An Overview on the Marine Neurotoxin, Saxitoxin: Genetics, Molecular Targets, Methods of Detection and Ecological Functions
Abstract
Marine neurotoxins are natural products produced by phytoplankton and select species of invertebrates and fish. These compounds interact with voltage-gated sodium, potassium and calcium channels and modulate the flux of these ions into various cell types. This review provides a summary of marine neurotoxins, including their structures, molecular targets and pharmacologies. Saxitoxin and its derivatives, collectively referred to as paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs), are unique among neurotoxins in that they are found in both marine and freshwater environments by organisms inhabiting two kingdoms of life. Prokaryotic cyanobacteria are responsible for PST production in freshwater systems, while eukaryotic dinoflagellates are the main producers in marine waters. Bioaccumulation by filter-feeding bivalves and fish and subsequent transfer through the food web results in the potentially fatal human illnesses, paralytic shellfish poisoning and saxitoxin pufferfish poisoning. These illnesses are a result of saxitoxin’s ability to bind to the voltage-gated sodium channel, blocking the passage of nerve impulses and leading to death via respiratory paralysis. Recent advances in saxitoxin research are discussed, including the molecular biology of toxin synthesis, new protein targets, association with metal-binding motifs and methods of detection. The eco-evolutionary role(s) PSTs may serve for phytoplankton species that produce them are also discussed.
- Authors:
-
- Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (United States)
- Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (United States); Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States). UT-ORNL Joint Inst. of Biological Sciences
- Publication Date:
- Research Org.:
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)
- Sponsoring Org.:
- USDOE Office of Science (SC), Biological and Environmental Research (BER). Biological Systems Science Division
- OSTI Identifier:
- 1628456
- Resource Type:
- Accepted Manuscript
- Journal Name:
- Marine Drugs
- Additional Journal Information:
- Journal Volume: 11; Journal Issue: 4; Journal ID: ISSN 1660-3397
- Publisher:
- MDPI
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
- Subject:
- 59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES; pharmacology & pharmacy; neurotoxin; saxitoxin; ion channels; copper transporter; phytoplankton; paralytic shellfish toxin
Citation Formats
Cusick, Kathleen, and Sayler, Gary. An Overview on the Marine Neurotoxin, Saxitoxin: Genetics, Molecular Targets, Methods of Detection and Ecological Functions. United States: N. p., 2013.
Web. doi:10.3390/md11040991.
Cusick, Kathleen, & Sayler, Gary. An Overview on the Marine Neurotoxin, Saxitoxin: Genetics, Molecular Targets, Methods of Detection and Ecological Functions. United States. https://doi.org/10.3390/md11040991
Cusick, Kathleen, and Sayler, Gary. Wed .
"An Overview on the Marine Neurotoxin, Saxitoxin: Genetics, Molecular Targets, Methods of Detection and Ecological Functions". United States. https://doi.org/10.3390/md11040991. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1628456.
@article{osti_1628456,
title = {An Overview on the Marine Neurotoxin, Saxitoxin: Genetics, Molecular Targets, Methods of Detection and Ecological Functions},
author = {Cusick, Kathleen and Sayler, Gary},
abstractNote = {Marine neurotoxins are natural products produced by phytoplankton and select species of invertebrates and fish. These compounds interact with voltage-gated sodium, potassium and calcium channels and modulate the flux of these ions into various cell types. This review provides a summary of marine neurotoxins, including their structures, molecular targets and pharmacologies. Saxitoxin and its derivatives, collectively referred to as paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs), are unique among neurotoxins in that they are found in both marine and freshwater environments by organisms inhabiting two kingdoms of life. Prokaryotic cyanobacteria are responsible for PST production in freshwater systems, while eukaryotic dinoflagellates are the main producers in marine waters. Bioaccumulation by filter-feeding bivalves and fish and subsequent transfer through the food web results in the potentially fatal human illnesses, paralytic shellfish poisoning and saxitoxin pufferfish poisoning. These illnesses are a result of saxitoxin’s ability to bind to the voltage-gated sodium channel, blocking the passage of nerve impulses and leading to death via respiratory paralysis. Recent advances in saxitoxin research are discussed, including the molecular biology of toxin synthesis, new protein targets, association with metal-binding motifs and methods of detection. The eco-evolutionary role(s) PSTs may serve for phytoplankton species that produce them are also discussed.},
doi = {10.3390/md11040991},
journal = {Marine Drugs},
number = 4,
volume = 11,
place = {United States},
year = {Wed Mar 27 00:00:00 EDT 2013},
month = {Wed Mar 27 00:00:00 EDT 2013}
}
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- Gerssen, Arjen; Bovee, Toine; Klijnstra, Mirjam
- Toxins, Vol. 10, Issue 11
Insights in the determination of saxitoxin with fluorogenic crown ethers in water
journal, January 2018
- Müller, Bernhard J.; Mistlberger, Günter; Klimant, Ingo
- Monatshefte für Chemie - Chemical Monthly, Vol. 149, Issue 3
Mercury, selenium and fish oils in marine food webs and implications for human health
journal, September 2015
- Gribble, Matthew O.; Karimi, Roxanne; Feingold, Beth J.
- Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, Vol. 96, Issue 1
Occurrence and diversity of cyanotoxins in Greek lakes
journal, December 2018
- Christophoridis, Christophoros; Zervou, Sevasti-Kiriaki; Manolidi, Korina
- Scientific Reports, Vol. 8, Issue 1
Biosynthetic route towards saxitoxin and shunt pathway
journal, February 2016
- Tsuchiya, Shigeki; Cho, Yuko; Konoki, Keiichi
- Scientific Reports, Vol. 6, Issue 1
iTRAQ-Based Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of a Toxigenic Dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella and Its Non-toxigenic Mutant Exposed to a Cell Cycle Inhibitor Colchicine
journal, April 2018
- Zhang, Shu-Fei; Zhang, Yong; Lin, Lin
- Frontiers in Microbiology, Vol. 9
Marine Pharmacology in 2012–2013: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial, Antidiabetic, Antifungal, Anti-Inflammatory, Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis, and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems, and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action
journal, August 2017
- Mayer, Alejandro; Rodríguez, Abimael; Taglialatela-Scafati, Orazio
- Marine Drugs, Vol. 15, Issue 9
Guanidinium Toxins and Their Interactions with Voltage-Gated Sodium Ion Channels
journal, October 2017
- Durán-Riveroll, Lorena; Cembella, Allan
- Marine Drugs, Vol. 15, Issue 10
Biotechnological and Pharmacological Applications of Biotoxins and Other Bioactive Molecules from Dinoflagellates
journal, December 2017
- Assunção, Joana; Guedes, A.; Malcata, F.
- Marine Drugs, Vol. 15, Issue 12
Biosynthesis of Saxitoxin in Marine Dinoflagellates: An Omics Perspective
journal, February 2020
- Akbar, Muhamad Afiq; Mohd Yusof, Nurul Yuziana; Tahir, Noor Idayu
- Marine Drugs, Vol. 18, Issue 2
Metagenomic Sequencing Identifies Highly Diverse Assemblages of Dinoflagellate Cysts in Sediments from Ships’ Ballast Tanks
journal, August 2019
- Shang,
- Microorganisms, Vol. 7, Issue 8
A Systematic Literature Review for Evidence of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae Toxigenicity in Recreational Waters and Toxicity of Dietary Supplements: 2000–2017
journal, June 2018
- Lyon-Colbert, Amber; Su, Shelley; Cude, Curtis
- Toxins, Vol. 10, Issue 7
First Report on the Occurrence of Tetrodotoxins in Bivalve Mollusks in The Netherlands
journal, November 2018
- Gerssen, Arjen; Bovee, Toine; Klijnstra, Mirjam
- Toxins, Vol. 10, Issue 11
Contrasting Toxin Selectivity between the Marine Pufferfish Takifugu pardalis and the Freshwater Pufferfish Pao suvattii
journal, August 2019
- Gao, Wei; Kanahara, Yoko; Yamada, Misako
- Toxins, Vol. 11, Issue 8
The Diversity of Cyanobacterial Toxins on Structural Characterization, Distribution and Identification: A Systematic Review
journal, September 2019
- Du, Xingde; Liu, Haohao; Yuan, Le
- Toxins, Vol. 11, Issue 9