Experimental liquid-gas phase transition signals and reaction dynamics

Wada, R.; Lin, W.; Ren, P.; Zheng, H.; Liu, X.; Huang, M.; Yang, K.; Hagel, K.

doi:10.1103/physrevc.99.024616

Title: Experimental liquid-gas phase transition signals and reaction dynamics

Abstract

The experimental liquid-gas phase transition signals are examined for the quasiprojectile (QP) reconstructed from the reactions of ⁴⁰Ar + ²⁷Al, ⁴⁸Ti, ⁵⁸Ni at 47 MeV/nucleon, using measures of caloric curve, multiplicity derivative, moment parameters, and fluctuation of maximum fragment charge number (NVZ). The QP source is reconstructed, using moving source parametrizations on an event-by-event basis. For the determination of the temperature, a quadrupole fluctuation thermometer is used. Deuterons are chosen for the thermometer to minimize the Coulomb and secondary sequential decay effects. Here, a new event-by-event method is proposed for the thermometer to determine the temperature. All measures show a characteristic signature around the temperature T = 9.0 ± 0.4 MeV, which may suggest that the QP system goes into the liquid-gas phase transition at T_c = 8.3 ± 0.4 MeV after the Coulomb correction.

Authors:

Wada, R. ^[1]; Lin, W. ^[2]; Ren, P. ^[2]; Zheng, H. ^[3]; Liu, X. ^[4]; Huang, M. ^[5]; Yang, K. ^[6]; Hagel, K. ^[1]

Texas A & M Univ., College Station, TX (United States)
Sichuan Univ., Chengdu (China)
Shaanxi Normal Univ., Xi'an (China)
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou (China)
Inner Mongolia Univ. for Nationalities, Tongliao (China)
Xingyi Normal Univ. for Nationalities (China)

Publication Date:: Tue Feb 19 00:00:00 EST 2019

Research Org.:: Texas A & M Univ., College Station, TX (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Science (SC); National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)

OSTI Identifier:: 1610244

Alternate Identifier(s):: OSTI ID: 1495066

Grant/Contract Number:: FG02-93ER40773; 11805138; 11705242; FG02–93ER40773

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Physical Review C

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 99; Journal Issue: 2; Journal ID: ISSN 2469-9985

Publisher:: American Physical Society (APS)

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS; physics; low & intermediate energy heavy-ion reactions; nuclear fragmentation; nuclear reactions

Citation Formats


                    Wada, R., Lin, W., Ren, P., Zheng, H., Liu, X., Huang, M., Yang, K., and Hagel, K. Experimental liquid-gas phase transition signals and reaction dynamics.  United States: N. p., 2019. 
Web.  doi:10.1103/physrevc.99.024616.

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                    Wada, R., Lin, W., Ren, P., Zheng, H., Liu, X., Huang, M., Yang, K., & Hagel, K. Experimental liquid-gas phase transition signals and reaction dynamics.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevc.99.024616

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                    Wada, R., Lin, W., Ren, P., Zheng, H., Liu, X., Huang, M., Yang, K., and Hagel, K. Tue .  
"Experimental liquid-gas phase transition signals and reaction dynamics".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevc.99.024616.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1610244.

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@article{osti_1610244,

  title        = {Experimental liquid-gas phase transition signals and reaction dynamics},

  author       = {Wada, R. and Lin, W. and Ren, P. and Zheng, H. and Liu, X. and Huang, M. and Yang, K. and Hagel, K.},

  abstractNote = {The experimental liquid-gas phase transition signals are examined for the quasiprojectile (QP) reconstructed from the reactions of 40Ar + 27Al, 48Ti, 58Ni at 47 MeV/nucleon, using measures of caloric curve, multiplicity derivative, moment parameters, and fluctuation of maximum fragment charge number (NVZ). The QP source is reconstructed, using moving source parametrizations on an event-by-event basis. For the determination of the temperature, a quadrupole fluctuation thermometer is used. Deuterons are chosen for the thermometer to minimize the Coulomb and secondary sequential decay effects. Here, a new event-by-event method is proposed for the thermometer to determine the temperature. All measures show a characteristic signature around the temperature T = 9.0 ± 0.4 MeV, which may suggest that the QP system goes into the liquid-gas phase transition at Tc = 8.3 ± 0.4 MeV after the Coulomb correction.},

  doi          = {10.1103/physrevc.99.024616},

  journal      = {Physical Review C},

  number       = 2,

  volume       = 99,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Tue Feb 19 00:00:00 EST 2019},

  month        = {Tue Feb 19 00:00:00 EST 2019}

}

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Figures / Tables:

FIG. 1: Moving source fit for deuterons at selected angles for Bin1 (most central) of ⁴⁰Ar+⁴⁸Ti at 47 MeV/nucleon. Circles are experimental data and red solid, blue long-dashed, green dashed and black-dotted curves represent the summed, QP, NN and QT source, respectively. On the left to right column, $V^{ NN}_{s}$more »

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Bonasera, A.; Chen, Z.; Wada, R.
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.0803.3770

Nuclear multifragmentation and phase transition for hot nuclei
text, January 2008

Borderie, B.; Rivet, M. F.
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.0812.3524

Critical behavior of the isotope yield distributions in the Multifragmentation Regime of Heavy Ion Reactions
text, January 2010

Huang, M.; Wada, R.; Chen, Z.
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.1007.4738

Analysis of fragment yield ratios in the nuclear phase transition
text, January 2010

Tripathi, R.; Bonasera, A.; Wuenschel, S.
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.1010.2227

Asymmetry Dependence of the Nuclear Caloric Curve
text, January 2012

McIntosh, Alan B.; Bonasera, Aldo; Cammarata, Paul
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.1208.4887

Using Light Charged Particles to Probe the Asymmetry Dependence of the Nuclear Caloric Curve
text, January 2013

McIntosh, Alan B.; Bonasera, Aldo; Kohley, Zachary
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.1301.6805

Constrained caloric curves and phase transition for hot nuclei
text, January 2013

Borderie, Bernard; Piantelli, S.; Rivet, M. F.
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.1305.1517

Multiplicity Derivative: A new signature of first order phase transition in intermediate energy heavy ion collision
text, January 2017

Mallik, S.; Chaudhuri, G.; Das, P.
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.1705.08187

First-order derivative of cluster size as a new signature of phase transition in heavy ion collisions at intermediate energies
text, January 2018

Das, P.; Mallik, S.; Chaudhuri, G.
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.1802.07020

Sensitivity study of experimental measures for the nuclear liquid-gas phase transition in the statistical multifragmentation model
text, January 2018

Lin, W.; Ren, P.; Zheng, H.
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.1805.11304

Universal features of the order-parameter fluctuations : reversible and irreversible aggregation
text, January 2000

Botet, R.; Ploszajczak, M.
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.cond-mat/0004003

Model-independent tracking of criticality signals in nuclear multifragmentation data
text, January 2004

Frankland, J. D.; Chbihi, A.; Mignon, A.
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.nucl-ex/0404024

Critical Behavior in Light Nuclear Systems: Experimental Aspects
text, January 2004

Ma, Y. G.; Natowitz, J. B.; Wada, R.
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.nucl-ex/0410018

Bimodality: a possible experimental signature of the liquid-gas phase transition of nuclear matter
text, January 2006

Pichon, M.; Tamain, B.; Bougault, R.
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.nucl-ex/0602003

Thermodynamical features of multifragmentation in peripheral Au + Au Collisions at 35 A.MeV
text, January 1999

D'Agostino, M.; Botvina, A. S.; Bruno, M.
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.nucl-ex/9902007

Application of Information Theory in Nuclear Liquid Gas Phase Transition
text, January 2001

Ma, Yu-Gang
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.nucl-th/0102019

Negative heat capacities and first order phase transitions in nuclei
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Moretto, L. G.; Elliott, J. B.; Phair, L.
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.nucl-th/0208024

Nuclear liquid-gas phase transition studied with antisymmetrized molecular dynamics
text, January 2003

Furuta, Takuya; Ono, Akira
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.nucl-th/0305050

Isospin and symmetry energy effects on nuclear fragment production in liquid-gas type phase transition region
preprint, January 2004

Buyukcizmeci, N.; Ogul, R.; Botvina, A. S.
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.nucl-th/0412111

Bimodality as a signal of Liquid-Gas phase transition in nuclei?
text, January 2005

Lopez, Olivier; Lacroix, Denis; Vient, Emmanuel
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.nucl-th/0504027

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Critical behavior in light nuclear systems: Experimental aspects

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An extensive experimental survey of the features of the disassembly of a small quasiprojectile system with A{approx}36, produced in the reactions of 47 MeV/nucleon {sup 40}Ar + {sup 27}Al, {sup 48}Ti, and {sup 58}Ni, has been carried out. Nuclei in the excitation energy range of 1-9 MeV/nucleon have been investigated employing a new method to reconstruct the quasiprojectile source. At an excitation energy {approx}5.6 MeV/nucleon many observables indicate the presence of maximal fluctuations in the deexcitation processes. These include the normalized second moments of the Campi plot and normalized variances of the distributions of order parameters such as the atomicmore »« less
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Similar Records

Title: Experimental liquid-gas phase transition signals and reaction dynamics

Abstract

Citation Formats

Figures / Tables:

Critical behavior in light nuclear systems: Experimental aspects journal, May 2005

On the decay of very hot nuclei (II). Microcanonical metropolis sampling of multifragmentation journal, January 1987

Neutron Capture and Nuclear Constitution journal, February 1936

Temperatures and excitation energies of hot nuclei in the reactions of S 32 +Ag and O 16 +Ag at 30 MeV/nucleon journal, February 1989

Sensitivity study of experimental measures for the nuclear liquid-gas phase transition in the statistical multifragmentation model journal, May 2018

Tracing the evolution of the symmetry energy of hot nuclear fragments from the compound nucleus towards multifragmentation journal, January 2007

Coulomb corrections to the extraction of the density and temperature in non-relativistic heavy ion collisions journal, March 2014

Violent collisions and multifragment final states in the Ca 40 + 40 Ca reaction at 35 MeV/nucleon journal, October 1994

Investigation of the nuclear phase transition using the Landau free-energy approach journal, January 2013

Universal features of the order-parameter fluctuations: Reversible and irreversible aggregation journal, August 2000

Statistical evolution of isotope composition of nuclear fragments journal, May 2001

Production and characterization of hot nuclei in the reactions of 19 and 35 MeV/u 14N with 145Sm journal, September 1988

Investigation of critical behaviour from nuclear fragment yield ratios journal, September 2011

Excited state production and temperature measurement in a heavy ion reaction journal, December 1984

The many facets of the (non-relativistic) Nuclear Equation of State journal, May 2014

Nuclear Liquid-Gas Phase Transition: Experimental Signals journal, March 2005

Statistical analysis of experimental multifragmentation events in Zn 64 + Sn 112 at 40 MeV/nucleon journal, April 2018

Caloric curves and critical behavior in nuclei journal, March 2002

On the reliability of negative heat capacity measurements journal, March 2002

Nuclear Liquid-Gas Phase Transition Studied with Antisymmetrized Molecular Dynamics journal, January 2004

NIMROD–ISiS, a versatile tool for studying the isotopic degree of freedom in heavy ion collisions journal, June 2009

Dynamics and thermodynamics of the liquid$ndash$gas phase transition in hot nuclei studied with the INDRA array journal, June 2002

Statistical multifragmentation of nuclei journal, June 1995

Light particle probes of expansion and temperature evolution: Coalescence model analyses of heavy ion collisions at 4 7 A MeV journal, August 2000

Negative heat capacities and first order phase transitions in nuclei journal, October 2002

Bimodality emerges from transport model calculations of heavy ion collisions at intermediate energy journal, April 2016

Light particle emission in O 16 -induced reactions at 140, 215, and 310 MeV journal, May 1982

Charged-particle calorimetry of 40Ar + 27Al reactions from 36 to 65 MeV/u journal, August 1993

Probing the Nuclear Liquid-Gas Phase Transition journal, August 1995

Signals of critical behavior in fragmenting finite systems journal, August 1999

Reaction dynamics and multifragmentation in Fermi energy heavy ion reactions journal, April 2004

The theory of equilibrium critical phenomena journal, July 1967

Using light charged particles to probe the asymmetry dependence of the nuclear caloric curve journal, March 2013

Nuclear spinodal fragmentation journal, January 2004

Model-independent tracking of criticality signals in nuclear multifragmentation data journal, March 2005

Dynamical and statistical bimodality in nuclear fragmentation journal, February 2018

Constrained caloric curves and phase transition for hot nuclei journal, June 2013

Application of Information Theory in Nuclear Liquid Gas Phase Transition journal, November 1999

First-order derivative of cluster size as a new signature of phase transition in heavy ion collisions at intermediate energies journal, August 2018

Measurement of Complex Fragments and Clues to the Entropy Production from 42-137-MeV/nucleon Ar + Au journal, November 1983

Density and temperature of fermions from quantum fluctuations journal, January 2011

Multifragmentation of spectators in relativistic heavy-ion reactions journal, March 1995

Multifragmentation and phase transition for hot nuclei: recent progress journal, March 2010

Reaction mechanisms and multifragmentation processes in 64 Zn + 58 Ni at 3 5 A – 7 9 A MeV journal, July 2000

Caloric curve and conditional moments: Effects of secondary fragment decay journal, February 1998

Role of Quasiprojectile Isospin Asymmetry in Nuclear Fragmentation journal, March 2012

Negative heat capacity in the critical region of nuclear fragmentation: an experimental evidence of the liquid-gas phase transition journal, February 2000

Multiplicity derivative: A new signature of a first-order phase transition in intermediate-energy heavy-ion collisions journal, June 2017

Isospin and symmetry energy effects on nuclear fragment production in liquid-gas-type phase transition region journal, June 2005

The theory of equilibrium critical phenomena journal, January 1968

Nuclear Fragment Mass Yields from High-Energy Proton-Nucleus Interactions journal, November 1982

Nuclear liquid-gas phase transition studied with antisymmetrized molecular dynamics journal, July 2006

Liquid to Vapor Phase Transition in Excited Nuclei journal, January 2002

Zpif's law in the liquid gas phase transition of nuclei journal, December 1999

Analysis of fragment yield ratios in the nuclear phase transition journal, May 2011

Power law behavior of the isotope yield distributions in the multifragmentation regime of heavy ion reactions journal, November 2010

Temperature and free-nucleon densities of nuclear matter exploding into light clusters in heavy-ion collisions journal, September 1985

Statistical multifragmentation in central Au + Au collisions at 35 MeV/u journal, March 1996

Transition from participant to spectator fragmentation in Au+Au reactions between 60 A and 150 A MeV journal, March 2007

The theory of condensation and the critical point journal, October 1967

Evidence of critical behavior in the disassembly of nuclei with A ∼ 36 journal, March 2004

On the decay of very hot nuclei (I). Canonical metropolis sampling of multifragmentation journal, January 1987

Thermodynamical features of multifragmentation in peripheral Au + Au collisions at 35 A MeV journal, April 1999

Multifragmentation of the remnant produced in the reaction of 1 A GeV gold with carbon journal, February 1998

Nuclear multifragmentation and phase transition for hot nuclei journal, October 2008

Critical phenomena in hadronic matter and experimental isotopic yields in high energy proton-nucleus collisions journal, December 1982

The description of fragmentation as a critical phenomenon in high energy P-nucleus collisions journal, April 1984

Multifragmentation, link between fission and the liquid-gas phase-transition journal, January 1993

Nuclear fragmentation and critical temperature for the liquid-gas phase transition region journal, March 2005

Bimodality as a Signal of a Liquid-Gas Phase Transition in Nuclei? journal, December 2005

Asymmetry dependence of the nuclear caloric curve journal, February 2013

Phase transition in a statistical model for nuclear multifragmentation journal, March 1998

Asymmetry Dependence of the Nuclear Caloric Curve journal, March 2013

Multifragmentation: nuclei break up like percolation clusters journal, October 1986

Measuring the temperature of hot nuclear fragments journal, October 2010

Bimodality: A possible experimental signature of the liquid–gas phase transition of nuclear matter journal, November 2006

Critical behavior in light nuclear systems: Experimental aspects
journal, May 2005

On the decay of very hot nuclei (II). Microcanonical metropolis sampling of multifragmentation
journal, January 1987

Neutron Capture and Nuclear Constitution
journal, February 1936

Temperatures and excitation energies of hot nuclei in the reactions of ${}^{32}S$ +Ag and ${}^{16}O$ +Ag at 30 MeV/nucleon
journal, February 1989

Sensitivity study of experimental measures for the nuclear liquid-gas phase transition in the statistical multifragmentation model
journal, May 2018

Tracing the evolution of the symmetry energy of hot nuclear fragments from the compound nucleus towards multifragmentation
journal, January 2007

Coulomb corrections to the extraction of the density and temperature in non-relativistic heavy ion collisions
journal, March 2014

Violent collisions and multifragment final states in the ${}^{40}{Ca}$ $+^{40}$ Ca reaction at 35 MeV/nucleon
journal, October 1994

Investigation of the nuclear phase transition using the Landau free-energy approach
journal, January 2013

Universal features of the order-parameter fluctuations: Reversible and irreversible aggregation
journal, August 2000

Statistical evolution of isotope composition of nuclear fragments
journal, May 2001

Production and characterization of hot nuclei in the reactions of 19 and 35 MeV/u 14N with 145Sm
journal, September 1988

Investigation of critical behaviour from nuclear fragment yield ratios
journal, September 2011

Excited state production and temperature measurement in a heavy ion reaction
journal, December 1984

The many facets of the (non-relativistic) Nuclear Equation of State
journal, May 2014

Nuclear Liquid-Gas Phase Transition: Experimental Signals
journal, March 2005

Statistical analysis of experimental multifragmentation events in ${}^{64}{Zn} + {}^{112}{Sn}$ at 40 MeV/nucleon
journal, April 2018

Caloric curves and critical behavior in nuclei
journal, March 2002

On the reliability of negative heat capacity measurements
journal, March 2002

Nuclear Liquid-Gas Phase Transition Studied with Antisymmetrized Molecular Dynamics
journal, January 2004

NIMROD–ISiS, a versatile tool for studying the isotopic degree of freedom in heavy ion collisions
journal, June 2009

Dynamics and thermodynamics of the liquid$ndash$gas phase transition in hot nuclei studied with the INDRA array
journal, June 2002

Statistical multifragmentation of nuclei
journal, June 1995

Light particle probes of expansion and temperature evolution: Coalescence model analyses of heavy ion collisions at $47 A MeV$
journal, August 2000

Negative heat capacities and first order phase transitions in nuclei
journal, October 2002

Bimodality emerges from transport model calculations of heavy ion collisions at intermediate energy
journal, April 2016

Light particle emission in ${}^{16}O$ -induced reactions at 140, 215, and 310 MeV
journal, May 1982

Charged-particle calorimetry of 40Ar + 27Al reactions from 36 to 65 MeV/u
journal, August 1993

Probing the Nuclear Liquid-Gas Phase Transition
journal, August 1995

Signals of critical behavior in fragmenting finite systems
journal, August 1999

Reaction dynamics and multifragmentation in Fermi energy heavy ion reactions
journal, April 2004

The theory of equilibrium critical phenomena
journal, July 1967

Using light charged particles to probe the asymmetry dependence of the nuclear caloric curve
journal, March 2013

Nuclear spinodal fragmentation
journal, January 2004

Model-independent tracking of criticality signals in nuclear multifragmentation data
journal, March 2005

Dynamical and statistical bimodality in nuclear fragmentation
journal, February 2018

Constrained caloric curves and phase transition for hot nuclei
journal, June 2013

Application of Information Theory in Nuclear Liquid Gas Phase Transition
journal, November 1999

First-order derivative of cluster size as a new signature of phase transition in heavy ion collisions at intermediate energies
journal, August 2018

Measurement of Complex Fragments and Clues to the Entropy Production from 42-137-MeV/nucleon Ar + Au
journal, November 1983

Density and temperature of fermions from quantum fluctuations
journal, January 2011

Multifragmentation of spectators in relativistic heavy-ion reactions
journal, March 1995

Multifragmentation and phase transition for hot nuclei: recent progress
journal, March 2010

Reaction mechanisms and multifragmentation processes in $^{64} Zn +^{58} Ni$ at $35 A - 79 A MeV$
journal, July 2000

Caloric curve and conditional moments: Effects of secondary fragment decay
journal, February 1998

Role of Quasiprojectile Isospin Asymmetry in Nuclear Fragmentation
journal, March 2012

Negative heat capacity in the critical region of nuclear fragmentation: an experimental evidence of the liquid-gas phase transition
journal, February 2000

Multiplicity derivative: A new signature of a first-order phase transition in intermediate-energy heavy-ion collisions
journal, June 2017

Isospin and symmetry energy effects on nuclear fragment production in liquid-gas-type phase transition region
journal, June 2005

The theory of equilibrium critical phenomena
journal, January 1968

Nuclear Fragment Mass Yields from High-Energy Proton-Nucleus Interactions
journal, November 1982

Nuclear liquid-gas phase transition studied with antisymmetrized molecular dynamics
journal, July 2006

Liquid to Vapor Phase Transition in Excited Nuclei
journal, January 2002

Zpif's law in the liquid gas phase transition of nuclei
journal, December 1999

Analysis of fragment yield ratios in the nuclear phase transition
journal, May 2011

Power law behavior of the isotope yield distributions in the multifragmentation regime of heavy ion reactions
journal, November 2010

Temperature and free-nucleon densities of nuclear matter exploding into light clusters in heavy-ion collisions
journal, September 1985

Statistical multifragmentation in central Au + Au collisions at 35 MeV/u
journal, March 1996

Transition from participant to spectator fragmentation in Au+Au reactions between $60 A$ and $150 A$ MeV
journal, March 2007

The theory of condensation and the critical point
journal, October 1967

Evidence of critical behavior in the disassembly of nuclei with $A \sim 36$
journal, March 2004

On the decay of very hot nuclei (I). Canonical metropolis sampling of multifragmentation
journal, January 1987

Thermodynamical features of multifragmentation in peripheral Au + Au collisions at 35 A MeV
journal, April 1999

Multifragmentation of the remnant produced in the reaction of $1 A$ GeV gold with carbon
journal, February 1998

Nuclear multifragmentation and phase transition for hot nuclei
journal, October 2008

Critical phenomena in hadronic matter and experimental isotopic yields in high energy proton-nucleus collisions
journal, December 1982

The description of fragmentation as a critical phenomenon in high energy P-nucleus collisions
journal, April 1984

Multifragmentation, link between fission and the liquid-gas phase-transition
journal, January 1993

Nuclear fragmentation and critical temperature for the liquid-gas phase transition region
journal, March 2005

Bimodality as a Signal of a Liquid-Gas Phase Transition in Nuclei?
journal, December 2005

Asymmetry dependence of the nuclear caloric curve
journal, February 2013

Phase transition in a statistical model for nuclear multifragmentation
journal, March 1998

Asymmetry Dependence of the Nuclear Caloric Curve
journal, March 2013

Multifragmentation: nuclei break up like percolation clusters
journal, October 1986

Measuring the temperature of hot nuclear fragments
journal, October 2010

Bimodality: A possible experimental signature of the liquid–gas phase transition of nuclear matter
journal, November 2006

Universal Fluctuations in Heavy-Ion Collisions in the Fermi Energy Domain
journal, April 2001

Birth, life and death of hot nuclei
journal, January 1989

Bimodality: A Sign of Critical Behavior in Nuclear Reactions
journal, January 2008

Energy dependence of nuclear matter disassembly in heavy ion collisions
journal, October 1982