
  • DOI: 10.1063/1.464913

Development of the Colle-Salvetti correlation-energy formula into a functional of the electron density
journal, January 1988

Segmented contraction scheme for small-core actinide pseudopotential basis sets
journal, March 2004

Electron affinities of the first‐row atoms revisited. Systematic basis sets and wave functions
journal, May 1992

  • Kendall, Rick A.; Dunning, Thom H.; Harrison, Robert J.
  • The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 96, Issue 9
  • DOI: 10.1063/1.462569

Software update: the ORCA program system, version 4.0: Software update
journal, July 2017

  • Neese, Frank
  • Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Computational Molecular Science, Vol. 8, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1327

Oxidation States, Geometries, and Electronic Structures of Plutonium Tetroxide PuO 4 Isomers: Is Octavalent Pu Viable?
journal, November 2013

  • Huang, Wei; Xu, Wen-Hua; Su, Jing
  • Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 52, Issue 24
  • DOI: 10.1021/ic402170q

Two-electron valence indices from the Kohn-Sham orbitals
journal, January 1997

Bond Orbitals from Chemical Valence Theory
journal, March 2008

  • Michalak, Artur; Mitoraj, Mariusz; Ziegler, Tom
  • The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, Vol. 112, Issue 9
  • DOI: 10.1021/jp075460u

A simple measure of electron localization in atomic and molecular systems
journal, May 1990

  • Becke, A. D.; Edgecombe, K. E.
  • The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 92, Issue 9
  • DOI: 10.1063/1.458517

Charge, bond order and valence in the AB initio SCF theory
journal, May 1983

Valency. I. A quantum chemical definition and properties
journal, September 1983

  • Gopinathan, M. S.; Jug, Karl
  • Theoretica Chimica Acta, Vol. 63, Issue 6
  • DOI: 10.1007/BF02394809

Modified valence indices from the two-particle density matrix
journal, August 1994

  • Nalewajski, Roman F.; Mrozek, Janusz
  • International Journal of Quantum Chemistry, Vol. 51, Issue 4
  • DOI: 10.1002/qua.560510403

Electronic Population Analysis on LCAO–MO Molecular Wave Functions. I
journal, October 1955

  • Mulliken, R. S.
  • The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 23, Issue 10
  • DOI: 10.1063/1.1740588

Bonded-atom fragments for describing molecular charge densities
journal, January 1977

The Carbon−Lithium Electron Pair Bond in (CH 3 Li) n ( n = 1, 2, 4)
journal, January 1996

  • Bickelhaupt, F. Matthias; van Eikema Hommes, Nicolaas J. R.; Fonseca Guerra, Célia
  • Organometallics, Vol. 15, Issue 13
  • DOI: 10.1021/om950966x

A charge analysis derived from an atomic multipole expansion
journal, January 2000

Natural population analysis
journal, July 1985

  • Reed, Alan E.; Weinstock, Robert B.; Weinhold, Frank
  • The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 83, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.1063/1.449486

Intermolecular interactions from a natural bond orbital, donor-acceptor viewpoint
journal, September 1988

  • Reed, Alan E.; Curtiss, Larry A.; Weinhold, Frank
  • Chemical Reviews, Vol. 88, Issue 6
  • DOI: 10.1021/cr00088a005

A Uranyl Peroxide Dimer in the Gas Phase
journal, March 2017

Estimation of effective ion temperatures in a quadrupole ion trap
journal, August 1998

Gas-Phase Reactions of Molecular Oxygen with Uranyl(V) Anionic Complexes—Synthesis and Characterization of New Superoxides of Uranyl(VI)
journal, April 2015

  • Lucena, Ana F.; Carretas, José M.; Marçalo, Joaquim
  • The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, Vol. 119, Issue 15
  • DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b01445

Equatorial coordination of uranyl: Correlating ligand charge donation with the Oyl-U-Oyl asymmetric stretch frequency
journal, February 2018

Electronic Structure and Magnetic Properties of Dioxo-Bridged Diuranium Complexes with Diamond-Core Structural Motifs: A Relativistic DFT Study
journal, March 2016

Reliable Potential Energy Surfaces for the Reactions of H 2 O with ThO 2 , PaO 2 + , UO 2 2+ , and UO 2 +
journal, November 2015

  • Vasiliu, Monica; Peterson, Kirk A.; Gibson, John K.
  • The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, Vol. 119, Issue 46
  • DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b08618

Acis-Dioxido Uranyl: Fluxional Carboxylate Activation from a Reversible Coordination Polymer
journal, September 2007

  • Vaughn, Anthony E.; Barnes, Charles L.; Duval, Paul B.
  • Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 46, Issue 35
  • DOI: 10.1002/anie.200701513

The First cis -Dioxido Uranyl Compound under Scrutiny
journal, July 2008

  • Villiers, Claude; Thuéry, Pierre; Ephritikhine, Michel
  • Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 47, Issue 32
  • DOI: 10.1002/anie.200705350

A Comparison of Neptunyl(V) and Neptunyl(VI) Solution Coordination: The Stability of Cation−Cation Interactions
journal, June 2008

  • Skanthakumar, S.; Antonio, Mark R.; Soderholm, L.
  • Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 47, Issue 11
  • DOI: 10.1021/ic702478w

Na2Li8[(UO2)11O12(WO5)2]: Three Different Uranyl-Ion Coordination Geometries and Cation–Cation Interactions
journal, November 2006

  • Alekseev, Evgeny V.; Krivovichev, Sergey V.; Depmeier, Wulf
  • Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 45, Issue 43
  • DOI: 10.1002/anie.200601207

The Principles Determining the Structure of Complex Ionic Crystals
journal, April 1929

  • Pauling, Linus
  • Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 51, Issue 4
  • DOI: 10.1021/ja01379a006

Molecular compounds and complexes. V. Crystallography of equimolar aromatic hydrocarbon:l- X -2,4,6-trinitrobenzene molecular compounds. Crystal structure of fluoranthene: picryl bromide, polymorph I
journal, January 1975

  • Herbstein, F. H.; Kaftory, M.
  • Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry, Vol. 31, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1107/S0567740875002117

Bond valences—a simple structural model for inorganic chemistry
journal, January 1978

The automatic searching for chemical bonds in inorganic crystal structures
journal, August 1985

  • Altermatt, D.; Brown, I. D.
  • Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science, Vol. 41, Issue 4
  • DOI: 10.1107/S0108768185002051

Bond-valence methods for pKa prediction. II. Bond-valence, electrostatic, molecular geometry, and solvation effects
journal, August 2006

  • Bickmore, Barry R.; Rosso, Kevin M.; Tadanier, Christopher J.
  • Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 70, Issue 16
  • DOI: 10.1016/j.gca.2006.06.006

Bond lengths in oxygen and halogen compounds of d and f elements
journal, November 1978

Bond-valence parameters for solids
journal, April 1991

  • Brese, N. E.; O'Keeffe, M.
  • Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science, Vol. 47, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.1107/S0108768190011041

On the Origins of Faster Oxo Exchange for Uranyl(V) versus Plutonyl(V)
journal, September 2012

  • Rios, Daniel; del Carmen Michelini, Maria; Lucena, Ana F.
  • Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 134, Issue 37
  • DOI: 10.1021/ja305800q
    Sort by:
    [ × clear filter / sort ]

    Figures / Tables found in this record:

    Scheme 1 (p. 20)figure
    Table 1 (p. 20)table
    Scheme 2 (p. 21)figure
    Table 2 (p. 21)table
    Table 3 (p. 22)table
    Figure 1 (p. 23)figure
    Figure 2 (p. 24)figure
    Figure 3 (p. 25)figure
    Figure 4 (p. 26)figure
    Figure 5 (p. 27)figure
    Figure 6 (p. 28)figure
      [ × clear filter / sort ]
      Figures/Tables have been extracted from DOE-funded journal article accepted manuscripts.

      Similar Records in DOE PAGES and OSTI.GOV collections: