Nuclear probes of an out-of-equilibrium plasma at the highest compression

Zhang, G.; Huang, M.; Bonasera, A.; Ma, Y. G.; Shen, B. F.; Wang, H. W.; Wang, W. P.; Xu, J. C.; Fan, G. T.; Fu, H. J.; Xue, H.; Zheng, H.; Liu, L. X.; Zhang, S.; Li, W. J.; Cao, X. G.; Deng, X. G.; Li, X. Y.; Liu, Y. C.; Yu, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Fu, C. B.; Zhang, X. P.

doi:10.1016/j.physleta.2019.04.048

Title: Nuclear probes of an out-of-equilibrium plasma at the highest compression

Abstract

We report the highest compression reached in laboratory plasmas using eight laser beams, E_laser ≈ 12 kJ, $$\tau$$_laser= 2 ns in third harmonic on a CD2 target at the ShenGuang-II Upgrade (SGII-Up) facility in Shanghai, China. We estimate the deuterium density ρ_D kg/cm³, and the average kinetic energy of the plasma ions less than 1 keV. The highest reached areal density Λρ_D = 4.8 ± 1.5 g/cm² was obtained from the measured ratio of the sequential ternary fusion reactions (dd→t+p and t+d→α+n) and the two body reaction fusions (dd→³He + n). At such high densities, sequential ternary and also quaternary nuclear reactions become important as well (i.e. n(14.1 MeV) + ¹²C → n' +¹²C* etc.) resulting in a shift of the neutron (and proton) kinetic energies from their birth values. The Down Scatter Ratio (DSR-quaternary nuclear reactions) method, i.e. the ratio of the 10-12 MeV neutrons divided by the total number of 14.1 MeV neutrons produced, confirms the high densities reported above. The estimated lifetime of the highly compressed plasma is 52 ± 9 ps, much smaller than the lasers pulse duration.

Authors:

^[1]; Huang, M. ^[2]; Bonasera, A. ^[3]; Ma, Y. G. ^[4]; Shen, B. F. ^[5]; Wang, H. W. ^[1]; Wang, W. P. ^[6]; Xu, J. C. ^[6]; Fan, G. T. ^[1]; Fu, H. J. ^[7]; Xue, H. ^[7]; Zheng, H. ^[8]; Liu, L. X. ^[1]; Zhang, S. ^[2]; Li, W. J. ^[7]; Cao, X. G. ^[1]; Deng, X. G. ^[7]; Li, X. Y. ^[7]; Liu, Y. C. ^[7]; Yu, Y. ^[6] more »

Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai (China). Shanghai Advanced Research Inst., and Shanghai Inst. of Applied Physics
Inner Mongolia Univ. for Nationalities, Tongliao (China)
Texas A & M Univ., College Station, TX (United States). Cyclotron Inst.; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Catania (Italy). Lab. Nazionali del Sud (INFN-LNS)
Fudan Univ., Shanghai (China). Key Lab. of Nuclear Physics and Ion-Beam Application (MOE), Inst. of Modern Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai (China). Shanghai Inst. of Applied Physics; Univ. of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing (China)
Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai (China). State Key Lab. of High Field Laser Physics, Shanghai Inst. of Optics and Fine Mechanics; Shanghai Normal Univ., Shanghai (China)
Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai (China). State Key Lab. of High Field Laser Physics, Shanghai Inst. of Optics and Fine Mechanics
Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai (China). Shanghai Inst. of Applied Physics
Shaanxi Normal Univ., Xi'an (China)
Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ., Shanghai (China)

Publication Date:: Mon Jul 08 00:00:00 EDT 2019

Research Org.:: Texas A & M Univ., College Station, TX (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA); Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)

OSTI Identifier:: 1631036

Grant/Contract Number:: NA0003841; XDB16; 11421505; QYZDJ-SSW-SLH002

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Physics Letters. A

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 383; Journal Issue: 19; Journal ID: ISSN 0375-9601

Publisher:: Elsevier

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS; 70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY; Laser plasma; Nuclear astrophysics; Inertia confinement fusion; High-energy-density plasma

Citation Formats


                    Zhang, G., Huang, M., Bonasera, A., Ma, Y. G., Shen, B. F., Wang, H. W., Wang, W. P., Xu, J. C., Fan, G. T., Fu, H. J., Xue, H., Zheng, H., Liu, L. X., Zhang, S., Li, W. J., Cao, X. G., Deng, X. G., Li, X. Y., Liu, Y. C., Yu, Y., Zhang, Y., Fu, C. B., and Zhang, X. P. Nuclear probes of an out-of-equilibrium plasma at the highest compression.  United States: N. p., 2019. 
Web.  doi:10.1016/j.physleta.2019.04.048.

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                    Zhang, G., Huang, M., Bonasera, A., Ma, Y. G., Shen, B. F., Wang, H. W., Wang, W. P., Xu, J. C., Fan, G. T., Fu, H. J., Xue, H., Zheng, H., Liu, L. X., Zhang, S., Li, W. J., Cao, X. G., Deng, X. G., Li, X. Y., Liu, Y. C., Yu, Y., Zhang, Y., Fu, C. B., & Zhang, X. P. Nuclear probes of an out-of-equilibrium plasma at the highest compression.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physleta.2019.04.048

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                    Zhang, G., Huang, M., Bonasera, A., Ma, Y. G., Shen, B. F., Wang, H. W., Wang, W. P., Xu, J. C., Fan, G. T., Fu, H. J., Xue, H., Zheng, H., Liu, L. X., Zhang, S., Li, W. J., Cao, X. G., Deng, X. G., Li, X. Y., Liu, Y. C., Yu, Y., Zhang, Y., Fu, C. B., and Zhang, X. P. Mon .  
"Nuclear probes of an out-of-equilibrium plasma at the highest compression".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physleta.2019.04.048.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1631036.

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@article{osti_1631036,

  title        = {Nuclear probes of an out-of-equilibrium plasma at the highest compression},

  author       = {Zhang, G. and Huang, M. and Bonasera, A. and Ma, Y. G. and Shen, B. F. and Wang, H. W. and Wang, W. P. and Xu, J. C. and Fan, G. T. and Fu, H. J. and Xue, H. and Zheng, H. and Liu, L. X. and Zhang, S. and Li, W. J. and Cao, X. G. and Deng, X. G. and Li, X. Y. and Liu, Y. C. and Yu, Y. and Zhang, Y. and Fu, C. B. and Zhang, X. P.},

  abstractNote = {We report the highest compression reached in laboratory plasmas using eight laser beams, Elaser ≈ 12 kJ, $\tau$laser= 2 ns in third harmonic on a CD2 target at the ShenGuang-II Upgrade (SGII-Up) facility in Shanghai, China. We estimate the deuterium density ρD kg/cm3, and the average kinetic energy of the plasma ions less than 1 keV. The highest reached areal density ΛρD = 4.8 ± 1.5 g/cm2 was obtained from the measured ratio of the sequential ternary fusion reactions (dd→t+p and t+d→α+n) and the two body reaction fusions (dd→3He + n). At such high densities, sequential ternary and also quaternary nuclear reactions become important as well (i.e. n(14.1 MeV) + 12C → n' +12C* etc.) resulting in a shift of the neutron (and proton) kinetic energies from their birth values. The Down Scatter Ratio (DSR-quaternary nuclear reactions) method, i.e. the ratio of the 10-12 MeV neutrons divided by the total number of 14.1 MeV neutrons produced, confirms the high densities reported above. The estimated lifetime of the highly compressed plasma is 52 ± 9 ps, much smaller than the lasers pulse duration.},

  doi          = {10.1016/j.physleta.2019.04.048},

  journal      = {Physics Letters. A},

  number       = 19,

  volume       = 383,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Mon Jul 08 00:00:00 EDT 2019},

  month        = {Mon Jul 08 00:00:00 EDT 2019}

}

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Journal Article:

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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physleta.2019.04.048

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Cited by: 13 works

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Figures / Tables:

Figure 1: Experimental setup. a) Schematic view of the target chamber with the 8 laser mirror guides. b) Schematic view of the target geometry. c) Schematic view of the chamber with the location of the detectors.

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Title: Nuclear probes of an out-of-equilibrium plasma at the highest compression

Abstract

Citation Formats

Figures / Tables:

Synthesis of the Elements in Stars journal, October 1957

Synthesis of the elements in stars: forty years of progress journal, October 1997

The evolution and explosion of massive stars journal, November 2002

Modeling Astrophysical Phenomena in the Laboratory with Intense Lasers journal, May 1999

Differential cross sections at low energies for H 2 ( d , p ) 3 H and H 2 ( d , n ) 3 He journal, April 1990

Low-energy fusion cross sections of D + D and D + 3He reactions journal, March 1987

Indirect Techniques in Nuclear Astrophysics. Asymptotic Normalization Coefficient and Trojan Horse journal, May 2007

Precision measurements of H 2 ( d , p ) H 3 and H 2 ( d , n ) He 3 total cross sections at Big Bang nucleosynthesis energies journal, April 2006

A compilation of charged-particle induced thermonuclear reaction rates journal, August 1999

Indirect techniques in nuclear astrophysics: a review journal, October 2014

SRIM – The stopping and range of ions in matter (2010) journal, June 2010

Measurement of the Plasma Astrophysical S Factor for the He 3 ( d , p ) He 4 Reaction in Exploding Molecular Clusters journal, August 2013

Model-independent determination of the astrophysical S factor in laser-induced fusion plasmas journal, April 2016

Range of plasma ions in cold cluster gases near the critical point journal, May 2017

Neutron enhancement from laser interaction with a critical fluid journal, January 2018

Temperature Measurements of Fusion Plasmas Produced by Petawatt-Laser-Irradiated D 2 − He 3 or CD 4 − He 3 Clustering Gases journal, July 2013

Fuel gain exceeding unity in an inertially confined fusion implosion journal, February 2014

Fusion Energy Output Greater than the Kinetic Energy of an Imploding Shell at the National Ignition Facility journal, June 2018

Evidence for Stratification of Deuterium-Tritium Fuel in Inertial Confinement Fusion Implosions journal, February 2012

Colliding Beam Fusion Reactor journal, November 1997

Energetic proton generation in ultra-intense laser–solid interactions journal, February 2001

Selective deuterium ion acceleration using the Vulcan petawatt laser journal, May 2015

Selective deuteron production using target normal sheath acceleration journal, March 2012

Fusion reactions initiated by laser-accelerated particle beams in a laser-produced plasma journal, October 2013

Dynamics of Fusion in Plasmas journal, January 2004

Radiation dominated implosion with nano-plasmonics journal, June 2018

Volume ignition via time-like detonation in pellet fusion journal, April 2015

SG-II-Up prototype final optics assembly: optical damage and clean-gas control journal, January 2015

Calibration of time of flight detectors using laser-driven neutron source journal, July 2015

Fusion neutron and ion emission from deuterium and deuterated methane cluster plasmas journal, January 2004

The Ratio of D-T to D-D Reactions as a Measure of the Fuel Density-Radius Product in Initially Tritium-Free Inertial Confinement Fusion Targets journal, April 1981

Fast heating of ultrahigh-density plasma as a step towards laser fusion ignition journal, August 2001

Fast plasma heating in a cone-attached geometry—towards fusion ignition journal, November 2004

Diagnosis of Pusher-Fuel Mix in Indirectly Driven Nova Implosions journal, October 1994

Observation of repetitive bursts in emission of fast ions and neutrons in sub-nanosecond laser-solid experiments journal, June 2013

Neutron spectrometry—An essential tool for diagnosing implosions at the National Ignition Facility (invited) journal, October 2012

Synthesis of the Elements in Stars
journal, October 1957

Synthesis of the elements in stars: forty years of progress
journal, October 1997

The evolution and explosion of massive stars
journal, November 2002

Modeling Astrophysical Phenomena in the Laboratory with Intense Lasers
journal, May 1999

Differential cross sections at low energies for ${}^{2}H$ ( d , p $)^{3}$ H and ${}^{2}H$ ( d , n $)^{3}$ He
journal, April 1990

Low-energy fusion cross sections of D + D and D + 3He reactions
journal, March 1987

Indirect Techniques in Nuclear Astrophysics. Asymptotic Normalization Coefficient and Trojan Horse
journal, May 2007

Precision measurements of ${}^{2}H$ $(d, p)$ ${}^{3}H$ and ${}^{2}H$ $(d, n)$ ${}^{3}{He}$ total cross sections at Big Bang nucleosynthesis energies
journal, April 2006

A compilation of charged-particle induced thermonuclear reaction rates
journal, August 1999

Indirect techniques in nuclear astrophysics: a review
journal, October 2014

SRIM – The stopping and range of ions in matter (2010)
journal, June 2010

Measurement of the Plasma Astrophysical $S$ Factor for the ${}^{3}{He} (d, p) {}^{4}{He}$ Reaction in Exploding Molecular Clusters
journal, August 2013

Model-independent determination of the astrophysical $S$ factor in laser-induced fusion plasmas
journal, April 2016

Range of plasma ions in cold cluster gases near the critical point
journal, May 2017

Neutron enhancement from laser interaction with a critical fluid
journal, January 2018

Temperature Measurements of Fusion Plasmas Produced by Petawatt-Laser-Irradiated $D_{2} - {}^{3}{He}$ or ${CD}_{4} - {}^{3}{He}$ Clustering Gases
journal, July 2013

Fuel gain exceeding unity in an inertially confined fusion implosion
journal, February 2014

Fusion Energy Output Greater than the Kinetic Energy of an Imploding Shell at the National Ignition Facility
journal, June 2018

Evidence for Stratification of Deuterium-Tritium Fuel in Inertial Confinement Fusion Implosions
journal, February 2012

Colliding Beam Fusion Reactor
journal, November 1997

Energetic proton generation in ultra-intense laser–solid interactions
journal, February 2001

Selective deuterium ion acceleration using the Vulcan petawatt laser
journal, May 2015

Selective deuteron production using target normal sheath acceleration
journal, March 2012

Fusion reactions initiated by laser-accelerated particle beams in a laser-produced plasma
journal, October 2013

Dynamics of Fusion in Plasmas
journal, January 2004

Radiation dominated implosion with nano-plasmonics
journal, June 2018

Volume ignition via time-like detonation in pellet fusion
journal, April 2015

SG-II-Up prototype final optics assembly: optical damage and clean-gas control
journal, January 2015

Calibration of time of flight detectors using laser-driven neutron source
journal, July 2015

Fusion neutron and ion emission from deuterium and deuterated methane cluster plasmas
journal, January 2004

The Ratio of D-T to D-D Reactions as a Measure of the Fuel Density-Radius Product in Initially Tritium-Free Inertial Confinement Fusion Targets
journal, April 1981

Fast heating of ultrahigh-density plasma as a step towards laser fusion ignition
journal, August 2001

Fast plasma heating in a cone-attached geometry—towards fusion ignition
journal, November 2004

Diagnosis of Pusher-Fuel Mix in Indirectly Driven Nova Implosions
journal, October 1994

Observation of repetitive bursts in emission of fast ions and neutrons in sub-nanosecond laser-solid experiments
journal, June 2013

Neutron spectrometry—An essential tool for diagnosing implosions at the National Ignition Facility (invited)
journal, October 2012