Mapping the phases of quantum chromodynamics with beam energy scan

Bzdak, Adam; Esumi, ShinIchi; Koch, Volker; Liao, Jinfeng; Stephanov, Mikhail; Xu, Nu

doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2020.01.005

Title: Mapping the phases of quantum chromodynamics with beam energy scan

Abstract

We review the present status of the search for a phase transition and critical point as well as anomalous transport phenomena in Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD), with an emphasis on the Beam Energy Scan program at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider at Brookhaven National Laboratory. We present the conceptual framework and discuss the observables deemed most sensitive to a phase transition, QCD critical point, and anomalous transport, focusing on fluctuation and correlation measurements. Selected experimental results for these observables together with those characterizing the global properties of the systems created in heavy ion collisions are presented. We then discuss what can be already learned from the currently available data about the QCD critical point and anomalous transport as well as what additional measurements and theoretical developments are needed in order to discover these phenomena.

Authors:

Bzdak, Adam ^[1]; Esumi, ShinIchi ^[2]; Koch, Volker ^[3]; Liao, Jinfeng ^[4]; Stephanov, Mikhail ^[5]; Xu, Nu ^[6]

AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow (Poland)
Univ. of Tsukuba (Japan). Tomonaga Center for the History of the Universe
Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)
Indiana Univ., Bloomington, IN (United States)
Univ. of Illinois, Chicago, IL (United States)
Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States); Central China Normal University, Wuhan (China). Institute of Particle Physics and Key Laboratory of Quark & Lepton Physics (MOE)

Publication Date:: Mon Feb 10 00:00:00 EST 2020

Research Org.:: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Nuclear Physics (NP); National Science Foundation (NSF); NSFC; MOST of China; Ito Science Foundation, Japan; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS); Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education and the National Science Centre

OSTI Identifier:: 1616978

Alternate Identifier(s):: OSTI ID: 1615057

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-05CH11231; AC03-76SF00098; FG02-01ER41195; PHY-1913729; 11735007; 25105504; 19H05598; 2018/30/Q/ST2/00101

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Physics Reports

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 853; Journal ID: ISSN 0370-1573

Publisher:: Elsevier

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSICS; Heavy ion collision; Beam energy scan; QCD phase diagram; Critical point; Chiral magnetic effect

Citation Formats


                    Bzdak, Adam, Esumi, ShinIchi, Koch, Volker, Liao, Jinfeng, Stephanov, Mikhail, and Xu, Nu. Mapping the phases of quantum chromodynamics with beam energy scan.  United States: N. p., 2020. 
Web.  doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2020.01.005.

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                    Bzdak, Adam, Esumi, ShinIchi, Koch, Volker, Liao, Jinfeng, Stephanov, Mikhail, & Xu, Nu. Mapping the phases of quantum chromodynamics with beam energy scan.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2020.01.005

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                    Bzdak, Adam, Esumi, ShinIchi, Koch, Volker, Liao, Jinfeng, Stephanov, Mikhail, and Xu, Nu. Mon .  
"Mapping the phases of quantum chromodynamics with beam energy scan".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2020.01.005.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1616978.

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@article{osti_1616978,

  title        = {Mapping the phases of quantum chromodynamics with beam energy scan},

  author       = {Bzdak, Adam and Esumi, ShinIchi and Koch, Volker and Liao, Jinfeng and Stephanov, Mikhail and Xu, Nu},

  abstractNote = {We review the present status of the search for a phase transition and critical point as well as anomalous transport phenomena in Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD), with an emphasis on the Beam Energy Scan program at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider at Brookhaven National Laboratory. We present the conceptual framework and discuss the observables deemed most sensitive to a phase transition, QCD critical point, and anomalous transport, focusing on fluctuation and correlation measurements. Selected experimental results for these observables together with those characterizing the global properties of the systems created in heavy ion collisions are presented. We then discuss what can be already learned from the currently available data about the QCD critical point and anomalous transport as well as what additional measurements and theoretical developments are needed in order to discover these phenomena.},

  doi          = {10.1016/j.physrep.2020.01.005},

  journal      = {Physics Reports},

  number       = ,

  volume       = 853,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Mon Feb 10 00:00:00 EST 2020},

  month        = {Mon Feb 10 00:00:00 EST 2020}

}

Copy to clipboard

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The iEBE-VISHNU code package for relativistic heavy-ion collisions
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Shen, Chun
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Works referencing / citing this record:

“QM19 summary talk”: Outlook and future of heavy-ion collisions
journal, January 2021

Loizides, Constantin
Nuclear Physics A, Vol. 1005
DOI: 10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2020.121964

A Study of the Properties of the QCD Phase Diagram in High-Energy Nuclear Collisions
text, January 2020

Luo, Xiaofeng; Shi, Shusu; Xu, Nu
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.2004.00789

Early Universe Thermodynamics and Evolution in Nonviscous and Viscous Strong and Electroweak epochs: Possible Analytical Solutions
preprint, January 2021

Tawfik, Abdel Nasser; Greiner, Carsten
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.2102.12477

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Title: Mapping the phases of quantum chromodynamics with beam energy scan

Abstract

Citation Formats

New method for measuring azimuthal distributions in nucleus-nucleus collisions journal, April 2001

Revealing baryon number fluctuations from proton number fluctuations in relativistic heavy ion collisions journal, February 2012

Event-by-event generation of electromagnetic fields in heavy-ion collisions journal, April 2012

Realistic implementation of chiral magnetic wave in heavy ion collisions journal, April 2014

Magnetic field effect on charmonium formation in high energy nuclear collisions journal, December 2015

The thermodynamic model for nuclear multifragmentation journal, January 2005

High Energy Nuclear Events journal, July 1950

Stopped Nucleons in Configuration Space journal, January 2018

Net-Baryon Number Fluctuations in (2+1)-Flavor QCD journal, October 2010

Dilepton radiation at the CERN super-proton synchrotron journal, June 2008

Experimental and theoretical challenges in the search for the quark–gluon plasma: The STAR Collaboration's critical assessment of the evidence from RHIC collisions journal, August 2005

Exponential hadronic spectrum and quark liberation journal, October 1975

The PHOBOS perspective on discoveries at RHIC journal, August 2005

Formation of dense partonic matter in relativistic nucleus–nucleus collisions at RHIC: Experimental evaluation by the PHENIX Collaboration journal, August 2005

Anomalous chiral transport in heavy ion collisions from Anomalous-Viscous Fluid Dynamics journal, July 2018

A Test of a New Type of Stellar Interferometer on Sirius journal, November 1956

Novel quantum phenomena induced by strong magnetic fields in heavy-ion collisions journal, January 2017

Global Λ hyperon polarization in nuclear collisions journal, August 2017

Disappearance of Back-To-Back High- p T Hadron Correlations in Central A u + A u Collisions at s N N = 200 G e V journal, February 2003

The time-delay signature of quark-gluon plasma formation in relativistic nuclear collisions journal, October 1996

Equation of state in ( 2 + 1 )-flavor QCD journal, November 2014

Looking for parity violation in heavy-ion collisions journal, December 2009

Dense Matter in Compact Stars: Theoretical Developments and Observational Constraints journal, November 2006

Cumulants and correlation functions versus the QCD phase diagram journal, May 2017

Equation of state dependence of directed flow in a microscopic transport model journal, June 2017

Hydrodynamic Fluctuations in Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions journal, February 2019

Global hyperon polarization at local thermodynamic equilibrium with vorticity, magnetic field, and feed-down journal, May 2017

Decoding the phase structure of QCD via particle production at high energy journal, September 2018

Charge-dependent azimuthal correlations from AuAu to UU collisions journal, July 2015

Centrality and system size dependence of multiplicity fluctuations in nuclear collisions at 158 A GeV journal, June 2007

Hadron production in central nucleus–nucleus collisions at chemical freeze-out journal, June 2006

More efficient formulas for efficiency correction of cumulants and effect of using averaged efficiency journal, June 2017

Universal Off-Equilibrium Scaling of Critical Cumulants in the QCD Phase Diagram journal, November 2016

Comments about the electromagnetic field in heavy-ion collisions journal, September 2014

Quark–gluon plasma and color glass condensate at RHIC? The perspective from the BRAHMS experiment journal, August 2005

Color Glass Condensate and Glasma journal, January 2013

Color superconductivity in dense quark matter journal, November 2008

A study of vorticity formation in high energy nuclear collisions journal, September 2015

Diffusive dynamics of critical fluctuations near the QCD critical point journal, June 2019

Collective flow in p -Pb and d -Pb collisions at TeV energies journal, January 2012

On the existence of a phase transition for QCD with three light quarks journal, November 1990

Evolution of fluctuations near QCD critical point journal, March 2010

Dynamical evolution of the chiral magnetic effect: Applications to the quark-gluon plasma journal, October 2015

Directed, elliptic and triangular flow of protons in Au+Au reactions at 1.23 A GeV: a theoretical analysis of the recent HADES data journal, June 2018

Anomalies and time reversal invariance in relativistic hydrodynamics: The second order and higher dimensional formulations journal, August 2011

Critical phenomena and renormalization-group theory journal, October 2002

Elliptic Flow of Identified Hadrons in A u + A u Collisions at s N N = 200 G e V journal, October 2003

Energy dependence of kaon-to-proton ratio fluctuations in central Pb + Pb collisions from s NN = 6 . 3 to 17.3 GeV journal, June 2011

An excitation function of K− and K+ production in Au+Au reactions at the AGS journal, September 2000

Event simulation based on three-fluid hydrodynamics for collisions at energies available at the Dubna Nuclotron-based Ion Collider Facility and at the Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research in Darmstadt journal, October 2016

Azimuthally fluctuating magnetic field and its impacts on observables in heavy-ion collisions journal, January 2013

Multiparticle long-range rapidity correlations from fluctuation of the fireball longitudinal shape journal, February 2016

Mapping the QCD phase diagram with statistics-friendly distributions journal, November 2019

Dynamical Model of Elementary Particles Based on an Analogy with Superconductivity. I journal, April 1961

Nonequilibrium study of the chiral magnetic effect from real-time simulations with dynamical fermions journal, February 2017

Gravitational Anomaly and Transport Phenomena journal, July 2011

Search for the QCD critical point with fluctuations of conserved quantities in relativistic heavy-ion collisions at RHIC: an overview journal, July 2017

Description of 158 Er at ultrahigh spin in nuclear density functional theory journal, September 2012

Dynamical initial-state model for relativistic heavy-ion collisions journal, February 2018

Comparison of chemical freeze-out criteria in heavy-ion collisions journal, March 2006

Non-Gaussian Fluctuations near the QCD Critical Point journal, January 2009

Real-time evolution of non-Gaussian cumulants in the QCD critical regime journal, September 2015

FEMTOSCOPY IN RELATIVISTIC HEAVY ION COLLISIONS: Two Decades of Progress journal, December 2005

TUnfold, an algorithm for correcting migration effects in high energy physics journal, October 2012

Systematic study of azimuthal anisotropy in Cu + Cu and Au + Au collisions at s NN = 62.4 and 200 GeV journal, September 2015

Anomalous transport model study of chiral magnetic effects in heavy ion collisions journal, October 2016

Rotating quark-gluon plasma in relativistic heavy-ion collisions journal, October 2016

Large baryon densities achievable in high-energy heavy-ion collisions outside the central rapidity region journal, January 2019

Kinetic regime of hydrodynamic fluctuations and long time tails for a Bjorken expansion journal, January 2017

Signatures of the Tricritical Point in QCD journal, November 1998

Correlated stopping, proton clusters and higher order proton cumulants journal, May 2017

New correlator to detect and characterize the chiral magnetic effect journal, June 2018

Searching for the QCD critical point via the rapidity dependence of cumulants journal, December 2018

Chiral magnetic and vortical effects in high-energy nuclear collisions—A status report journal, May 2016

Chiral kinetic approach to the chiral magnetic effect in isobaric collisions journal, July 2018

Examination of the observability of a chiral magnetically driven charge-separation difference in collisions of the Ru 44 96 + Ru 44 96 and Zr 40 96 + Zr 40 96 isobars at energies available at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider journal, December 2018

Charge separation effect in relativistic heavy ion collisions journal, November 2010

New method for measuring azimuthal distributions in nucleus-nucleus collisions
journal, April 2001

Revealing baryon number fluctuations from proton number fluctuations in relativistic heavy ion collisions
journal, February 2012

Event-by-event generation of electromagnetic fields in heavy-ion collisions
journal, April 2012

Realistic implementation of chiral magnetic wave in heavy ion collisions
journal, April 2014

Magnetic field effect on charmonium formation in high energy nuclear collisions
journal, December 2015

The thermodynamic model for nuclear multifragmentation
journal, January 2005

High Energy Nuclear Events
journal, July 1950

Stopped Nucleons in Configuration Space
journal, January 2018

Net-Baryon Number Fluctuations in (2+1)-Flavor QCD
journal, October 2010

Dilepton radiation at the CERN super-proton synchrotron
journal, June 2008

Experimental and theoretical challenges in the search for the quark–gluon plasma: The STAR Collaboration's critical assessment of the evidence from RHIC collisions
journal, August 2005

Exponential hadronic spectrum and quark liberation
journal, October 1975

The PHOBOS perspective on discoveries at RHIC
journal, August 2005

Formation of dense partonic matter in relativistic nucleus–nucleus collisions at RHIC: Experimental evaluation by the PHENIX Collaboration
journal, August 2005

Anomalous chiral transport in heavy ion collisions from Anomalous-Viscous Fluid Dynamics
journal, July 2018

A Test of a New Type of Stellar Interferometer on Sirius
journal, November 1956

Novel quantum phenomena induced by strong magnetic fields in heavy-ion collisions
journal, January 2017

Global Λ hyperon polarization in nuclear collisions
journal, August 2017

Disappearance of Back-To-Back High- $p_{T}$ Hadron Correlations in Central $A u + A u$ Collisions at $\sqrt{s_{N N}} = 200 G e V$
journal, February 2003

The time-delay signature of quark-gluon plasma formation in relativistic nuclear collisions
journal, October 1996

Equation of state in ( $2 + 1$ )-flavor QCD
journal, November 2014

Looking for parity violation in heavy-ion collisions
journal, December 2009

Dense Matter in Compact Stars: Theoretical Developments and Observational Constraints
journal, November 2006

Cumulants and correlation functions versus the QCD phase diagram
journal, May 2017

Equation of state dependence of directed flow in a microscopic transport model
journal, June 2017

Hydrodynamic Fluctuations in Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions
journal, February 2019

Global hyperon polarization at local thermodynamic equilibrium with vorticity, magnetic field, and feed-down
journal, May 2017

Decoding the phase structure of QCD via particle production at high energy
journal, September 2018

Charge-dependent azimuthal correlations from AuAu to UU collisions
journal, July 2015

Centrality and system size dependence of multiplicity fluctuations in nuclear collisions at $158 A$ GeV
journal, June 2007

Hadron production in central nucleus–nucleus collisions at chemical freeze-out
journal, June 2006

More efficient formulas for efficiency correction of cumulants and effect of using averaged efficiency
journal, June 2017

Universal Off-Equilibrium Scaling of Critical Cumulants in the QCD Phase Diagram
journal, November 2016

Comments about the electromagnetic field in heavy-ion collisions
journal, September 2014

Quark–gluon plasma and color glass condensate at RHIC? The perspective from the BRAHMS experiment
journal, August 2005

Color Glass Condensate and Glasma
journal, January 2013

Color superconductivity in dense quark matter
journal, November 2008

A study of vorticity formation in high energy nuclear collisions
journal, September 2015

Diffusive dynamics of critical fluctuations near the QCD critical point
journal, June 2019

Collective flow in $p$ -Pb and $d$ -Pb collisions at TeV energies
journal, January 2012

On the existence of a phase transition for QCD with three light quarks
journal, November 1990

Evolution of fluctuations near QCD critical point
journal, March 2010

Dynamical evolution of the chiral magnetic effect: Applications to the quark-gluon plasma
journal, October 2015

Directed, elliptic and triangular flow of protons in Au+Au reactions at 1.23 A GeV: a theoretical analysis of the recent HADES data
journal, June 2018

Anomalies and time reversal invariance in relativistic hydrodynamics: The second order and higher dimensional formulations
journal, August 2011

Critical phenomena and renormalization-group theory
journal, October 2002

Elliptic Flow of Identified Hadrons in $A u + A u$ Collisions at $\sqrt{s_{N N}} = 200 G e V$
journal, October 2003

Energy dependence of kaon-to-proton ratio fluctuations in central $Pb + Pb$ collisions from $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 6.3$ to 17.3 GeV
journal, June 2011

An excitation function of K− and K+ production in Au+Au reactions at the AGS
journal, September 2000

Event simulation based on three-fluid hydrodynamics for collisions at energies available at the Dubna Nuclotron-based Ion Collider Facility and at the Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research in Darmstadt
journal, October 2016

Azimuthally fluctuating magnetic field and its impacts on observables in heavy-ion collisions
journal, January 2013

Multiparticle long-range rapidity correlations from fluctuation of the fireball longitudinal shape
journal, February 2016

Mapping the QCD phase diagram with statistics-friendly distributions
journal, November 2019

Dynamical Model of Elementary Particles Based on an Analogy with Superconductivity. I
journal, April 1961

Nonequilibrium study of the chiral magnetic effect from real-time simulations with dynamical fermions
journal, February 2017

Gravitational Anomaly and Transport Phenomena
journal, July 2011

Search for the QCD critical point with fluctuations of conserved quantities in relativistic heavy-ion collisions at RHIC: an overview
journal, July 2017

Description of $^{158}$ Er at ultrahigh spin in nuclear density functional theory
journal, September 2012

Dynamical initial-state model for relativistic heavy-ion collisions
journal, February 2018

Comparison of chemical freeze-out criteria in heavy-ion collisions
journal, March 2006

Non-Gaussian Fluctuations near the QCD Critical Point
journal, January 2009

Real-time evolution of non-Gaussian cumulants in the QCD critical regime
journal, September 2015

FEMTOSCOPY IN RELATIVISTIC HEAVY ION COLLISIONS: Two Decades of Progress
journal, December 2005

TUnfold, an algorithm for correcting migration effects in high energy physics
journal, October 2012

Systematic study of azimuthal anisotropy in Cu + Cu and Au + Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 62.4$ and 200 GeV
journal, September 2015

Anomalous transport model study of chiral magnetic effects in heavy ion collisions
journal, October 2016

Rotating quark-gluon plasma in relativistic heavy-ion collisions
journal, October 2016

Large baryon densities achievable in high-energy heavy-ion collisions outside the central rapidity region
journal, January 2019

Kinetic regime of hydrodynamic fluctuations and long time tails for a Bjorken expansion
journal, January 2017

Signatures of the Tricritical Point in QCD
journal, November 1998

Correlated stopping, proton clusters and higher order proton cumulants
journal, May 2017

New correlator to detect and characterize the chiral magnetic effect
journal, June 2018

Searching for the QCD critical point via the rapidity dependence of cumulants
journal, December 2018

Chiral magnetic and vortical effects in high-energy nuclear collisions—A status report
journal, May 2016

Chiral kinetic approach to the chiral magnetic effect in isobaric collisions
journal, July 2018

Examination of the observability of a chiral magnetically driven charge-separation difference in collisions of the ${}_{44}^{96}{Ru} + {}_{44}^{96}{Ru}$ and ${}_{40}^{96}{Zr} + {}_{40}^{96}{Zr}$ isobars at energies available at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider
journal, December 2018

Charge separation effect in relativistic heavy ion collisions
journal, November 2010

Beam-Energy Dependence of Directed Flow of $Λ$ , $\bar{Λ}$ , $K^{\pm}$ , $K_{s}^{0}$ , and $ϕ$ in $Au + Au$ Collisions
journal, February 2018

$Λ$ polarization in peripheral heavy ion collisions
journal, September 2013

Examination of directed flow as a signal for a phase transition in relativistic nuclear collisions
journal, May 2014