Valence instability across the magnetostructural transition in USb2

Brubaker, Z. E.; Xiao, Y.; Chow, P.; Kenney-Benson, C.; Smith, J. S.; Cynn, H.; Reynolds, C.; Butch, N. P.; Zieve, R. J.; Jeffries, J. R.

doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.101.085123

Title: Valence instability across the magnetostructural transition in ${USb}_{2}$

Authors:

^[1]; Xiao, Y. ^[2]; Chow, P. ^[2]; Kenney-Benson, C. ^[2]; Smith, J. S. ^[2]; Cynn, H. ^[3]; Reynolds, C. ^[3]; Butch, N. P. ^[4]; Zieve, R. J. ^[5]; Jeffries, J. R. ^[3]

Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States); Univ. of California, Davis, CA (United States). Dept. of Physics; Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)
Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States)
Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)
National Inst. of Standards and Technology (NIST), Boulder, CO (United States); Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD (United States). Dept. of Physics
Univ. of California, Davis, CA (United States). Dept. of Physics

Publication Date:: Fri Feb 14 00:00:00 EST 2020

Research Org.:: Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States); Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States); Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA); USDOE Office of Science (SC); National Science Foundation (NSF)

OSTI Identifier:: 1606746

Alternate Identifier(s):: OSTI ID: 1599686; OSTI ID: 1614754; OSTI ID: 1769144

Report Number(s):: LLNL-JRNL-772386
Journal ID: ISSN 2469-9950; PRBMDO; TRN: US2104554

Grant/Contract Number:: AC05-00OR22725; AC52- 07NA27344; AC02-06CH11357; FG02-13ER41967; AC52-07NA27344

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Physical Review B

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 101; Journal Issue: 8; Journal ID: ISSN 2469-9950

Publisher:: American Physical Society (APS)

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND SUPERFLUIDITY; Electronic structure; MagnetismPhase transitions; Pressure effects; Strongly correlated systems; Pressure techniques; X-ray absorption spectroscopy; X-ray diffraction; X-ray emission spectroscopy; Condensed Matter & Materials Physics

Citation Formats


                    Brubaker, Z. E., Xiao, Y., Chow, P., Kenney-Benson, C., Smith, J. S., Cynn, H., Reynolds, C., Butch, N. P., Zieve, R. J., and Jeffries, J. R. Valence instability across the magnetostructural transition in USb2.  United States: N. p., 2020. 
Web.  doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.101.085123.

Copy to clipboard


                    Brubaker, Z. E., Xiao, Y., Chow, P., Kenney-Benson, C., Smith, J. S., Cynn, H., Reynolds, C., Butch, N. P., Zieve, R. J., & Jeffries, J. R. Valence instability across the magnetostructural transition in USb2.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.101.085123

Copy to clipboard


                    Brubaker, Z. E., Xiao, Y., Chow, P., Kenney-Benson, C., Smith, J. S., Cynn, H., Reynolds, C., Butch, N. P., Zieve, R. J., and Jeffries, J. R. Fri .  
"Valence instability across the magnetostructural transition in USb2".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.101.085123.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1606746.

Copy to clipboard


                    
@article{osti_1606746,

  title        = {Valence instability across the magnetostructural transition in USb2},

  author       = {Brubaker, Z. E. and Xiao, Y. and Chow, P. and Kenney-Benson, C. and Smith, J. S. and Cynn, H. and Reynolds, C. and Butch, N. P. and Zieve, R. J. and Jeffries, J. R.},

  abstractNote = {},

  doi          = {10.1103/PhysRevB.101.085123},

  journal      = {Physical Review B},

  number       = 8,

  volume       = 101,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Fri Feb 14 00:00:00 EST 2020},

  month        = {Fri Feb 14 00:00:00 EST 2020}

}

Copy to clipboard

Journal Article:

Free Publicly Available Full Text

Accepted Manuscript (Publisher)

Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Publisher's Version of Record

https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.101.085123

Other availability

Search WorldCat to find libraries that may hold this journal

Save / Share:

Export Metadata

Save to My Library

Works referenced in this record:

Anisotropy of the physical properties of uniaxial antiferromagnetic USb2
journal, April 1992

Henkie, Z.; Maślanka, R.; Wiśniewski, P.
Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Vol. 181, Issue 1-2
DOI: 10.1016/0925-8388(92)90321-Y

Delocalization and occupancy effects of 5f orbitals in plutonium intermetallics using L3-edge resonant X-ray emission spectroscopy
journal, June 2014

Booth, C. H.; Medling, S. A.; Jiang, Yu
Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena, Vol. 194
DOI: 10.1016/j.elspec.2014.03.004

Non-Fermi-liquid behavior in $d$ - and $f$ -electron metals
journal, October 2001

Stewart, G. R.
Reviews of Modern Physics, Vol. 73, Issue 4
DOI: 10.1103/RevModPhys.73.797

High temperature singlet-based magnetism from Hund’s rule correlations
journal, February 2019

Miao, Lin; Basak, Rourav; Ran, Sheng
Nature Communications, Vol. 10, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08497-3

High energy resolution x-ray absorption spectroscopy study of uranium in varying valence states
journal, December 2010

Vitova, T.; Kvashnina, K. O.; Nocton, G.
Physical Review B, Vol. 82, Issue 23
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.82.235118

High pressure X-ray absorption spectroscopy on uranium compounds
journal, December 1987

Itié, J. P.; Benedict, U.; Dabos, S.
Inorganica Chimica Acta, Vol. 140
DOI: 10.1016/S0020-1693(00)81086-5

High pressure effects on U L ₃ x-ray absorption in partial fluorescence yield mode and single crystal x-ray diffraction in the heavy fermion compound UCd ₁₁
journal, February 2016

Nasreen, Farzana; Antonio, Daniel; VanGennep, Derrick
Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, Vol. 28, Issue 10
DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/28/10/105601

Determination of pressure-induced valence changes in ${YbAl}_{2}$ by resonant inelastic x-ray emission
journal, December 2003

Dallera, C.; Annese, E.; Rueff, J. -P.
Physical Review B, Vol. 68, Issue 24
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.68.245114

Shubnikov–de Haas Effect Study of Cylindrical Fermi Surfaces in UP ₂
journal, January 2001

Wiśniewski, Piotr; Aoki, Dai; Watanabe, Narumi
Journal of the Physical Society of Japan, Vol. 70, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1143/JPSJ.70.278

Probing $5 f$ -state configurations in ${URu}_{2} {Si}_{2}$ with U $L_{III}$ -edge resonant x-ray emission spectroscopy
journal, July 2016

Booth, C. H.; Medling, S. A.; Tobin, J. G.
Physical Review B, Vol. 94, Issue 4
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.94.045121

High-pressure effects on L _III -XANES spectra of uranium compounds
journal, April 1990

Bertram, S.; Kaindl, G.; Schmiester, G.
High Pressure Research, Vol. 2, Issue 5-6
DOI: 10.1080/08957959008203188

Superconductivity and Ferromagnetic Quantum Criticality in Uranium Compounds
journal, June 2014

Aoki, Dai; Flouquet, Jacques
Journal of the Physical Society of Japan, Vol. 83, Issue 6
DOI: 10.7566/JPSJ.83.061011

Magnetic phase transitions induced by pressure and magnetic field: The case of antiferromagnetic ${USb}_{2}$
journal, March 2019

Sandratskii, Leonid
Physical Review B, Vol. 99, Issue 9
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.99.094411

Pressure-dependent intermediate valence behavior in YbNiGa 4 and YbNiIn 4
journal, December 2018

Brubaker, Z. E.; Stillwell, R. L.; Chow, P.
Physical Review B, Vol. 98, Issue 21
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.98.214115

Finite Elastic Strain of Cubic Crystals
journal, June 1947

Birch, Francis
Physical Review, Vol. 71, Issue 11
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRev.71.809

GSAS-II : the genesis of a modern open-source all purpose crystallography software package
journal, March 2013

Toby, Brian H.; Von Dreele, Robert B.
Journal of Applied Crystallography, Vol. 46, Issue 2
DOI: 10.1107/S0021889813003531

Specific volume measurements of Cu, Mo, Pd, and Ag and calibration of the ruby R ₁ fluorescence pressure gauge from 0.06 to 1 Mbar
journal, June 1978

Mao, H. K.; Bell, P. M.; Shaner, J. W.
Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 49, Issue 6
DOI: 10.1063/1.325277

Emergent ferromagnetism and $T$ -linear scattering in $USb_{2}$ at high pressure
journal, May 2016

Jeffries, Jason R.; Stillwell, Ryan L.; Weir, Samuel T.
Physical Review B, Vol. 93, Issue 18
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.93.184406

Multiconfigurational nature of 5f orbitals in uranium and plutonium intermetallics
journal, June 2012

Booth, C. H.; Jiang, Y.; Wang, D. L.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 109, Issue 26
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1200725109

Pressure-induced $f$ -electron delocalization in the U-based strongly correlated compounds $U {Pd}_{3}$ and $U {Pd}_{2} {Al}_{3}$ : Resonant inelastic x-ray scattering and first-principles calculations
journal, August 2007

Rueff, J. -P.; Raymond, S.; Yaresko, A.
Physical Review B, Vol. 76, Issue 8
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.76.085113

On the valence fluctuation in the early actinide metals
journal, February 2016

Söderlind, P.; Landa, A.; Tobin, J. G.
Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena, Vol. 207
DOI: 10.1016/j.elspec.2015.11.014

Ab-initio structure determination of LiSbWO6 by X-ray powder diffraction
journal, March 1988

Le Bail, A.; Duroy, H.; Fourquet, J. L.
Materials Research Bulletin, Vol. 23, Issue 3
DOI: 10.1016/0025-5408(88)90019-0

High-pressure susceptibility studies on the ferromagnetic uranium monochalcogenides US, USe and UTe
journal, August 1996

Cornelius, A. L.; Schilling, J. S.; Vogt, O.
Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, Vol. 161
DOI: 10.1016/S0304-8853(96)00033-9

Bulk moduli and high-pressure phases of the uranium rocksalt structure compounds: II. The monopnictides
journal, October 1989

Olsen, J. Staun; Gerward, L.; Benedict, U.
High Pressure Research, Vol. 1, Issue 4
DOI: 10.1080/08957958908222855

High-pressure resistance study of UTe
journal, June 1992

Link, P.; Benedict, U.; Wittig, J.
Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, Vol. 4, Issue 25
DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/4/25/011

Two-dimensional detector software: From real detector to idealised image or two-theta scan
journal, January 1996

Hammersley, A. P.; Svensson, S. O.; Hanfland, M.
High Pressure Research, Vol. 14, Issue 4-6, p. 235-248
DOI: 10.1080/08957959608201408

Similar Records in DOE PAGES and OSTI.GOV collections:

Acoustic phonon dispersion and diffuse scattering across the valence transition of ${(P r_{0.85} Y_{0.15})}_{0.7} C a_{0.3} Co O_{3 - δ}$

Journal Article Phelan, D. ; Krogstad, M. J. ; Schreiber, N. J. ; ... - Physical Review B

A number of praseodymium-containing cobalt perovskites undergo temperature-dependent metal-insulator transitions that involve a transfer of electrons between cobalt and praseodymium cations. We have used high- resolution inelastic x-ray scattering to directly measure the changes in the acoustic phonon dispersion through this transition in one such single crystal, (Pr_0.85Y_0.15)(0.)7Ca_0.3CoO_{3-more » $$\delta$$}, in an effort to understand the role of the lattice in the transition. Transverse and acoustic modes were measured in the pseudocubic (200), (220), and (222) zones both above and below the transition temperature. The resultant dispersion curves reveal that the transition is associated with a significant hardening of the pseudocubic C₁₁ elastic constant, whereas C₁₂ and C₄₄ do not significantly change. Here, analysis of the temperature-dependent damping of the longitudinal acoustic mode in the (200) zone reveals a peak in the damping at temperatures just above the transition temperature. Significant elastic diffuse scattering is also observed above the transition temperature, likely resulting from clusters in which the electron transfer is beginning to occur as a precursor to the phase transition. The presence of these clusters likely limits the phonon lifetimes, thus leading to the observed damping.« less
Cited by 4
https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.100.054101

Full Text Available
Magnetic Excitations across the Metal-Insulator Transition in the Pyrochlore Iridate ${Eu}_{2} {Ir}_{2} O_{7}$ [Evolution of Magnetic Excitations across the Metal-Insulator Transition in the Pyrochlore Iridate ${Eu}_{2} {Ir}_{2} O_{7}$ ]

Journal Article Chun, Sae Hwan ; Yuan, Bo ; Casa, Diego ; ... - Physical Review Letters

Here, we report a resonant inelastic x-ray scattering study of the magnetic excitation spectrum in a highly insulating Eu₂Ir₂O₇ single crystal that exhibits a metal-insulator transition at T_MI = 111(7) K. A propagating magnon mode with a 20 meV bandwidth and a 28 meV magnon gap is found in the excitation spectrum at 7 K, which is expected in the all-in-all-out magnetically ordered state. This magnetic excitation exhibits substantial softening as the temperature is raised towards T_MI and turns into a highly damped excitation in the paramagnetic phase. Remarkably, the softening occurs throughout the whole Brillouin zone including the zonemore »« less
Cited by 11
https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.120.177203

Full Text Available
Emergent ferromagnetism and $T$ -linear scattering in $USb_{2}$ at high pressure [Emergent ferromagnetism in USb₂ under pressure]

Journal Article Jeffries, Jason R. ; Stillwell, Ryan L. ; Weir, Samuel T. ; ... - Physical Review B

The material USb₂ is a correlated, moderately heavy-electron compound within the uranium dipnictide (UX₂) series. It is antiferromagnetic with a relatively high transition temperature T_N = 204K and a large U-U separation. While the uranium atoms in the lighter dipnictides are considered to be localized, those of USb₂ exhibit hybridization and itineracy, promoting uncertainty as to the continuity of the magnetic order within the UX₂. We have explored the evolution of the magnetic order by employing magnetotransport measurements as a function of pressure and temperature. We find that the T_N in USb₂ is enhanced, moving towards that of its smallermore »« less
Cited by 18
https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.93.184406

Full Text Available
Compton profile of ${VO}_{2}$ across the metal-insulator transition: Evidence of a non-Fermi liquid metal

Journal Article Kylänpää, Ilkka ; Luo, Ye ; Heinonen, Olle ; ... - Physical Review B

Many-body diffusion Monte Carlo is used to obtain the first-principles momentum distribution and Compton profile of vanadium dioxide. Our results for the Compton profile are in good agreement with the experimental values, and we show that good qualitative agreement in the scaled Compton profile difference across the monoclinic to rutile phase transition depends on an accurate description of electron correlation. The electron momentum distribution enables new insights into the metal-insulator phase transition. For example, the probability for electron scattering in the proximity of the Fermi surface (forward scattering) is suppressed in the vanadium chain direction (rutile c axis) but enhancedmore »« less
Cited by 4
https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.99.075154

Full Text Available
Highly dispersive magnons with spin-gap-like features in the frustrated ferromagnetic $S = \frac{1}{2}$ chain compound ${Ca}_{2} Y_{2} {Cu}_{5} O_{10}$ detected by inelastic neutron scattering

Journal Article Matsuda, Masaaki ; Ma, Jie ; Garlea, Vasile O. ; ... - Physical Review B

In this paper, we report inelastic neutron scattering experiments in Ca₂Y₂Cu₅O₁₀ and map out the full one-magnon dispersion which extends up to a record value of 53 meV for frustrated ferromagnetic (FM) edge-sharing CuO₂ chain (FFESC) cuprates. A homogeneous spin-1/2 chain model with a FM nearest-neighbor (NN), an antiferromagnetic (AFM) next-nearest-neighbor (NNN) inchain, and two diagonal AFM interchain couplings (ICs) analyzed within linear spin-wave theory (LSWT) reproduces well the observed strong dispersion along the chains and a weak one perpendicularly. The ratio α=|J_a2/J_a1| of the FM NN and the AFM NNN couplings is found as ~0.23, close to the critical point α_c=1/4 which separates ferromagnetically and antiferromagnetically correlated spiral magnetic ground states in single chains, whereas α_c>0.25 for coupled chains is considerably upshifted even for relatively weak IC. Although the measured dispersion can be described by homogeneous LSWT, the scattering intensity appears to be considerably reduced at ~11.5 and ~28 meV. The gaplike feature at 11.5 meV is attributed to magnon-phonon coupling whereas based on density matrix renormalization group simulations of the dynamical structure factor the gap at 28 meV is considered to stem partly from quantum effects due to the AFM IC. Another contribution to that gap is ascribed to the intrinsic superstructure from the distorting incommensurate pattern of CaY cationic chains adjacent to the CuO₂ ones. It gives rise to nonequivalent CuO₄ units and Cu-O-Cu bond angles Φ and a resulting distribution of all exchange integrals. The J's fitted by homogeneous LSWT are regarded as average values. The record value of the FM NN integral J₁=24 meV among FFESC cuprates can be explained by a nonuniversal Φ(≠90°) and Cu-O bond length dependent anisotropic mean direct FM Cu-O exchangemore »« less
Cited by 8
https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.100.104415

Full Text Available

Similar Records

Title: Valence instability across the magnetostructural transition in USb 2

Citation Formats

Anisotropy of the physical properties of uniaxial antiferromagnetic USb2 journal, April 1992

Delocalization and occupancy effects of 5f orbitals in plutonium intermetallics using L3-edge resonant X-ray emission spectroscopy journal, June 2014

Non-Fermi-liquid behavior in d - and f -electron metals journal, October 2001

High temperature singlet-based magnetism from Hund’s rule correlations journal, February 2019

High energy resolution x-ray absorption spectroscopy study of uranium in varying valence states journal, December 2010

High pressure X-ray absorption spectroscopy on uranium compounds journal, December 1987

High pressure effects on U L 3 x-ray absorption in partial fluorescence yield mode and single crystal x-ray diffraction in the heavy fermion compound UCd 11 journal, February 2016

Determination of pressure-induced valence changes in YbAl 2 by resonant inelastic x-ray emission journal, December 2003

Shubnikov–de Haas Effect Study of Cylindrical Fermi Surfaces in UP 2 journal, January 2001

Probing 5 f -state configurations in URu 2 Si 2 with U L III -edge resonant x-ray emission spectroscopy journal, July 2016

High-pressure effects on L III -XANES spectra of uranium compounds journal, April 1990

Superconductivity and Ferromagnetic Quantum Criticality in Uranium Compounds journal, June 2014

Magnetic phase transitions induced by pressure and magnetic field: The case of antiferromagnetic USb 2 journal, March 2019

Pressure-dependent intermediate valence behavior in YbNiGa 4 and YbNiIn 4 journal, December 2018

Finite Elastic Strain of Cubic Crystals journal, June 1947

GSAS-II : the genesis of a modern open-source all purpose crystallography software package journal, March 2013

Specific volume measurements of Cu, Mo, Pd, and Ag and calibration of the ruby R 1 fluorescence pressure gauge from 0.06 to 1 Mbar journal, June 1978

Emergent ferromagnetism and T -linear scattering in USb 2 at high pressure journal, May 2016

Multiconfigurational nature of 5f orbitals in uranium and plutonium intermetallics journal, June 2012

Pressure-induced f -electron delocalization in the U-based strongly correlated compounds U Pd 3 and U Pd 2 Al 3 : Resonant inelastic x-ray scattering and first-principles calculations journal, August 2007

On the valence fluctuation in the early actinide metals journal, February 2016

Ab-initio structure determination of LiSbWO6 by X-ray powder diffraction journal, March 1988

High-pressure susceptibility studies on the ferromagnetic uranium monochalcogenides US, USe and UTe journal, August 1996

Bulk moduli and high-pressure phases of the uranium rocksalt structure compounds: II. The monopnictides journal, October 1989

High-pressure resistance study of UTe journal, June 1992

Two-dimensional detector software: From real detector to idealised image or two-theta scan journal, January 1996

Title: Valence instability across the magnetostructural transition in ${USb}_{2}$

Anisotropy of the physical properties of uniaxial antiferromagnetic USb2
journal, April 1992

Delocalization and occupancy effects of 5f orbitals in plutonium intermetallics using L3-edge resonant X-ray emission spectroscopy
journal, June 2014

Non-Fermi-liquid behavior in $d$ - and $f$ -electron metals
journal, October 2001

High temperature singlet-based magnetism from Hund’s rule correlations
journal, February 2019

High energy resolution x-ray absorption spectroscopy study of uranium in varying valence states
journal, December 2010

High pressure X-ray absorption spectroscopy on uranium compounds
journal, December 1987

High pressure effects on U L ₃ x-ray absorption in partial fluorescence yield mode and single crystal x-ray diffraction in the heavy fermion compound UCd ₁₁
journal, February 2016

Determination of pressure-induced valence changes in ${YbAl}_{2}$ by resonant inelastic x-ray emission
journal, December 2003

Shubnikov–de Haas Effect Study of Cylindrical Fermi Surfaces in UP ₂
journal, January 2001

Probing $5 f$ -state configurations in ${URu}_{2} {Si}_{2}$ with U $L_{III}$ -edge resonant x-ray emission spectroscopy
journal, July 2016

High-pressure effects on L _III -XANES spectra of uranium compounds
journal, April 1990

Superconductivity and Ferromagnetic Quantum Criticality in Uranium Compounds
journal, June 2014

Magnetic phase transitions induced by pressure and magnetic field: The case of antiferromagnetic ${USb}_{2}$
journal, March 2019

Pressure-dependent intermediate valence behavior in YbNiGa 4 and YbNiIn 4
journal, December 2018

Finite Elastic Strain of Cubic Crystals
journal, June 1947

GSAS-II : the genesis of a modern open-source all purpose crystallography software package
journal, March 2013

Specific volume measurements of Cu, Mo, Pd, and Ag and calibration of the ruby R ₁ fluorescence pressure gauge from 0.06 to 1 Mbar
journal, June 1978

Emergent ferromagnetism and $T$ -linear scattering in $USb_{2}$ at high pressure
journal, May 2016

Multiconfigurational nature of 5f orbitals in uranium and plutonium intermetallics
journal, June 2012

Pressure-induced $f$ -electron delocalization in the U-based strongly correlated compounds $U {Pd}_{3}$ and $U {Pd}_{2} {Al}_{3}$ : Resonant inelastic x-ray scattering and first-principles calculations
journal, August 2007

On the valence fluctuation in the early actinide metals
journal, February 2016

Ab-initio structure determination of LiSbWO6 by X-ray powder diffraction
journal, March 1988

High-pressure susceptibility studies on the ferromagnetic uranium monochalcogenides US, USe and UTe
journal, August 1996

Bulk moduli and high-pressure phases of the uranium rocksalt structure compounds: II. The monopnictides
journal, October 1989

High-pressure resistance study of UTe
journal, June 1992

Two-dimensional detector software: From real detector to idealised image or two-theta scan
journal, January 1996