Atomically thin half-van der Waals metals enabled by confinement heteroepitaxy

Briggs, Natalie; Bersch, Brian; Wang, Yuanxi; Jiang, Jue; Koch, Roland J.; Nayir, Nadire; Wang, Ke; Kolmer, Marek; Ko, Wonhee; De La Fuente Duran, Ana; Subramanian, Shruti; Dong, Chengye; Shallenberger, Jeffrey; Fu, Mingming; Zou, Qiang; Chuang, Ya-Wen; Gai, Zheng; Li, An-Ping; Bostwick, Aaron; Jozwiak, Chris; Chang, Cui-Zu; Rotenberg, Eli; Zhu, Jun; van Duin, Adri C.  T.; Crespi, Vincent; Robinson, Joshua A.

doi:10.1038/s41563-020-0631-x

Title: Atomically thin half-van der Waals metals enabled by confinement heteroepitaxy

Abstract

Atomically thin two-dimensional (2D) metals may be key ingredients in next-generation quantum and optoelectronic devices. However, 2D metals must be stabilized against environmental degradation and integrated into heterostructure devices at the wafer scale. The high-energy interface between silicon carbide and epitaxial graphene provides an intriguing framework for stabilizing a diverse range of 2D metals. Here we demonstrate large-area, environmentally stable, single-crystal 2D gallium, indium and tin that are stabilized at the interface of epitaxial graphene and silicon carbide. The 2D metals are covalently bonded to SiC below but present a non-bonded interface to the graphene overlayer; that is, they are 'half van der Waals' metals with strong internal gradients in bonding character. These non-centrosymmetric 2D metals offer compelling opportunities for superconducting devices, topological phenomena and advanced optoelectronic properties. For example, the reported 2D Ga is a superconductor that combines six strongly coupled Ga-derived electron pockets with a large nearly free-electron Fermi surface that closely approaches the Dirac points of the graphene overlayer.

Authors:

^[1]; Bersch, Brian ^[1];

^[1]; Jiang, Jue ^[1];

^[2]; Nayir, Nadire ^[1]; Wang, Ke ^[1];

^[3];

^[3]; De La Fuente Duran, Ana ^[1]; Subramanian, Shruti ^[1]; Dong, Chengye ^[1]; Shallenberger, Jeffrey ^[1]; Fu, Mingming ^[3];

^[3]; Chuang, Ya-Wen ^[1];

^[3];

^[3]; Bostwick, Aaron ^[4];

^[4] more »

Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA (United States)
Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). Advanced Light Source (ALS) and The Molecular Foundry (TMF)
Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States). Center for Nanophase Materials Science (CNMS)
Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). Advanced Light Source (ALS)

Publication Date:: Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 EDT 2020

Research Org.:: Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States). Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences (CNMS); Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). Advanced Light Source (ALS)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES); Northrop Grumman Mission Systems’ University Research Program; Semiconductor Research Corporation Intel/Global Research Collaboration Fellowship Program; National Science Foundation (NSF); China Scholarship Council (CSC); Alfred P. Sloan Research Fellowship

OSTI Identifier:: 1615216

Alternate Identifier(s):: OSTI ID: 1777956

Grant/Contract Number:: AC05-00OR22725; 1453924; 1847811; NSF DMR-1708972; NSF DMR-1808900; DMR-1539916; AC02-05CH11231

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Nature Materials

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 19; Journal Issue: 6; Journal ID: ISSN 1476-1122

Publisher:: Springer Nature - Nature Publishing Group

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 36 MATERIALS SCIENCE; Superconducting properties and materials; Two-dimensional materials

Citation Formats


                    Briggs, Natalie, Bersch, Brian, Wang, Yuanxi, Jiang, Jue, Koch, Roland J., Nayir, Nadire, Wang, Ke, Kolmer, Marek, Ko, Wonhee, De La Fuente Duran, Ana, Subramanian, Shruti, Dong, Chengye, Shallenberger, Jeffrey, Fu, Mingming, Zou, Qiang, Chuang, Ya-Wen, Gai, Zheng, Li, An-Ping, Bostwick, Aaron, Jozwiak, Chris, Chang, Cui-Zu, Rotenberg, Eli, Zhu, Jun, van Duin, Adri C.  T., Crespi, Vincent, and Robinson, Joshua A. Atomically thin half-van der Waals metals enabled by confinement heteroepitaxy.  United States: N. p., 2020. 
Web.  doi:10.1038/s41563-020-0631-x.

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                    Briggs, Natalie, Bersch, Brian, Wang, Yuanxi, Jiang, Jue, Koch, Roland J., Nayir, Nadire, Wang, Ke, Kolmer, Marek, Ko, Wonhee, De La Fuente Duran, Ana, Subramanian, Shruti, Dong, Chengye, Shallenberger, Jeffrey, Fu, Mingming, Zou, Qiang, Chuang, Ya-Wen, Gai, Zheng, Li, An-Ping, Bostwick, Aaron, Jozwiak, Chris, Chang, Cui-Zu, Rotenberg, Eli, Zhu, Jun, van Duin, Adri C.  T., Crespi, Vincent, & Robinson, Joshua A. Atomically thin half-van der Waals metals enabled by confinement heteroepitaxy.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1038/s41563-020-0631-x

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                    Briggs, Natalie, Bersch, Brian, Wang, Yuanxi, Jiang, Jue, Koch, Roland J., Nayir, Nadire, Wang, Ke, Kolmer, Marek, Ko, Wonhee, De La Fuente Duran, Ana, Subramanian, Shruti, Dong, Chengye, Shallenberger, Jeffrey, Fu, Mingming, Zou, Qiang, Chuang, Ya-Wen, Gai, Zheng, Li, An-Ping, Bostwick, Aaron, Jozwiak, Chris, Chang, Cui-Zu, Rotenberg, Eli, Zhu, Jun, van Duin, Adri C.  T., Crespi, Vincent, and Robinson, Joshua A. Tue .  
"Atomically thin half-van der Waals metals enabled by confinement heteroepitaxy".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1038/s41563-020-0631-x.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1615216.

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@article{osti_1615216,

  title        = {Atomically thin half-van der Waals metals enabled by confinement heteroepitaxy},

  author       = {Briggs, Natalie and Bersch, Brian and Wang, Yuanxi and Jiang, Jue and Koch, Roland J. and Nayir, Nadire and Wang, Ke and Kolmer, Marek and Ko, Wonhee and De La Fuente Duran, Ana and Subramanian, Shruti and Dong, Chengye and Shallenberger, Jeffrey and Fu, Mingming and Zou, Qiang and Chuang, Ya-Wen and Gai, Zheng and Li, An-Ping and Bostwick, Aaron and Jozwiak, Chris and Chang, Cui-Zu and Rotenberg, Eli and Zhu, Jun and van Duin, Adri C.  T. and Crespi, Vincent and Robinson, Joshua A.},

  abstractNote = {Atomically thin two-dimensional (2D) metals may be key ingredients in next-generation quantum and optoelectronic devices. However, 2D metals must be stabilized against environmental degradation and integrated into heterostructure devices at the wafer scale. The high-energy interface between silicon carbide and epitaxial graphene provides an intriguing framework for stabilizing a diverse range of 2D metals. Here we demonstrate large-area, environmentally stable, single-crystal 2D gallium, indium and tin that are stabilized at the interface of epitaxial graphene and silicon carbide. The 2D metals are covalently bonded to SiC below but present a non-bonded interface to the graphene overlayer; that is, they are 'half van der Waals' metals with strong internal gradients in bonding character. These non-centrosymmetric 2D metals offer compelling opportunities for superconducting devices, topological phenomena and advanced optoelectronic properties. For example, the reported 2D Ga is a superconductor that combines six strongly coupled Ga-derived electron pockets with a large nearly free-electron Fermi surface that closely approaches the Dirac points of the graphene overlayer.},

  doi          = {10.1038/s41563-020-0631-x},

  journal      = {Nature Materials},

  number       = 6,

  volume       = 19,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 EDT 2020},

  month        = {Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 EDT 2020}

}

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DOI: 10.1039/c7ta00920h

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Louis, Lydie; Pitike, Krishna Chaitanya; Ghosh, Ayana
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Topologically nontrivial phase and tunable Rashba effect in half-oxidized bismuthene
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Liu, Ming-Yang; Chen, Qing-Yuan; Cao, Chao
Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, Vol. 21, Issue 6
DOI: 10.1039/c8cp06391e

Prediction of intrinsic two dimensional ferromagnetism realized quantum anomalous Hall effect
journal, January 2019

Li, Ping
Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, Vol. 21, Issue 12
DOI: 10.1039/c8cp07781a

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Chatzikyriakou, Eleni; Karafiloglou, Padeleimon; Kioseoglou, Joseph
RSC Advances, Vol. 8, Issue 59
DOI: 10.1039/c8ra05652h

Electrically controlled valley states in bilayer graphene
journal, January 2019

Kareekunnan, Afsal; Muruganathan, Manoharan; Mizuta, Hiroshi
Nanoscale, Vol. 11, Issue 31
DOI: 10.1039/c9nr03621k

Topological phase transition induced by p x,y and p z band inversion in a honeycomb lattice
journal, January 2019

Zhang, Huisheng; Ning, Yaohui; Yang, Wenjia
Nanoscale, Vol. 11, Issue 29
DOI: 10.1039/c9nr04268g

Van der Waals interactions at surfaces by density functional theory using Wannier functions
journal, February 2009

Silvestrelli, Pier Luigi; Benyahia, Karima; Grubisiĉ, Sonja
The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 130, Issue 7
DOI: 10.1063/1.3077288

A projection-free method for representing plane-wave DFT results in an atom-centered basis
journal, September 2015

Dunnington, Benjamin D.; Schmidt, J. R.
The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 143, Issue 10
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Discovery of intrinsic quantum anomalous Hall effect in organic Mn-DCA lattice
journal, June 2017

Wang, Ya-ping; Ji, Wei-xiao; Zhang, Chang-wen
Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 110, Issue 23
DOI: 10.1063/1.4985144

Topological nodal lines and hybrid Weyl nodes in YCoC ₂
journal, October 2019

Xu, Yuanfeng; Gu, Yueqiang; Zhang, Tiantian
APL Materials, Vol. 7, Issue 10
DOI: 10.1063/1.5123222

Theoretical model of spintronic device based on tunable anomalous Hall conductivity of monolayer CrI 3
journal, January 2020

Zhu, Mingfeng; Yao, Haibo; Jiang, Liwei
Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 116, Issue 2
DOI: 10.1063/1.5132356

Switchable S = 1/2 and J = 1/2 Rashba bands in ferroelectric halide perovskites
journal, April 2014

Kim, M.; Im, J.; Freeman, A. J.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 111, Issue 19
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1405780111

Purely rotational symmetry-protected topological crystalline insulator $\alpha$ -Bi 4 Br 4
journal, May 2019

Hsu, Chuang-Han; Zhou, Xiaoting; Ma, Qiong
2D Materials, Vol. 6, Issue 3
DOI: 10.1088/2053-1583/ab1607

Unit cell consistency of maximally localized Wannier functions
journal, January 2020

Yang, Xiaolong; He, Zhouyi; Zheng, Xiao
Electronic Structure, Vol. 2, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1088/2516-1075/ab5e5a

Spin-wave dispersion of $3 d$ ferromagnets based on quasiparticle self-consistent $G W$ calculations
journal, August 2019

Okumura, H.; Sato, K.; Kotani, T.
Physical Review B, Vol. 100, Issue 5
DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.100.054419

Large Fermi arc and robust Weyl semimetal phase in ${Ag}_{2} S$
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Wang, Zhenwei; Luo, Kaifa; Zhao, Jianzhou
Physical Review B, Vol. 100, Issue 20
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Imaginary-time matrix product state impurity solver in a real material calculation: Spin-orbit coupling in $Sr_{2} RuO_{4}$
journal, January 2020

Linden, Nils-Oliver; Zingl, Manuel; Hubig, Claudius
Physical Review B, Vol. 101, Issue 4
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Ab initio study of superconductivity and inhomogeneity in a Hg-based cuprate superconductor
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Ohgoe, Takahiro; Hirayama, Motoaki; Misawa, Takahiro
Physical Review B, Vol. 101, Issue 4
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Optimal representation of the polarization propagator for large-scale $G W$ calculations
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Umari, P.; Stenuit, Geoffrey; Baroni, Stefano
Physical Review B, Vol. 79, Issue 20
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Efficient computation of magnon dispersions within time-dependent density functional theory using maximally localized Wannier functions
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Rousseau, Bruno; Eiguren, Asier; Bergara, Aitor
Physical Review B, Vol. 85, Issue 5
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Prediction of phonon-mediated high-temperature superconductivity in ${Li}_{3} B_{4} C_{2}$
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Gao, Miao; Lu, Zhong-Yi; Xiang, Tao
Physical Review B, Vol. 91, Issue 4
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Higher-dimensional Wannier functions of multiparameter Hamiltonians
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Hanke, Jan-Philipp; Freimuth, Frank; Blügel, Stefan
Physical Review B, Vol. 91, Issue 18
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Accuracy of downfolding based on the constrained random-phase approximation
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Shinaoka, Hiroshi; Troyer, Matthias; Werner, Philipp
Physical Review B, Vol. 91, Issue 24
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Topological insulators in the ordered double transition metals $M_{2}^{'} M^{″} C_{2}$ MXenes ( $M^{'} = Mo$ , W; $M^{″} = Ti$ , Zr, Hf)
journal, September 2016

Khazaei, Mohammad; Ranjbar, Ahmad; Arai, Masao
Physical Review B, Vol. 94, Issue 12
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Cubic scaling $G W$ : Towards fast quasiparticle calculations
journal, October 2016

Liu, Peitao; Kaltak, Merzuk; Klimeš, Jiří
Physical Review B, Vol. 94, Issue 16
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Impact of strain on the electronic properties of InAs/GaSb quantum well systems
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Tiemann, L.; Mueller, S.; Wu, Q. -S.
Physical Review B, Vol. 95, Issue 11
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Quaternary Heusler alloy: An ideal platform to realize triple point fermions
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Barman, C. K.; Mondal, Chiranjit; Pathak, Biswarup
Physical Review B, Vol. 99, Issue 4
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Constructive coupling effect of topological states and topological phase transitions in plumbene
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Li, Yue; Zhang, Jiayong; Zhao, Bao
Physical Review B, Vol. 99, Issue 19
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Anomalous Edge Transport in the Quantum Anomalous Hall State
journal, August 2013

Wang, Jing; Lian, Biao; Zhang, Haijun
Physical Review Letters, Vol. 111, Issue 8
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Orbital Engineering in Symmetry-Breaking Polar Heterostructures
journal, January 2015

Disa, Ankit S.; Kumah, Divine P.; Malashevich, Andrei
Physical Review Letters, Vol. 114, Issue 2
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Gate-Controllable Magneto-optic Kerr Effect in Layered Collinear Antiferromagnets
journal, December 2016

Sivadas, Nikhil; Okamoto, Satoshi; Xiao, Di
Physical Review Letters, Vol. 117, Issue 26
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Strongly Correlated Materials from a Numerical Renormalization Group Perspective: How the Fermi-Liquid State of ${Sr}_{2} {RuO}_{4}$ Emerges
journal, January 2020

Kugler, Fabian B.; Zingl, Manuel; Strand, Hugo U. R.
Physical Review Letters, Vol. 124, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.016401

Entropic elasticity and negative thermal expansion in a simple cubic crystal
journal, November 2019

Wendt, David; Bozin, Emil; Neuefeind, Joerg
Science Advances, Vol. 5, Issue 11
DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay2748

Octet-Line Node Structure of Superconducting Order Parameter in KFe2As2
journal, September 2012

Okazaki, K.; Ota, Y.; Kotani, Y.
Science, Vol. 337, Issue 6100
DOI: 10.1126/science.1222793

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Title: Atomically thin half-van der Waals metals enabled by confinement heteroepitaxy

Abstract

Citation Formats

Generalized Gradient Approximation Made Simple journal, October 1996

Ambipolar doping in quasifree epitaxial graphene on SiC(0001) controlled by Ge intercalation journal, September 2011

Theory of the Superconducting Transition Temperature and Energy Gap Function of Superposed Metal Films journal, December 1963

Two-dimensional gallium nitride realized via graphene encapsulation journal, August 2016

Projector augmented-wave method journal, December 1994

Unconventional superconductivity in magic-angle graphene superlattices journal, March 2018

Hybrid functionals based on a screened Coulomb potential journal, May 2003

Extracting E versus k ⃗ effective band structure from supercell calculations on alloys and impurities journal, February 2012

Superconducting Tunneling in the Low-Temperature Phases of Gallium journal, June 1968

QUANTUM ESPRESSO: a modular and open-source software project for quantum simulations of materials journal, September 2009

Superconductivity in one-atomic-layer metal films grown on Si(111) journal, January 2010

From ultrasoft pseudopotentials to the projector augmented-wave method journal, January 1999

EPW: A program for calculating the electron–phonon coupling using maximally localized Wannier functions journal, December 2010

Excitonic Effects on the Optical Response of Graphene and Bilayer Graphene journal, October 2009

VESTA 3 for three-dimensional visualization of crystal, volumetric and morphology data journal, October 2011

Periodic boundary conditions in ab initio calculations journal, February 1995

Electronic structure calculations with GPAW: a real-space implementation of the projector augmented-wave method journal, June 2010

Structural and electronic properties of epitaxial graphene on SiC(0 0 0 1): a review of growth, characterization, transfer doping and hydrogen intercalation journal, September 2010

Transfer free graphene growth on SiO2 substrate at 250 °C journal, March 2017

A morphology study on the epitaxial growth of graphene and its buffer layer journal, August 2018

Properties of synthetic epitaxial graphene/molybdenum disulfide lateral heterostructures journal, December 2017

Simple high vacuum evaporation system with low‐temperature substrate journal, August 1978

Phonon Spectrum of Superconducting Amorphous Bismuth and Gallium by Electron Tunneling journal, March 1969

Evidence of Plasmonic Coupling in Gallium Nanoparticles/Graphene/SiC journal, June 2012

Highly Enhanced Raman Scattering of Graphene using Plasmonic Nano-Structure journal, October 2013

Experimental observation of the quantum Hall effect and Berry's phase in graphene journal, November 2005

Transition temperature of strong-coupled superconductors reanalyzed journal, August 1975

Generalized Gradient Approximation Made Simple [Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 3865 (1996)] journal, February 1997

Optical Properties of Plasmonic Ultrathin TiN Films journal, May 2017

Transdimensional Photonics journal, January 2019

Demonstrating the Capability of the High-Performance Plasmonic Gallium–Graphene Couple journal, March 2014

Near room temperature chemical vapor deposition of graphene with diluted methane and molten gallium catalyst journal, September 2017

Relativistic separable dual-space Gaussian pseudopotentials from H to Rn journal, August 1998

Tunable plasmons in ultrathin metal films journal, March 2019

Efficient iterative schemes for ab initio total-energy calculations using a plane-wave basis set journal, October 1996

Anisotropic Migdal-Eliashberg theory using Wannier functions journal, January 2013

Probing the Nature of Defects in Graphene by Raman Spectroscopy journal, July 2012

Disorder-induced suppression of superconductivity in the Si ( 111 ) − ( 7 × 3 ) -In surface: Scanning tunneling microscopy study journal, July 2015

Visualization and analysis of atomistic simulation data with OVITO–the Open Visualization Tool journal, December 2009

Superconducting Calcium-Intercalated Bilayer Graphene journal, January 2016

Disorder in van der Waals heterostructures of 2D materials journal, May 2019

Superconducting Proximity Effect and Majorana Fermions at the Surface of a Topological Insulator journal, March 2008

First-principles study of the connection between structure and electronic properties of gallium journal, January 2009

Superconducting Interfaces Between Insulating Oxides journal, August 2007

Evidence for superconductivity in Li-decorated monolayer graphene journal, September 2015

Adsorbate-substrate and adsorbate-adsorbate interactions of Na and K adlayers on Al(111) journal, December 1992

Graphene formation at 150 °C using indium as catalyst journal, January 2017

Influence of the silicon carbide surface morphology on the epitaxial graphene formation journal, September 2011

Electron-phonon interaction using Wannier functions journal, October 2007

Electronic decoupling of an epitaxial graphene monolayer by gold intercalation journal, June 2010

Superconducting Transition and Critical Field of Pure Gallium Single Crystals journal, October 1966

Superconductivity in β -Phase Gallium journal, January 1973

Comeback of epitaxial graphene for electronics: large-area growth of bilayer-free graphene on SiC journal, September 2016

Epitaxial graphene on 6 H -SiC and Li intercalation journal, November 2010

Maximally localized Wannier functions for entangled energy bands journal, December 2001

Transition Temperature of Strong-Coupled Superconductors journal, March 1968

Reducing Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction and field-free spin-orbit torque switching in synthetic antiferromagnets journal, May 2021

Comeback of epitaxial graphene for electronics: Large-area growth of bilayer-free graphene on SiC other, January 2016

Superconducting Proximity Effect and Majorana Fermions at the Surface of a Topological Insulator journal, January 2009

Superconducting proximity effect and Majorana fermions at the surface of a topological insulator text, January 2007

EPW: A program for calculating the electron-phonon coupling using maximally localized Wannier functions text, January 2010

Probing the Nature of Defects in Graphene by Raman Spectroscopy text, January 2012

Anisotropic Migdal-Eliashberg theory using Wannier functions text, January 2012

Evidence for superconductivity in Li-decorated monolayer graphene text, January 2015

Maximally-localized Wannier functions for entangled energy bands text, January 2001

Experimental Observation of Quantum Hall Effect and Berry's Phase in Graphene text, January 2005

Van Der Waals-Corrected Density Functional Theory Simulation of Adsorption Processes on Noble-Metal Surfaces: Xe on Ag(111), Au(111), and Cu(111) journal, February 2016

Calculation of Magnetic Exchange Interactions and Construction of a Spin Model for Low-Dimensional Magnetic Compounds journal, January 2019

Observation of the quantum Hall effect in δ-doped SrTiO3 journal, May 2016

Discovery of a new type of topological Weyl fermion semimetal state in MoxW1−xTe2 journal, December 2016

Emergence of non-centrosymmetric topological insulating phase in BiTeI under pressure journal, January 2012

Topological insulators in Bi2Se3, Bi2Te3 and Sb2Te3 with a single Dirac cone on the surface journal, May 2009

Full-gap superconductivity in spin-polarised surface states of topological semimetal β-PdBi2 journal, October 2017

Hall coefficient signals orbital differentiation in the Hund’s metal Sr2RuO4 journal, July 2019

Magnetism and anomalous transport in the Weyl semimetal PrAlGe: possible route to axial gauge fields journal, January 2020

Electric-field-tuned topological phase transition in ultrathin Na3Bi journal, December 2018

Observation of the nonlinear Hall effect under time-reversal-symmetric conditions journal, December 2018

Generalized Gradient Approximation Made Simple
journal, October 1996

Ambipolar doping in quasifree epitaxial graphene on SiC(0001) controlled by Ge intercalation
journal, September 2011

Theory of the Superconducting Transition Temperature and Energy Gap Function of Superposed Metal Films
journal, December 1963

Two-dimensional gallium nitride realized via graphene encapsulation
journal, August 2016

Projector augmented-wave method
journal, December 1994

Unconventional superconductivity in magic-angle graphene superlattices
journal, March 2018

Hybrid functionals based on a screened Coulomb potential
journal, May 2003

Extracting $E$ versus $\vec{k}$ effective band structure from supercell calculations on alloys and impurities
journal, February 2012

Superconducting Tunneling in the Low-Temperature Phases of Gallium
journal, June 1968

QUANTUM ESPRESSO: a modular and open-source software project for quantum simulations of materials
journal, September 2009

Superconductivity in one-atomic-layer metal films grown on Si(111)
journal, January 2010

From ultrasoft pseudopotentials to the projector augmented-wave method
journal, January 1999

EPW: A program for calculating the electron–phonon coupling using maximally localized Wannier functions
journal, December 2010

Excitonic Effects on the Optical Response of Graphene and Bilayer Graphene
journal, October 2009

VESTA 3 for three-dimensional visualization of crystal, volumetric and morphology data
journal, October 2011

Periodic boundary conditions in ab initio calculations
journal, February 1995

Electronic structure calculations with GPAW: a real-space implementation of the projector augmented-wave method
journal, June 2010

Structural and electronic properties of epitaxial graphene on SiC(0 0 0 1): a review of growth, characterization, transfer doping and hydrogen intercalation
journal, September 2010

Transfer free graphene growth on SiO2 substrate at 250 °C
journal, March 2017

A morphology study on the epitaxial growth of graphene and its buffer layer
journal, August 2018

Properties of synthetic epitaxial graphene/molybdenum disulfide lateral heterostructures
journal, December 2017

Simple high vacuum evaporation system with low‐temperature substrate
journal, August 1978

Phonon Spectrum of Superconducting Amorphous Bismuth and Gallium by Electron Tunneling
journal, March 1969

Evidence of Plasmonic Coupling in Gallium Nanoparticles/Graphene/SiC
journal, June 2012

Highly Enhanced Raman Scattering of Graphene using Plasmonic Nano-Structure
journal, October 2013

Experimental observation of the quantum Hall effect and Berry's phase in graphene
journal, November 2005

Transition temperature of strong-coupled superconductors reanalyzed
journal, August 1975

Generalized Gradient Approximation Made Simple [Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 3865 (1996)]
journal, February 1997

Optical Properties of Plasmonic Ultrathin TiN Films
journal, May 2017

Transdimensional Photonics
journal, January 2019

Demonstrating the Capability of the High-Performance Plasmonic Gallium–Graphene Couple
journal, March 2014

Near room temperature chemical vapor deposition of graphene with diluted methane and molten gallium catalyst
journal, September 2017

Relativistic separable dual-space Gaussian pseudopotentials from H to Rn
journal, August 1998

Tunable plasmons in ultrathin metal films
journal, March 2019

Efficient iterative schemes for ab initio total-energy calculations using a plane-wave basis set
journal, October 1996

Anisotropic Migdal-Eliashberg theory using Wannier functions
journal, January 2013

Probing the Nature of Defects in Graphene by Raman Spectroscopy
journal, July 2012

Disorder-induced suppression of superconductivity in the $Si (111) - (\sqrt{7} \times \sqrt{3})$ -In surface: Scanning tunneling microscopy study
journal, July 2015

Visualization and analysis of atomistic simulation data with OVITO–the Open Visualization Tool
journal, December 2009

Superconducting Calcium-Intercalated Bilayer Graphene
journal, January 2016

Disorder in van der Waals heterostructures of 2D materials
journal, May 2019

Superconducting Proximity Effect and Majorana Fermions at the Surface of a Topological Insulator
journal, March 2008

First-principles study of the connection between structure and electronic properties of gallium
journal, January 2009

Superconducting Interfaces Between Insulating Oxides
journal, August 2007

Evidence for superconductivity in Li-decorated monolayer graphene
journal, September 2015

Adsorbate-substrate and adsorbate-adsorbate interactions of Na and K adlayers on Al(111)
journal, December 1992

Graphene formation at 150 °C using indium as catalyst
journal, January 2017

Influence of the silicon carbide surface morphology on the epitaxial graphene formation
journal, September 2011

Electron-phonon interaction using Wannier functions
journal, October 2007

Electronic decoupling of an epitaxial graphene monolayer by gold intercalation
journal, June 2010

Superconducting Transition and Critical Field of Pure Gallium Single Crystals
journal, October 1966

Superconductivity in $β$ -Phase Gallium
journal, January 1973

Comeback of epitaxial graphene for electronics: large-area growth of bilayer-free graphene on SiC
journal, September 2016

Epitaxial graphene on $6 H -SiC$ and Li intercalation
journal, November 2010

Maximally localized Wannier functions for entangled energy bands
journal, December 2001

Transition Temperature of Strong-Coupled Superconductors
journal, March 1968

Reducing Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction and field-free spin-orbit torque switching in synthetic antiferromagnets
journal, May 2021

Comeback of epitaxial graphene for electronics: Large-area growth of bilayer-free graphene on SiC
other, January 2016

Superconducting Proximity Effect and Majorana Fermions at the Surface of a Topological Insulator
journal, January 2009

Superconducting proximity effect and Majorana fermions at the surface of a topological insulator
text, January 2007

EPW: A program for calculating the electron-phonon coupling using maximally localized Wannier functions
text, January 2010

Probing the Nature of Defects in Graphene by Raman Spectroscopy
text, January 2012

Anisotropic Migdal-Eliashberg theory using Wannier functions
text, January 2012

Evidence for superconductivity in Li-decorated monolayer graphene
text, January 2015

Maximally-localized Wannier functions for entangled energy bands
text, January 2001

Experimental Observation of Quantum Hall Effect and Berry's Phase in Graphene
text, January 2005

Van Der Waals-Corrected Density Functional Theory Simulation of Adsorption Processes on Noble-Metal Surfaces: Xe on Ag(111), Au(111), and Cu(111)
journal, February 2016

Calculation of Magnetic Exchange Interactions and Construction of a Spin Model for Low-Dimensional Magnetic Compounds
journal, January 2019

Observation of the quantum Hall effect in δ-doped SrTiO3
journal, May 2016

Discovery of a new type of topological Weyl fermion semimetal state in MoxW1−xTe2
journal, December 2016

Emergence of non-centrosymmetric topological insulating phase in BiTeI under pressure
journal, January 2012

Topological insulators in Bi₂Se₃, Bi₂Te₃ and Sb₂Te₃ with a single Dirac cone on the surface
journal, May 2009

Full-gap superconductivity in spin-polarised surface states of topological semimetal β-PdBi2
journal, October 2017

Hall coefficient signals orbital differentiation in the Hund’s metal Sr2RuO4
journal, July 2019

Magnetism and anomalous transport in the Weyl semimetal PrAlGe: possible route to axial gauge fields
journal, January 2020

Electric-field-tuned topological phase transition in ultrathin Na3Bi
journal, December 2018

Observation of the nonlinear Hall effect under time-reversal-symmetric conditions
journal, December 2018

Electronic Properties of Fluoride and Half–fluoride Superlattices KZnF3/KAgF3 and SrTiO3/KAgF3
journal, October 2015

Bismuth based half-Heusler alloys with giant thermoelectric figures of merit
journal, January 2017

Polarization canting in ferroelectric diisopropylammonium-halide molecular crystals: a computational first principles study
journal, January 2018