DOE PAGES title logo U.S. Department of Energy
Office of Scientific and Technical Information

Title: Measurement of exclusive Υ(1S) and Υ(2S) decays into vector-pseudoscalar final states

Abstract

Using samples of 102 million $Υ(1S)$ and 158 million $Υ(2S)$ events collected with the Belle detector, we study exclusive hadronic decays of these two bottomonium resonances to $$K^0_sK^+ \pi^-$$ and charge-conjugate (c.c.) states, $π^+π^-π^0π^0$, and $π^+π^-π^0$, and to the two-body Vector-Pseudoscalar $$(K^*(892)^0\bar{K}^0+c.c.$$, $K^*(892)^-K^++c.c.$, $ωπ^0$, and $ρπ$) final states. For the first time, signals are observed in the modes $Υ(1S)$ → $$K^0_sK^+\pi^- + c.c.$$, $π^+π^-π^0π^0$, and $Υ(2S)$$→$$π^+π^-π^0π^0$, and evidence is found for the modes $Υ(1S)$$→$$π^+π^-π^0$, $$K^*(892)^0\bar{K}^0+c.c.$$, and $Υ(2S)$ → $$K^0_sK^+\pi^- + c.c.$$ Branching fractions are measured for all the processes, while 90% confidence level upper limits on the branching fractions are also set for the modes with a statistical significance of less than $3σ$. The ratios of the branching fractions of $Υ(2S)$ and $Υ(1S)$ decays into the same final state are used to test a perturbative QCD prediction for OZI-suppressed bottomonium decays.

Authors:
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; more »; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; « less
Publication Date:
Research Org.:
Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ. (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, VA (United States)
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE Office of Science (SC), Fusion Energy Sciences (FES); USDOE Office of Science (SC), High Energy Physics (HEP)
Contributing Org.:
Belle Collaboration
OSTI Identifier:
1594508
Alternate Identifier(s):
OSTI ID: 1104296
Grant/Contract Number:  
SC0009973
Resource Type:
Accepted Manuscript
Journal Name:
Physical Review. D, Particles, Fields, Gravitation and Cosmology
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Volume: 88; Journal Issue: 1; Journal ID: ISSN 1550-7998
Publisher:
American Physical Society (APS)
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS

Citation Formats

Shen, C. P., Yuan, C. Z., Adachi, I., Aihara, H., Asner, D. M., Aulchenko, V., Bakich, A. M., Bala, A., Bhuyan, B., Bischofberger, M., Bozek, A., Bračko, M., Browder, T. E., Chekelian, V., Chen, A., Chen, P., Cheon, B. G., Chilikin, K., Cho, I. -S., Cho, K., Chobanova, V., Choi, Y., Cinabro, D., Dalseno, J., Danilov, M., Dingfelder, J., Doležal, Z., Drásal, Z., Drutskoy, A., Dutta, D., Dutta, K., Eidelman, S., Epifanov, D., Farhat, H., Fast, J. E., Ferber, T., Frey, A., Gaur, V., Gabyshev, N., Ganguly, S., Gillard, R., Goh, Y. M., Golob, B., Haba, J., Hara, T., Hayasaka, K., Hayashii, H., Hoshi, Y., Hou, W. -S., Hyun, H. J., Iijima, T., Ishikawa, A., Itoh, R., Iwasaki, Y., Julius, T., Kah, D. H., Kang, J. H., Kato, E., Kawasaki, T., Kiesling, C., Kim, D. Y., Kim, H. J., Kim, J. B., Kim, J. H., Kim, K. T., Kim, Y. J., Kinoshita, K., Klucar, J., Ko, B. R., Kodyš, P., Korpar, S., Križan, P., Krokovny, P., Kumita, T., Kuzmin, A., Kwon, Y. -J., Lee, S. -H., Leitner, R., Li, J., Li, Y., Libby, J., Liu, C., Liu, Y., Liu, Z. Q., Liventsev, D., Lukin, P., Matvienko, D., Miyabayashi, K., Miyata, H., Mohanty, G. B., Moll, A., Mori, T., Muramatsu, N., Mussa, R., Nagasaka, Y., Nakano, E., Nakao, M., Natkaniec, Z., Nayak, M., Nedelkovska, E., Ng, C., Nisar, N. K., Nishida, S., Nitoh, O., Ogawa, S., Okuno, S., Olsen, S. L., Ostrowicz, W., Pakhlov, P., Park, C. W., Park, H., Park, H. K., Pedlar, T. K., Peng, T., Pestotnik, R., Petrič, M., Piilonen, L. E., Ritter, M., Röhrken, M., Rostomyan, A., Ryu, S., Sahoo, H., Saito, T., Sakai, Y., Sandilya, S., Santelj, L., Sanuki, T., Sato, Y., Savinov, V., Schneider, O., Schnell, G., Schwanda, C., Senyo, K., Seon, O., Shapkin, M., Shebalin, V., Shibata, T. -A., Shiu, J. -G., Shwartz, B., Sibidanov, A., Simon, F., Smerkol, P., Sohn, Y. -S., Sokolov, A., Solovieva, E., Stanič, S., Starič, M., Steder, M., Sumihama, M., Sumiyoshi, T., Tamponi, U., Tanida, K., Tatishvili, G., Teramoto, Y., Tsuboyama, T., Uchida, M., Uehara, S., Unno, Y., Uno, S., Urquijo, P., Vahsen, S. E., Van Hulse, C., Vanhoefer, P., Varner, G., Vorobyev, V., Wagner, M. N., Wang, C. H., Wang, P., Wang, X. L., Watanabe, M., Watanabe, Y., Won, E., Yamamoto, H., Yamaoka, J., Yamashita, Y., Yashchenko, S., Yook, Y., Yusa, Y., Zhang, C. C., Zhang, Z. P., Zhilich, V., and Zupanc, A. Measurement of exclusive Υ(1S) and Υ(2S) decays into vector-pseudoscalar final states. United States: N. p., 2013. Web. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.88.011102.
Shen, C. P., Yuan, C. Z., Adachi, I., Aihara, H., Asner, D. M., Aulchenko, V., Bakich, A. M., Bala, A., Bhuyan, B., Bischofberger, M., Bozek, A., Bračko, M., Browder, T. E., Chekelian, V., Chen, A., Chen, P., Cheon, B. G., Chilikin, K., Cho, I. -S., Cho, K., Chobanova, V., Choi, Y., Cinabro, D., Dalseno, J., Danilov, M., Dingfelder, J., Doležal, Z., Drásal, Z., Drutskoy, A., Dutta, D., Dutta, K., Eidelman, S., Epifanov, D., Farhat, H., Fast, J. E., Ferber, T., Frey, A., Gaur, V., Gabyshev, N., Ganguly, S., Gillard, R., Goh, Y. M., Golob, B., Haba, J., Hara, T., Hayasaka, K., Hayashii, H., Hoshi, Y., Hou, W. -S., Hyun, H. J., Iijima, T., Ishikawa, A., Itoh, R., Iwasaki, Y., Julius, T., Kah, D. H., Kang, J. H., Kato, E., Kawasaki, T., Kiesling, C., Kim, D. Y., Kim, H. J., Kim, J. B., Kim, J. H., Kim, K. T., Kim, Y. J., Kinoshita, K., Klucar, J., Ko, B. R., Kodyš, P., Korpar, S., Križan, P., Krokovny, P., Kumita, T., Kuzmin, A., Kwon, Y. -J., Lee, S. -H., Leitner, R., Li, J., Li, Y., Libby, J., Liu, C., Liu, Y., Liu, Z. Q., Liventsev, D., Lukin, P., Matvienko, D., Miyabayashi, K., Miyata, H., Mohanty, G. B., Moll, A., Mori, T., Muramatsu, N., Mussa, R., Nagasaka, Y., Nakano, E., Nakao, M., Natkaniec, Z., Nayak, M., Nedelkovska, E., Ng, C., Nisar, N. K., Nishida, S., Nitoh, O., Ogawa, S., Okuno, S., Olsen, S. L., Ostrowicz, W., Pakhlov, P., Park, C. W., Park, H., Park, H. K., Pedlar, T. K., Peng, T., Pestotnik, R., Petrič, M., Piilonen, L. E., Ritter, M., Röhrken, M., Rostomyan, A., Ryu, S., Sahoo, H., Saito, T., Sakai, Y., Sandilya, S., Santelj, L., Sanuki, T., Sato, Y., Savinov, V., Schneider, O., Schnell, G., Schwanda, C., Senyo, K., Seon, O., Shapkin, M., Shebalin, V., Shibata, T. -A., Shiu, J. -G., Shwartz, B., Sibidanov, A., Simon, F., Smerkol, P., Sohn, Y. -S., Sokolov, A., Solovieva, E., Stanič, S., Starič, M., Steder, M., Sumihama, M., Sumiyoshi, T., Tamponi, U., Tanida, K., Tatishvili, G., Teramoto, Y., Tsuboyama, T., Uchida, M., Uehara, S., Unno, Y., Uno, S., Urquijo, P., Vahsen, S. E., Van Hulse, C., Vanhoefer, P., Varner, G., Vorobyev, V., Wagner, M. N., Wang, C. H., Wang, P., Wang, X. L., Watanabe, M., Watanabe, Y., Won, E., Yamamoto, H., Yamaoka, J., Yamashita, Y., Yashchenko, S., Yook, Y., Yusa, Y., Zhang, C. C., Zhang, Z. P., Zhilich, V., & Zupanc, A. Measurement of exclusive Υ(1S) and Υ(2S) decays into vector-pseudoscalar final states. United States. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.88.011102
Shen, C. P., Yuan, C. Z., Adachi, I., Aihara, H., Asner, D. M., Aulchenko, V., Bakich, A. M., Bala, A., Bhuyan, B., Bischofberger, M., Bozek, A., Bračko, M., Browder, T. E., Chekelian, V., Chen, A., Chen, P., Cheon, B. G., Chilikin, K., Cho, I. -S., Cho, K., Chobanova, V., Choi, Y., Cinabro, D., Dalseno, J., Danilov, M., Dingfelder, J., Doležal, Z., Drásal, Z., Drutskoy, A., Dutta, D., Dutta, K., Eidelman, S., Epifanov, D., Farhat, H., Fast, J. E., Ferber, T., Frey, A., Gaur, V., Gabyshev, N., Ganguly, S., Gillard, R., Goh, Y. M., Golob, B., Haba, J., Hara, T., Hayasaka, K., Hayashii, H., Hoshi, Y., Hou, W. -S., Hyun, H. J., Iijima, T., Ishikawa, A., Itoh, R., Iwasaki, Y., Julius, T., Kah, D. H., Kang, J. H., Kato, E., Kawasaki, T., Kiesling, C., Kim, D. Y., Kim, H. J., Kim, J. B., Kim, J. H., Kim, K. T., Kim, Y. J., Kinoshita, K., Klucar, J., Ko, B. R., Kodyš, P., Korpar, S., Križan, P., Krokovny, P., Kumita, T., Kuzmin, A., Kwon, Y. -J., Lee, S. -H., Leitner, R., Li, J., Li, Y., Libby, J., Liu, C., Liu, Y., Liu, Z. Q., Liventsev, D., Lukin, P., Matvienko, D., Miyabayashi, K., Miyata, H., Mohanty, G. B., Moll, A., Mori, T., Muramatsu, N., Mussa, R., Nagasaka, Y., Nakano, E., Nakao, M., Natkaniec, Z., Nayak, M., Nedelkovska, E., Ng, C., Nisar, N. K., Nishida, S., Nitoh, O., Ogawa, S., Okuno, S., Olsen, S. L., Ostrowicz, W., Pakhlov, P., Park, C. W., Park, H., Park, H. K., Pedlar, T. K., Peng, T., Pestotnik, R., Petrič, M., Piilonen, L. E., Ritter, M., Röhrken, M., Rostomyan, A., Ryu, S., Sahoo, H., Saito, T., Sakai, Y., Sandilya, S., Santelj, L., Sanuki, T., Sato, Y., Savinov, V., Schneider, O., Schnell, G., Schwanda, C., Senyo, K., Seon, O., Shapkin, M., Shebalin, V., Shibata, T. -A., Shiu, J. -G., Shwartz, B., Sibidanov, A., Simon, F., Smerkol, P., Sohn, Y. -S., Sokolov, A., Solovieva, E., Stanič, S., Starič, M., Steder, M., Sumihama, M., Sumiyoshi, T., Tamponi, U., Tanida, K., Tatishvili, G., Teramoto, Y., Tsuboyama, T., Uchida, M., Uehara, S., Unno, Y., Uno, S., Urquijo, P., Vahsen, S. E., Van Hulse, C., Vanhoefer, P., Varner, G., Vorobyev, V., Wagner, M. N., Wang, C. H., Wang, P., Wang, X. L., Watanabe, M., Watanabe, Y., Won, E., Yamamoto, H., Yamaoka, J., Yamashita, Y., Yashchenko, S., Yook, Y., Yusa, Y., Zhang, C. C., Zhang, Z. P., Zhilich, V., and Zupanc, A. Tue . "Measurement of exclusive Υ(1S) and Υ(2S) decays into vector-pseudoscalar final states". United States. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.88.011102. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1594508.
@article{osti_1594508,
title = {Measurement of exclusive Υ(1S) and Υ(2S) decays into vector-pseudoscalar final states},
author = {Shen, C. P. and Yuan, C. Z. and Adachi, I. and Aihara, H. and Asner, D. M. and Aulchenko, V. and Bakich, A. M. and Bala, A. and Bhuyan, B. and Bischofberger, M. and Bozek, A. and Bračko, M. and Browder, T. E. and Chekelian, V. and Chen, A. and Chen, P. and Cheon, B. G. and Chilikin, K. and Cho, I. -S. and Cho, K. and Chobanova, V. and Choi, Y. and Cinabro, D. and Dalseno, J. and Danilov, M. and Dingfelder, J. and Doležal, Z. and Drásal, Z. and Drutskoy, A. and Dutta, D. and Dutta, K. and Eidelman, S. and Epifanov, D. and Farhat, H. and Fast, J. E. and Ferber, T. and Frey, A. and Gaur, V. and Gabyshev, N. and Ganguly, S. and Gillard, R. and Goh, Y. M. and Golob, B. and Haba, J. and Hara, T. and Hayasaka, K. and Hayashii, H. and Hoshi, Y. and Hou, W. -S. and Hyun, H. J. and Iijima, T. and Ishikawa, A. and Itoh, R. and Iwasaki, Y. and Julius, T. and Kah, D. H. and Kang, J. H. and Kato, E. and Kawasaki, T. and Kiesling, C. and Kim, D. Y. and Kim, H. J. and Kim, J. B. and Kim, J. H. and Kim, K. T. and Kim, Y. J. and Kinoshita, K. and Klucar, J. and Ko, B. R. and Kodyš, P. and Korpar, S. and Križan, P. and Krokovny, P. and Kumita, T. and Kuzmin, A. and Kwon, Y. -J. and Lee, S. -H. and Leitner, R. and Li, J. and Li, Y. and Libby, J. and Liu, C. and Liu, Y. and Liu, Z. Q. and Liventsev, D. and Lukin, P. and Matvienko, D. and Miyabayashi, K. and Miyata, H. and Mohanty, G. B. and Moll, A. and Mori, T. and Muramatsu, N. and Mussa, R. and Nagasaka, Y. and Nakano, E. and Nakao, M. and Natkaniec, Z. and Nayak, M. and Nedelkovska, E. and Ng, C. and Nisar, N. K. and Nishida, S. and Nitoh, O. and Ogawa, S. and Okuno, S. and Olsen, S. L. and Ostrowicz, W. and Pakhlov, P. and Park, C. W. and Park, H. and Park, H. K. and Pedlar, T. K. and Peng, T. and Pestotnik, R. and Petrič, M. and Piilonen, L. E. and Ritter, M. and Röhrken, M. and Rostomyan, A. and Ryu, S. and Sahoo, H. and Saito, T. and Sakai, Y. and Sandilya, S. and Santelj, L. and Sanuki, T. and Sato, Y. and Savinov, V. and Schneider, O. and Schnell, G. and Schwanda, C. and Senyo, K. and Seon, O. and Shapkin, M. and Shebalin, V. and Shibata, T. -A. and Shiu, J. -G. and Shwartz, B. and Sibidanov, A. and Simon, F. and Smerkol, P. and Sohn, Y. -S. and Sokolov, A. and Solovieva, E. and Stanič, S. and Starič, M. and Steder, M. and Sumihama, M. and Sumiyoshi, T. and Tamponi, U. and Tanida, K. and Tatishvili, G. and Teramoto, Y. and Tsuboyama, T. and Uchida, M. and Uehara, S. and Unno, Y. and Uno, S. and Urquijo, P. and Vahsen, S. E. and Van Hulse, C. and Vanhoefer, P. and Varner, G. and Vorobyev, V. and Wagner, M. N. and Wang, C. H. and Wang, P. and Wang, X. L. and Watanabe, M. and Watanabe, Y. and Won, E. and Yamamoto, H. and Yamaoka, J. and Yamashita, Y. and Yashchenko, S. and Yook, Y. and Yusa, Y. and Zhang, C. C. and Zhang, Z. P. and Zhilich, V. and Zupanc, A.},
abstractNote = {Using samples of 102 million $Υ(1S)$ and 158 million $Υ(2S)$ events collected with the Belle detector, we study exclusive hadronic decays of these two bottomonium resonances to $K^0_sK^+ \pi^-$ and charge-conjugate (c.c.) states, $π^+π^-π^0π^0$, and $π^+π^-π^0$, and to the two-body Vector-Pseudoscalar $(K^*(892)^0\bar{K}^0+c.c.$, $K^*(892)^-K^++c.c.$, $ωπ^0$, and $ρπ$) final states. For the first time, signals are observed in the modes $Υ(1S)$ → $K^0_sK^+\pi^- + c.c.$, $π^+π^-π^0π^0$, and $Υ(2S)$→$π^+π^-π^0π^0$, and evidence is found for the modes $Υ(1S)$→$π^+π^-π^0$, $K^*(892)^0\bar{K}^0+c.c.$, and $Υ(2S)$ → $K^0_sK^+\pi^- + c.c.$ Branching fractions are measured for all the processes, while 90% confidence level upper limits on the branching fractions are also set for the modes with a statistical significance of less than $3σ$. The ratios of the branching fractions of $Υ(2S)$ and $Υ(1S)$ decays into the same final state are used to test a perturbative QCD prediction for OZI-suppressed bottomonium decays.},
doi = {10.1103/PhysRevD.88.011102},
journal = {Physical Review. D, Particles, Fields, Gravitation and Cosmology},
number = 1,
volume = 88,
place = {United States},
year = {Tue Jul 23 00:00:00 EDT 2013},
month = {Tue Jul 23 00:00:00 EDT 2013}
}

Journal Article:

Citation Metrics:
Cited by: 6 works
Citation information provided by
Web of Science

Save / Share:

Works referenced in this record:

Asymptotic behaviour of exclusive processes in QCD
journal, October 1984


Finite-Width Corrections to the Vector-Meson-Dominance Prediction for ρ e + e
journal, July 1968


Heavy Quarks and e + e Annihilation
journal, January 1975


A Systematics and Phenomenology of Meson Family
journal, January 1966

  • Iizuka, Jugoro
  • Progress of Theoretical Physics Supplement, Vol. 37
  • DOI: 10.1143/PTPS.37.21

Measurement of ψ ( 3097 ) and ψ ( 3686 ) Decays into Selected Hadronic Modes
journal, September 1983


Review of Particle Physics
journal, July 2012


Observation of exclusive Υ ( 1 S ) and Υ ( 2 S ) decays into light hadrons
journal, August 2012


Measurement of the total hadronic cross section in e + e − annihilation below 10.56 GeV
journal, October 2007


First Observations of ϒ ( 1 S ) → γ π + π − and ϒ ( 1 S ) → γ π 0 π 0
journal, January 1999


The EvtGen particle decay simulation package
journal, April 2001

  • Lange, David J.
  • Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 462, Issue 1-2
  • DOI: 10.1016/S0168-9002(01)00089-4

First measurements of exclusive hadronic decays of Υ ( 1 S ) and Υ ( 2 S )
journal, September 2012


PYTHIA 6.4 physics and manual
journal, May 2006


Measurement of cross sections of exclusive e+eVP processes at s=10.58 GeV
journal, November 2009


Measurements of ψ ( 2 S ) decays into vector-tensor final states
journal, April 2004


Physics achievements from the Belle experiment
journal, January 2012

  • Brodzicka, J.; Browder, T.; Chang, P.
  • Progress of Theoretical and Experimental Physics, Vol. 2012, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1093/ptep/pts072

Heavy quarkonium: progress, puzzles, and opportunities
journal, February 2011


Achievements of KEKB
journal, January 2013

  • Abe, T.; Akai, K.; Akasaka, N.
  • Progress of Theoretical and Experimental Physics, Vol. 2013, Issue 3
  • DOI: 10.1093/ptep/pts102

Muon identification in the Belle experiment at KEKB
journal, September 2002

  • Abashian, A.; Abe, K.; Abe, K.
  • Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 491, Issue 1-2
  • DOI: 10.1016/S0168-9002(02)01164-6

Measurements of Branching Fractions for B → K π and B → π π Decays
journal, September 2007


Search for charmonium and charmoniumlike states in Υ ( 2 S ) radiative decays
journal, October 2011


φ-meson and unitary symmetry model
journal, June 1963


Belle PID
journal, November 2002

  • Nakano, E.
  • Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 494, Issue 1-3
  • DOI: 10.1016/S0168-9002(02)01510-3

Radiative ϒ ( 1 S ) decays
journal, March 1990


Exclusive processes e + e V P in k T factorization
journal, May 2007


Overview of the KEKB accelerators
journal, February 2003

  • Kurokawa, S.; Kikutani, E.
  • Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 499, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1016/S0168-9002(02)01771-0

Systematics and Phenomenology of Boson Mass Levels. III
journal, June 1966

  • Iizuka, Jugoro; Okada, Kunihiko; Shito, Okiyasu
  • Progress of Theoretical Physics, Vol. 35, Issue 6
  • DOI: 10.1143/PTP.35.1061

Is Bound Charm Found?
journal, January 1975


The Belle detector
journal, February 2002

  • Abashian, A.; Gotow, K.; Morgan, N.
  • Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 479, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1016/S0168-9002(01)02013-7

Electron identification in Belle
journal, June 2002

  • Hanagaki, K.; Kakuno, H.; Ikeda, H.
  • Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 485, Issue 3
  • DOI: 10.1016/S0168-9002(01)02113-1

Ratio of hadronic decay rates of J / ψ and ψ ( 2 S ) and the ρ π puzzle
journal, May 2001


Works referencing / citing this record:

Search for light tetraquark states in ϒ ( 1 S ) and ϒ ( 2 S ) decays
journal, December 2017