Electronic Structure of the Plasmons in Metal Nanocrystals: Fundamental Limitations for the Energy Efficiency of Hot Electron Generation

Chang, Le; Besteiro, Lucas V.; Sun, Jiachen; Santiago, Eva Yazmin; Gray, Stephen K.; Wang, Zhiming; Govorov, Alexander O.

doi:10.1021/acsenergylett.9b01617

Title: Electronic Structure of the Plasmons in Metal Nanocrystals: Fundamental Limitations for the Energy Efficiency of Hot Electron Generation

Abstract

This Review discusses the electronic structure of plasmonic resonances in metal nanostructures, clarifying existing misconceptions on the topic. Here we underscore the key property of the plasmonic response in metal nanocrystals: the plasmon and its wave function are mostly composed of a large number of low-energy excitations, which involve electrons near the Fermi level. Simultaneously, some number of high-energy hot electrons are excited in a nanocrystal due to the scattering of electrons by surfaces and in hot spots. It is an established fact that plasmon excitations are well described by classical frameworks, considering the collective oscillation of low-energy carriers moving as the result of classical acceleration. This classical motion is intrinsically dissipative and leads to heating. On the other hand, the generation of hot electrons in nanocrystals is a quantum surface effect. The energy efficiency of such Metal Semiconductor hot-electron processes is always limited. However, there are interesting possibilities for the hot-electron enhancement, which we discuss here in the context of applications for plasmonic photodetectors, photocatalysis, and ultrafast spectroscopy.

Authors:

Chang, Le ^[1];

^[2]; Sun, Jiachen ^[1]; Santiago, Eva Yazmin ^[3]; Gray, Stephen K. ^[4]; Wang, Zhiming ^[1];

^[5]

Univ. of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu (China). Inst. of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences
Univ. of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu (China). Inst. of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences; Inst. National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Québec (Canada). Centre Énergie Matériaux et Télécommunications
Ohio Univ., Athens, OH (United States)
Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States). Center for Nanoscale Materials
Univ. of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu (China). Inst. of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences; Ohio Univ., Athens, OH (United States)

Publication Date:: Mon Sep 16 00:00:00 EDT 2019

Research Org.:: Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES); China Postdoctoral Science Foundation; National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC); Volkswagen Foundation; National Basic Research Program of China; University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC)

OSTI Identifier:: 1608036

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-06CH11357; 2018M643438

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: ACS Energy Letters

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 4; Journal Issue: 10; Journal ID: ISSN 2380-8195

Publisher:: American Chemical Society (ACS)

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 36 MATERIALS SCIENCE; Metals; Plasmonics; Scattering; Electrical energy; Plasmons

Citation Formats


                    Chang, Le, Besteiro, Lucas V., Sun, Jiachen, Santiago, Eva Yazmin, Gray, Stephen K., Wang, Zhiming, and Govorov, Alexander O. Electronic Structure of the Plasmons in Metal Nanocrystals: Fundamental Limitations for the Energy Efficiency of Hot Electron Generation.  United States: N. p., 2019. 
Web.  doi:10.1021/acsenergylett.9b01617.

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                    Chang, Le, Besteiro, Lucas V., Sun, Jiachen, Santiago, Eva Yazmin, Gray, Stephen K., Wang, Zhiming, & Govorov, Alexander O. Electronic Structure of the Plasmons in Metal Nanocrystals: Fundamental Limitations for the Energy Efficiency of Hot Electron Generation.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.9b01617

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                    Chang, Le, Besteiro, Lucas V., Sun, Jiachen, Santiago, Eva Yazmin, Gray, Stephen K., Wang, Zhiming, and Govorov, Alexander O. Mon .  
"Electronic Structure of the Plasmons in Metal Nanocrystals: Fundamental Limitations for the Energy Efficiency of Hot Electron Generation".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.9b01617.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1608036.

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@article{osti_1608036,

  title        = {Electronic Structure of the Plasmons in Metal Nanocrystals: Fundamental Limitations for the Energy Efficiency of Hot Electron Generation},

  author       = {Chang, Le and Besteiro, Lucas V. and Sun, Jiachen and Santiago, Eva Yazmin and Gray, Stephen K. and Wang, Zhiming and Govorov, Alexander O.},

  abstractNote = {This Review discusses the electronic structure of plasmonic resonances in metal nanostructures, clarifying existing misconceptions on the topic. Here we underscore the key property of the plasmonic response in metal nanocrystals: the plasmon and its wave function are mostly composed of a large number of low-energy excitations, which involve electrons near the Fermi level. Simultaneously, some number of high-energy hot electrons are excited in a nanocrystal due to the scattering of electrons by surfaces and in hot spots. It is an established fact that plasmon excitations are well described by classical frameworks, considering the collective oscillation of low-energy carriers moving as the result of classical acceleration. This classical motion is intrinsically dissipative and leads to heating. On the other hand, the generation of hot electrons in nanocrystals is a quantum surface effect. The energy efficiency of such Metal Semiconductor hot-electron processes is always limited. However, there are interesting possibilities for the hot-electron enhancement, which we discuss here in the context of applications for plasmonic photodetectors, photocatalysis, and ultrafast spectroscopy.},

  doi          = {10.1021/acsenergylett.9b01617},

  journal      = {ACS Energy Letters},

  number       = 10,

  volume       = 4,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Mon Sep 16 00:00:00 EDT 2019},

  month        = {Mon Sep 16 00:00:00 EDT 2019}

}

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Hot‐Electron‐Assisted Femtosecond All‐Optical Modulation in Plasmonics

Journal Article Taghinejad, Mohammad ; Taghinejad, Hossein ; Xu, Zihao ; ... - Advanced Materials

Abstract The optical Kerr nonlinearity of plasmonic metals provides enticing prospects for developing reconfigurable and ultracompact all‐optical modulators. In nanostructured metals, the coherent coupling of light energy to plasmon resonances creates a nonequilibrium electron distribution at an elevated electron temperature that gives rise to significant Kerr optical nonlinearities. Although enhanced nonlinear responses of metals facilitate the realization of efficient modulation devices, the intrinsically slow relaxation dynamics of the photoexcited carriers, primarily governed by electron–phonon interactions, impedes ultrafast all‐optical modulation. Here, femtosecond (≈190 fs) all‐optical modulation in plasmonic systems via the activation of relaxation pathways for hot electrons at the interfacemore »« less
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https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201704915

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Citation Formats

Plasmonics: Fundamentals and Applications book, January 2007

Dielectric function and plasma resonances of small metal particles journal, December 1975

Plasmon resonance broadening in small metal particles journal, December 1983

Size Evolution of the Surface Plasmon Resonance Damping in Silver Nanoparticles: Confinement and Dielectric Effects journal, June 2011

Optical Studies of Dynamics in Noble Metal Nanostructures journal, June 2011

Charge-Tunable Quantum Plasmons in Colloidal Semiconductor Nanocrystals journal, December 2013

Theory of Quantum Plasmon Resonances in Doped Semiconductor Nanocrystals journal, July 2014

Plasmon Resonances of Semiconductor Nanocrystals: Physical Principles and New Opportunities journal, March 2014

Theory of Photoinjection of Hot Plasmonic Carriers from Metal Nanostructures into Semiconductors and Surface Molecules journal, July 2013

Photogeneration of hot plasmonic electrons with metal nanocrystals: Quantum description and potential applications journal, February 2014

Absorption and emission of electromagnetic waves by two-dimensional plasmons journal, December 1985

Amplified Generation of Hot Electrons and Quantum Surface Effects in Nanoparticle Dimers with Plasmonic Hot Spots journal, August 2016

Plasmonic Nanostars with Hot Spots for Efficient Generation of Hot Electrons under Solar Illumination journal, September 2016

Understanding Hot-Electron Generation and Plasmon Relaxation in Metal Nanocrystals: Quantum and Classical Mechanisms journal, October 2017

Ultrafast Electron Dynamics and Optical Nonlinearities in Metal Nanoparticles journal, March 2001

Transient Optical Response of a Single Gold Nanoantenna: The Role of Plasmon Detuning journal, March 2015

Photodetection with Active Optical Antennas journal, May 2011

Surface plasmon waveguide Schottky detector journal, January 2010

Enhanced generation and anisotropic Coulomb scattering of hot electrons in an ultra-broadband plasmonic nanopatch metasurface journal, October 2017

Derivation of third-order nonlinear susceptibility of thin metal films as a delayed optical response journal, June 2012

Real-time optical mapping of the dynamics of nonthermal electrons in thin gold films journal, October 2012

Kinetic Density Functional Theory for Plasmonic Nanostructures: Breaking of the Plasmon Peak in the Quantum Regime and Generation of Hot Electrons journal, March 2015

Applying plasmonics to a sustainable future journal, June 2017

Determination of hot carrier energy distributions from inversion of ultrafast pump-probe reflectivity measurements journal, May 2018

Mechanisms and Applications of Plasmon-Induced Charge Separation at TiO 2 Films Loaded with Gold Nanoparticles journal, May 2005

Hot Charge Carrier Transmission from Plasmonic Nanostructures journal, May 2017

Recent advancements in plasmon-enhanced visible light-driven water splitting journal, March 2017

Surface-Plasmon-Driven Hot Electron Photochemistry journal, November 2017

Plasmonic metal–semiconductor photocatalysts and photoelectrochemical cells: a review journal, January 2018

Hierarchical synthesis of non-centrosymmetric hybrid nanostructures and enabled plasmon-driven photocatalysis journal, September 2014

Quantifying hot carrier and thermal contributions in plasmonic photocatalysis journal, October 2018

Singular characteristics and unique chemical bond activation mechanisms of photocatalytic reactions on plasmonic nanostructures journal, October 2012

Plasmonic coupling at a metal/semiconductor interface journal, November 2017

Anomalous ultrafast dynamics of hot plasmonic electrons in nanostructures with hot spots journal, August 2015

Hot-Electron-Assisted Femtosecond All-Optical Modulation in Plasmonics journal, January 2018

Plasmon-induced hot-carrier generation differences in gold and silver nanoclusters journal, January 2019

Material, Size, and Environment Dependence of Plasmon-Induced Hot Carriers in Metallic Nanoparticles journal, March 2018

Plasmon-Induced Hot Carriers in Metallic Nanoparticles journal, July 2014

Unique Hot Carrier Distributions from Scattering-Mediated Absorption journal, February 2017

Theoretical predictions for hot-carrier generation from surface plasmon decay journal, December 2014

Theory and computation of hot carriers generated by surface plasmon polaritons in noble metals journal, June 2015

Hot-Electron Dynamics and Thermalization in Small Metallic Nanoparticles journal, July 2016

The fast and the furious: Ultrafast hot electrons in plasmonic metastructures. Size and structure matter journal, August 2019

Fundamental Limitations to Plasmonic Hot-Carrier Solar Cells journal, May 2016

Many-Particle Physics book, January 2000

What’s so Hot about Electrons in Metal Nanoparticles? journal, June 2017

Boosting Hot Electron-Driven Photocatalysis through Anisotropic Plasmonic Nanoparticles with Hot Spots in Au–TiO 2 Nanoarchitectures journal, May 2016

Colloidal plasmonic nanostar antennas with wide range resonance tunability journal, January 2019

Circular Dichroism of Chiral Molecules in DNA-Assembled Plasmonic Hotspots journal, August 2018

Broadband Hot-Electron Collection for Solar Water Splitting with Plasmonic Titanium Nitride journal, March 2017

Comparing Photoelectrochemical Methanol Oxidation Mechanisms for Gold versus Titanium Nitride Nanoparticles Dispersed in TiO 2 Matrix journal, January 2019

Photoinduced Electron Transfer at Molecule−Metal Interfaces journal, October 2006

Efficient hot-electron transfer by a plasmon-induced interfacial charge-transfer transition journal, August 2015

Spectral Properties and Relaxation Dynamics of Surface Plasmon Electronic Oscillations in Gold and Silver Nanodots and Nanorods journal, October 1999

Ultrafast Cooling of Photoexcited Electrons in Gold Nanoparticle−Thiolated DNA Conjugates Involves the Dissociation of the Gold−Thiol Bond journal, February 2006

Picosecond Dynamics of Colloidal Gold Nanoparticles journal, January 1996

Ultrafast Nonlinear Optical Response of a Single Gold Nanorod near Its Surface Plasmon Resonance journal, July 2011

Probing Long-Lived Plasmonic-Generated Charges in TiO 2 /Au by High-Resolution X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy journal, March 2015

Tunable Nonthermal Distribution of Hot Electrons in a Semiconductor Injected from a Plasmonic Gold Nanostructure journal, June 2018

Quantifying Wavelength-Dependent Plasmonic Hot Carrier Energy Distributions at Metal/Semiconductor Interfaces journal, February 2019

Traveling Hot Spots in Plasmonic Photocatalysis: Manipulating Interparticle Spacing for Real-Time Control of Electron Injection journal, February 2018

Opportunities and Challenges of Solar-Energy-Driven Carbon Dioxide to Fuel Conversion with Plasmonic Catalysts journal, August 2017

A Comparison of Photocatalytic Activities of Gold Nanoparticles Following Plasmonic and Interband Excitation and a Strategy for Harnessing Interband Hot Carriers for Solution Phase Photocatalysis journal, April 2017

Spectral Screening of the Energy of Hot Holes over a Particle Plasmon Resonance journal, February 2019

Activation Energies of Plasmonic Catalysts journal, April 2016

Dynamically Modulating the Surface Plasmon Resonance of Doped Semiconductor Nanocrystals journal, October 2011

Hot Hole Collection and Photoelectrochemical CO 2 Reduction with Plasmonic Au/p-GaN Photocathodes journal, March 2018

Chiral Plasmonic Nanocrystals for Generation of Hot Electrons: Toward Polarization-Sensitive Photochemistry journal, January 2019

Circularly polarized light detection with hot electrons in chiral plasmonic metamaterials journal, September 2015

Photocatalytic Activity Enhanced by Plasmonic Resonant Energy Transfer from Metal to Semiconductor journal, August 2012

A Visible and Near-IR Tunnel Photosensor with a Nanoscale Metal Emitter: The Effect of Matching of Hot Electrons Localization Zones and a Strong Electrostatic Field journal, December 2019

Plasmonics: Fundamentals and Applications
book, January 2007

Dielectric function and plasma resonances of small metal particles
journal, December 1975

Plasmon resonance broadening in small metal particles
journal, December 1983

Size Evolution of the Surface Plasmon Resonance Damping in Silver Nanoparticles: Confinement and Dielectric Effects
journal, June 2011

Optical Studies of Dynamics in Noble Metal Nanostructures
journal, June 2011

Charge-Tunable Quantum Plasmons in Colloidal Semiconductor Nanocrystals
journal, December 2013

Theory of Quantum Plasmon Resonances in Doped Semiconductor Nanocrystals
journal, July 2014

Plasmon Resonances of Semiconductor Nanocrystals: Physical Principles and New Opportunities
journal, March 2014

Theory of Photoinjection of Hot Plasmonic Carriers from Metal Nanostructures into Semiconductors and Surface Molecules
journal, July 2013

Photogeneration of hot plasmonic electrons with metal nanocrystals: Quantum description and potential applications
journal, February 2014

Absorption and emission of electromagnetic waves by two-dimensional plasmons
journal, December 1985

Amplified Generation of Hot Electrons and Quantum Surface Effects in Nanoparticle Dimers with Plasmonic Hot Spots
journal, August 2016

Plasmonic Nanostars with Hot Spots for Efficient Generation of Hot Electrons under Solar Illumination
journal, September 2016

Understanding Hot-Electron Generation and Plasmon Relaxation in Metal Nanocrystals: Quantum and Classical Mechanisms
journal, October 2017

Ultrafast Electron Dynamics and Optical Nonlinearities in Metal Nanoparticles
journal, March 2001

Transient Optical Response of a Single Gold Nanoantenna: The Role of Plasmon Detuning
journal, March 2015

Photodetection with Active Optical Antennas
journal, May 2011

Surface plasmon waveguide Schottky detector
journal, January 2010

Enhanced generation and anisotropic Coulomb scattering of hot electrons in an ultra-broadband plasmonic nanopatch metasurface
journal, October 2017

Derivation of third-order nonlinear susceptibility of thin metal films as a delayed optical response
journal, June 2012

Real-time optical mapping of the dynamics of nonthermal electrons in thin gold films
journal, October 2012

Kinetic Density Functional Theory for Plasmonic Nanostructures: Breaking of the Plasmon Peak in the Quantum Regime and Generation of Hot Electrons
journal, March 2015

Applying plasmonics to a sustainable future
journal, June 2017

Determination of hot carrier energy distributions from inversion of ultrafast pump-probe reflectivity measurements
journal, May 2018

Mechanisms and Applications of Plasmon-Induced Charge Separation at TiO ₂ Films Loaded with Gold Nanoparticles
journal, May 2005

Hot Charge Carrier Transmission from Plasmonic Nanostructures
journal, May 2017

Recent advancements in plasmon-enhanced visible light-driven water splitting
journal, March 2017

Surface-Plasmon-Driven Hot Electron Photochemistry
journal, November 2017

Plasmonic metal–semiconductor photocatalysts and photoelectrochemical cells: a review
journal, January 2018

Hierarchical synthesis of non-centrosymmetric hybrid nanostructures and enabled plasmon-driven photocatalysis
journal, September 2014

Quantifying hot carrier and thermal contributions in plasmonic photocatalysis
journal, October 2018

Singular characteristics and unique chemical bond activation mechanisms of photocatalytic reactions on plasmonic nanostructures
journal, October 2012

Plasmonic coupling at a metal/semiconductor interface
journal, November 2017

Anomalous ultrafast dynamics of hot plasmonic electrons in nanostructures with hot spots
journal, August 2015

Hot-Electron-Assisted Femtosecond All-Optical Modulation in Plasmonics
journal, January 2018

Plasmon-induced hot-carrier generation differences in gold and silver nanoclusters
journal, January 2019

Material, Size, and Environment Dependence of Plasmon-Induced Hot Carriers in Metallic Nanoparticles
journal, March 2018

Plasmon-Induced Hot Carriers in Metallic Nanoparticles
journal, July 2014

Unique Hot Carrier Distributions from Scattering-Mediated Absorption
journal, February 2017

Theoretical predictions for hot-carrier generation from surface plasmon decay
journal, December 2014

Theory and computation of hot carriers generated by surface plasmon polaritons in noble metals
journal, June 2015

Hot-Electron Dynamics and Thermalization in Small Metallic Nanoparticles
journal, July 2016

The fast and the furious: Ultrafast hot electrons in plasmonic metastructures. Size and structure matter
journal, August 2019

Fundamental Limitations to Plasmonic Hot-Carrier Solar Cells
journal, May 2016

Many-Particle Physics
book, January 2000

What’s so Hot about Electrons in Metal Nanoparticles?
journal, June 2017

Boosting Hot Electron-Driven Photocatalysis through Anisotropic Plasmonic Nanoparticles with Hot Spots in Au–TiO ₂ Nanoarchitectures
journal, May 2016

Colloidal plasmonic nanostar antennas with wide range resonance tunability
journal, January 2019

Circular Dichroism of Chiral Molecules in DNA-Assembled Plasmonic Hotspots
journal, August 2018

Broadband Hot-Electron Collection for Solar Water Splitting with Plasmonic Titanium Nitride
journal, March 2017

Comparing Photoelectrochemical Methanol Oxidation Mechanisms for Gold versus Titanium Nitride Nanoparticles Dispersed in TiO ₂ Matrix
journal, January 2019

Photoinduced Electron Transfer at Molecule−Metal Interfaces
journal, October 2006

Efficient hot-electron transfer by a plasmon-induced interfacial charge-transfer transition
journal, August 2015

Spectral Properties and Relaxation Dynamics of Surface Plasmon Electronic Oscillations in Gold and Silver Nanodots and Nanorods
journal, October 1999

Ultrafast Cooling of Photoexcited Electrons in Gold Nanoparticle−Thiolated DNA Conjugates Involves the Dissociation of the Gold−Thiol Bond
journal, February 2006

Picosecond Dynamics of Colloidal Gold Nanoparticles
journal, January 1996

Ultrafast Nonlinear Optical Response of a Single Gold Nanorod near Its Surface Plasmon Resonance
journal, July 2011

Probing Long-Lived Plasmonic-Generated Charges in TiO ₂ /Au by High-Resolution X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy
journal, March 2015

Tunable Nonthermal Distribution of Hot Electrons in a Semiconductor Injected from a Plasmonic Gold Nanostructure
journal, June 2018

Quantifying Wavelength-Dependent Plasmonic Hot Carrier Energy Distributions at Metal/Semiconductor Interfaces
journal, February 2019

Traveling Hot Spots in Plasmonic Photocatalysis: Manipulating Interparticle Spacing for Real-Time Control of Electron Injection
journal, February 2018

Opportunities and Challenges of Solar-Energy-Driven Carbon Dioxide to Fuel Conversion with Plasmonic Catalysts
journal, August 2017

A Comparison of Photocatalytic Activities of Gold Nanoparticles Following Plasmonic and Interband Excitation and a Strategy for Harnessing Interband Hot Carriers for Solution Phase Photocatalysis
journal, April 2017

Spectral Screening of the Energy of Hot Holes over a Particle Plasmon Resonance
journal, February 2019

Activation Energies of Plasmonic Catalysts
journal, April 2016

Dynamically Modulating the Surface Plasmon Resonance of Doped Semiconductor Nanocrystals
journal, October 2011

Hot Hole Collection and Photoelectrochemical CO ₂ Reduction with Plasmonic Au/p-GaN Photocathodes
journal, March 2018

Chiral Plasmonic Nanocrystals for Generation of Hot Electrons: Toward Polarization-Sensitive Photochemistry
journal, January 2019

Circularly polarized light detection with hot electrons in chiral plasmonic metamaterials
journal, September 2015

Photocatalytic Activity Enhanced by Plasmonic Resonant Energy Transfer from Metal to Semiconductor
journal, August 2012

A Visible and Near-IR Tunnel Photosensor with a Nanoscale Metal Emitter: The Effect of Matching of Hot Electrons Localization Zones and a Strong Electrostatic Field
journal, December 2019