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Title: The Origin of $$r$$-process Enhanced Metal-poor Halo Stars In Now-destroyed Ultra-faint Dwarf Galaxies

Abstract

The highly $$r$$-process-enhanced (r-II) metal-poor halo stars we observe today could play a key role in understanding early ultra-faint dwarf galaxies (UFDs), the smallest building blocks of the Milky Way. If a significant fraction of metal-poor r-II halo stars originated in the UFDs that merged to help form the Milky Way, observations of r-II stars could help us study these now-destroyed systems and probe the formation history of our Galaxy. To conduct our initial investigation into this possible connection, we use high-resolution cosmological simulations of Milky Way-mass galaxies from the Caterpillar suite in combination with a simple, empirically motivated treatment of $$r$$-process enrichment. Further, we determine the fraction of metal-poor halo stars that could have formed from highly $$r$$-process-enhanced gas in now-destroyed low-mass UFDs, the simulated r-II fraction, and compare it to the “as observed” r-II fraction. We find that the simulated fraction, $$f_{r-II,sim}$$ ~1%–2%, can account for around half of the “as observed” fraction, $$f_{r-II,obs}$$ ~ 2%–4%. The “as observed” fraction likely overrepresents the fraction of r-II stars due to incomplete sampling, though, meaning $$f_{r-II,sim}$$ likely accounts for more than half of the true fr-II,obs. Further considering some parameter variations and scatter between individual simulations, the simulated fraction can account for around 20%–80% of the “as observed” fraction.

Authors:
ORCiD logo [1]; ORCiD logo [2]; ORCiD logo [1]; ORCiD logo [3];  [4]; ORCiD logo [5]
+ Show Author Affiliations
  1. Massachusetts Inst. of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA (United States); Joint Inst. for Nuclear Astrophysics - Center for the Evolution of the Elements (JINA-CEE) (United States)
  2. Observatories of the Carnegie Inst. for Science, Pasadena, CA (United States); Joint Inst. for Nuclear Astrophysics - Center for the Evolution of the Elements (JINA-CEE) (United States)
  3. Google, New York, NY (United States)
  4. Univ. de La Serena (Chile)
  5. Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, MI (United States); Joint Inst. for Nuclear Astrophysics - Center for the Evolution of the Elements (JINA-CEE) (United States)
Publication Date:
Research Org.:
Krell Institute, Ames, IA (United States)
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE Office of Science (SC); Whiteman Fellowship; National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA); Space Telescope Science Institute; National Science Foundation (NSF); National Fund for Scientific and Technological Development (FONDECYT); Max Planck Society
OSTI Identifier:
1613174
Grant/Contract Number:  
SC0019323; HST-HF2-51393.001; NAS5-26555; AST-1255160; AST-1716251; NNX15AP39G; 80NSSC18K1105; HSTAR-13261.01-A; AST-1514700; PHY-1430152
Resource Type:
Accepted Manuscript
Journal Name:
The Astrophysical Journal (Online)
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Name: The Astrophysical Journal (Online); Journal Volume: 871; Journal Issue: 2; Journal ID: ISSN 1538-4357
Publisher:
Institute of Physics (IOP)
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS; Astronomy & astrophysics; galaxies: dwarf; Galaxy: formation; Galaxy: halo; nuclear reactions, nucleosynthesis, abundances

Citation Formats

Brauer, Kaley, Ji, Alexander P., Frebel, Anna, Dooley, Gregory A., Gómez, Facundo A., and O’Shea, Brian W. The Origin of $r$-process Enhanced Metal-poor Halo Stars In Now-destroyed Ultra-faint Dwarf Galaxies. United States: N. p., 2019. Web. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aafafb.
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Brauer, Kaley, Ji, Alexander P., Frebel, Anna, Dooley, Gregory A., Gómez, Facundo A., & O’Shea, Brian W. The Origin of $r$-process Enhanced Metal-poor Halo Stars In Now-destroyed Ultra-faint Dwarf Galaxies. United States. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aafafb
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Brauer, Kaley, Ji, Alexander P., Frebel, Anna, Dooley, Gregory A., Gómez, Facundo A., and O’Shea, Brian W. Tue . "The Origin of $r$-process Enhanced Metal-poor Halo Stars In Now-destroyed Ultra-faint Dwarf Galaxies". United States. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aafafb. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1613174.
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@article{osti_1613174,
title = {The Origin of $r$-process Enhanced Metal-poor Halo Stars In Now-destroyed Ultra-faint Dwarf Galaxies},
author = {Brauer, Kaley and Ji, Alexander P. and Frebel, Anna and Dooley, Gregory A. and Gómez, Facundo A. and O’Shea, Brian W.},
abstractNote = {The highly $r$-process-enhanced (r-II) metal-poor halo stars we observe today could play a key role in understanding early ultra-faint dwarf galaxies (UFDs), the smallest building blocks of the Milky Way. If a significant fraction of metal-poor r-II halo stars originated in the UFDs that merged to help form the Milky Way, observations of r-II stars could help us study these now-destroyed systems and probe the formation history of our Galaxy. To conduct our initial investigation into this possible connection, we use high-resolution cosmological simulations of Milky Way-mass galaxies from the Caterpillar suite in combination with a simple, empirically motivated treatment of $r$-process enrichment. Further, we determine the fraction of metal-poor halo stars that could have formed from highly $r$-process-enhanced gas in now-destroyed low-mass UFDs, the simulated r-II fraction, and compare it to the “as observed” r-II fraction. We find that the simulated fraction, $f_{r-II,sim}$ ~1%–2%, can account for around half of the “as observed” fraction, $f_{r-II,obs}$ ~ 2%–4%. The “as observed” fraction likely overrepresents the fraction of r-II stars due to incomplete sampling, though, meaning $f_{r-II,sim}$ likely accounts for more than half of the true fr-II,obs. Further considering some parameter variations and scatter between individual simulations, the simulated fraction can account for around 20%–80% of the “as observed” fraction.},
doi = {10.3847/1538-4357/aafafb},
journal = {The Astrophysical Journal (Online)},
number = 2,
volume = 871,
place = {United States},
year = {Tue Feb 05 00:00:00 EST 2019},
month = {Tue Feb 05 00:00:00 EST 2019}
}
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The Chemical Evolution of the ursa Minor Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy
journal, July 2010

From Nuclei to the Cosmos: Tracing Heavy-Element Production with the Oldest Stars
journal, October 2018

The early days of the Sculptor dwarf spheroidal galaxy
journal, October 2015

R-process enrichment from a single event in an ancient dwarf galaxy
journal, March 2016

  • Ji, Alexander P.; Frebel, Anna; Chiti, Anirudh
  • Nature, Vol. 531, Issue 7596
  • DOI: 10.1038/nature17425

ELVIS: Exploring the Local Volume in Simulations
journal, January 2014

  • Garrison-Kimmel, Shea; Boylan-Kolchin, Michael; Bullock, James S.
  • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 438, Issue 3
  • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stt2377

Segue 1: an Unevolved Fossil Galaxy from the Early Universe
journal, April 2014

Where are the most ancient stars in the Milky Way?
journal, July 2018

  • El-Badry, Kareem; Bland-Hawthorn, Joss; Wetzel, Andrew
  • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 480, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/sty1864

Gaia Reveals a Metal-rich, in situ Component of the Local Stellar Halo
journal, August 2017

  • Bonaca, Ana; Conroy, Charlie; Wetzel, Andrew
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 845, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/aa7d0c

Gravitationally Consistent halo Catalogs and Merger Trees for Precision Cosmology
journal, December 2012

WEAVE: the next generation wide-field spectroscopy facility for the William Herschel Telescope
conference, September 2012

  • Dalton, Gavin; Trager, Scott C.; Abrams, Don Carlos
  • SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation, SPIE Proceedings
  • DOI: 10.1117/12.925950

High-Resolution Spectroscopy of Extremely Metal-Poor Stars in the Least Evolved Galaxies: leo iv
journal, May 2010

The Rockstar Phase-Space Temporal halo Finder and the Velocity Offsets of Cluster Cores
journal, December 2012

The Origin of r -process Elements in the Milky Way
journal, March 2018

  • Côté, Benoit; Fryer, Chris L.; Belczynski, Krzysztof
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 855, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/aaad67

Chemical Diversity in the Ultra-Faint Dwarf Galaxy Tucana ii
journal, November 2016

Detailed Abundances of two very Metal-Poor Stars in Dwarf Galaxies
journal, November 2012

Chemical Signatures of the First Supernovae in the Sculptor Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy
journal, March 2015

  • Simon, Joshua D.; Jacobson, Heather R.; Frebel, Anna
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 802, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.1088/0004-637X/802/2/93

Extremely metal-poor stars in classical dwarf spheroidal galaxies: Fornax, Sculptor, and Sextans
journal, November 2010

Stellar Chemical Signatures and Hierarchical Galaxy Formation
journal, September 2004

  • Venn, Kim A.; Irwin, Mike; Shetrone, Matthew D.
  • The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 128, Issue 3
  • DOI: 10.1086/422734

The First Tidally Disrupted Ultra-faint Dwarf Galaxy?: A Spectroscopic Analysis of the Tucana III Stream
journal, October 2018

The fastest travel together: chemical tagging of the fastest stars in Gaia DR2 to the stellar halo
journal, August 2018

  • Hawkins, Keith; Wyse, Rosemary F. G.
  • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 481, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/sty2282

An r -process Enhanced Star in the Dwarf Galaxy Tucana III
journal, March 2017

  • Hansen, T. T.; Simon, J. D.; Marshall, J. L.
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 838, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/aa634a

A Search for Stars of very low Metal Abundance. vi. Detailed Abundances of 313 Metal-Poor Stars
journal, May 2014

Tracing the Metal-Poor m31 Stellar halo with blue Horizontal Branch Stars
journal, March 2015

  • Williams, Benjamin F.; Dalcanton, Julianne J.; Bell, Eric F.
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 802, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1088/0004-637X/802/1/49

4MOST: 4-metre multi-object spectroscopic telescope
conference, October 2012

  • de Jong, Roelof S.; Bellido-Tirado, Olga; Chiappini, Cristina
  • SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation, SPIE Proceedings
  • DOI: 10.1117/12.926239

A common mass scale for satellite galaxies of the Milky Way
text, January 2008

The Highly Unusual Chemical Composition of the Hercules Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy
text, January 2008

The First Galaxies
text, January 2011

The [Fe/H], [C/Fe], and [alpha/Fe] distributions of the Bootes I Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy
text, January 2011

The Average Star Formation Histories of Galaxies in Dark Matter Halos from z=0-8
text, January 2012

Planck 2013 results. XVI. Cosmological parameters
text, January 2013

Neutron-capture element deficiency of the Hercules dwarf spheroidal galaxy
text, January 2013

The stellar-to-halo mass relation for Local Group galaxies
text, January 2013

A Search for Stars of Very Low Metal Abundance. VI. Detailed Abundances of 313 Metal-Poor Stars
text, January 2014

A chemical confirmation of the faint Bootes II dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy
text, January 2014

The first carbon-enhanced metal-poor star found in the Sculptor dwarf spheroidal
text, January 2014

Chemical Signatures of the First Supernovae in the Sculptor Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy
text, January 2014

Formation of In Situ Stellar Haloes in Milky Way-Mass Galaxies
text, January 2015

The Origin and Evolution of the Galaxy Mass-Metallicity Relation
text, January 2015

The early days of the Sculptor dwarf spheroidal galaxy
text, January 2015

Organized Chaos: Scatter in the relation between stellar mass and halo mass in small galaxies
text, January 2016

Chemical Diversity in the Ultra-faint Dwarf Galaxy Tucana II
text, January 2016

Diverse Stellar Haloes in Nearby Milky Way-Mass Disc Galaxies
text, January 2016

The upper bound on the lowest mass halo
text, January 2016

An R-process enhanced star in the dwarf galaxy Tucana III
text, January 2017

Empirical Determination of Dark Matter Velocities using Metal-Poor Stars
text, January 2017

Gaia reveals a metal-rich in-situ component of the local stellar halo
text, January 2017

The total satellite population of the Milky Way
text, January 2017

Neutron Star Mergers and Nucleosynthesis of Heavy Elements
text, January 2017

GW170817: Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Neutron Star Inspiral
text, January 2017

JINAbase: A database for chemical abundances of metal-poor stars
text, January 2017

Evolution of the Stellar Mass--Metallicity Relation - I: Galaxies in the z~0.4 Cluster Cl0024
text, January 2018

Chemical Abundances of new member stars in the Tucana II dwarf galaxy
text, January 2018

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    Works referencing / citing this record:

    Elemental Abundances in M31: The Kinematics and Chemical Evolution of Dwarf Spheroidal Satellite Galaxies
    journal, January 2020

    • Kirby, Evan N.; Gilbert, Karoline M.; Escala, Ivanna
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    The Lanthanide Fraction Distribution in Metal-poor Stars: A Test of Neutron Star Mergers as the Dominant r -process Site
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    • Ji, Alexander P.; Drout, Maria R.; Hansen, Terese T.
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 882, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab3291
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