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Title: Daily Monitoring of TeV Gamma-Ray Emission from Mrk 421, Mrk 501, and the Crab Nebula with HAWC

Abstract

We introduce findings from daily monitoring of gamma-rays in the energy range from ~0.5 to ~100 TeV with the first 17 months of data from the High Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) Observatory. Its wide field of view of 2 steradians and duty cycle of $$\gt 95$$% are unique features compared to other TeV observatories that allow us to observe every source that transits over HAWC for up to ~6 hr each sidereal day. Here, this regular sampling yields unprecedented light curves from unbiased measurements that are independent of seasons or weather conditions. For the Crab Nebula as a reference source, we find no variability in the TeV band. Our main focus is the study of the TeV blazars Markarian (Mrk) 421 and Mrk 501. A spectral fit for Mrk 421 yields a power-law index $${\rm{\Gamma }}=2.21\pm {0.14}_{\mathrm{stat}}\pm {0.20}_{\mathrm{sys}}$$ and an exponential cut-off $${E}_{0}=5.4\pm {1.1}_{\mathrm{stat}}\pm {1.0}_{\mathrm{sys}}$$ TeV. For Mrk 501, we find an index $${\rm{\Gamma }}=1.60\pm {0.30}_{\mathrm{stat}}\pm {0.20}_{\mathrm{sys}}$$ and exponential cut-off $${E}_{0}=5.7\pm {1.6}_{\mathrm{stat}}\pm {1.0}_{\mathrm{sys}}$$ TeV. The light curves for both sources show clear variability and a Bayesian analysis is applied to identify changes between flux states. The highest per-transit fluxes observed from Mrk 421 exceed the Crab Nebula flux by a factor of approximately five. For Mrk 501, several transits show fluxes in excess of three times the Crab Nebula flux. In a comparison to lower energy gamma-ray and X-ray monitoring data with comparable sampling, we cannot identify clear counterparts for the most significant flaring features observed by HAWC.

Authors:
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Publication Date:
Research Org.:
Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE Office of Science (SC). High Energy Physics (HEP) (SC-25); USDOE National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA)
Contributing Org.:
HAWC Collaboration; Fermi-LAT Collaboration
OSTI Identifier:
1565858
Report Number(s):
LA-UR-18-29819
Journal ID: ISSN 1538-4357; TRN: US2000911
Grant/Contract Number:  
89233218CNA000001
Resource Type:
Accepted Manuscript
Journal Name:
The Astrophysical Journal (Online)
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Name: The Astrophysical Journal (Online); Journal Volume: 841; Journal Issue: 2; Journal ID: ISSN 1538-4357
Publisher:
Institute of Physics (IOP)
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS; 72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS; 79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS; acceleration of particles; BL Lacertae objects: individual (Mrk 421, Mrk 501); galaxies: active; gamma rays: general; ISM: individual objects (Crab Nebula)

Citation Formats

Abeysekara, A. U., Albert, A., Alfaro, R., Alvarez, C., Álvarez, J. D., Arceo, R., Arteaga-Velázquez, J. C., Rojas, D. Avila, Solares, H. A. Ayala, Barber, A. S., Bautista-Elivar, N., Gonzalez, J. Becerra, Becerril, A., Belmont-Moreno, E., BenZvi, S. Y., Bernal, A., Braun, J., Brisbois, C., Caballero-Mora, K. S., Capistrán, T., Carramiñana, A., Casanova, S., Castillo, M., Cotti, U., Cotzomi, J., de León, S. Coutiño, De León, C., De la Fuente, E., Hernandez, R. Diaz, Dingus, B. L., DuVernois, M. A., Díaz-Vélez, J. C., Ellsworth, R. W., Engel, K., Fiorino, D. W., Fraija, N., García-González, J. A., Garfias, F., Gerhardt, M., Muñoz, A. González, González, M. M., Goodman, J. A., Hampel-Arias, Z., Harding, J. P., Hernandez, S., Hernandez-Almada, A., Hona, B., Hui, C. M., Hüntemeyer, P., Iriarte, A., Jardin-Blicq, A., Joshi, V., Kaufmann, S., Kieda, D., Lara, A., Lauer, R. J., Lee, W. H., Lennarz, D., Vargas, H. León, Linnemann, J. T., Longinotti, A. L., Raya, G. Luis, Luna-García, R., López-Coto, R., Malone, K., Marinelli, S. S., Martinez, O., Martinez-Castellanos, I., Martínez-Castro, J., Matthews, J. A., Miranda-Romagnoli, P., Moreno, E., Mostafá, M., Nellen, L., Newbold, M., Nisa, M. U., Noriega-Papaqui, R., Pretz, J., Pérez-Pérez, E. G., Ren, Z., Rho, C. D., Rivière, C., Rosa-González, D., Rosenberg, M., Ruiz-Velasco, E., Greus, F. Salesa, Sandoval, A., Schneider, M., Schoorlemmer, H., Sinnis, G., Smith, A. J., Springer, R. W., Surajbali, P., Taboada, I., Tibolla, O., Tollefson, K., Torres, I., Ukwatta, T. N., Vianello, G., Weisgarber, T., Westerhoff, S., Wisher, I. G., Wood, J., Yapici, T., Younk, P. W., Zepeda, A., and Zhou, H. Daily Monitoring of TeV Gamma-Ray Emission from Mrk 421, Mrk 501, and the Crab Nebula with HAWC. United States: N. p., 2017. Web. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa729e.
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Abeysekara, A. U., Albert, A., Alfaro, R., Alvarez, C., Álvarez, J. D., Arceo, R., Arteaga-Velázquez, J. C., Rojas, D. Avila, Solares, H. A. Ayala, Barber, A. S., Bautista-Elivar, N., Gonzalez, J. Becerra, Becerril, A., Belmont-Moreno, E., BenZvi, S. Y., Bernal, A., Braun, J., Brisbois, C., Caballero-Mora, K. S., Capistrán, T., Carramiñana, A., Casanova, S., Castillo, M., Cotti, U., Cotzomi, J., de León, S. Coutiño, De León, C., De la Fuente, E., Hernandez, R. Diaz, Dingus, B. L., DuVernois, M. A., Díaz-Vélez, J. C., Ellsworth, R. W., Engel, K., Fiorino, D. W., Fraija, N., García-González, J. A., Garfias, F., Gerhardt, M., Muñoz, A. González, González, M. M., Goodman, J. A., Hampel-Arias, Z., Harding, J. P., Hernandez, S., Hernandez-Almada, A., Hona, B., Hui, C. M., Hüntemeyer, P., Iriarte, A., Jardin-Blicq, A., Joshi, V., Kaufmann, S., Kieda, D., Lara, A., Lauer, R. J., Lee, W. H., Lennarz, D., Vargas, H. León, Linnemann, J. T., Longinotti, A. L., Raya, G. Luis, Luna-García, R., López-Coto, R., Malone, K., Marinelli, S. S., Martinez, O., Martinez-Castellanos, I., Martínez-Castro, J., Matthews, J. A., Miranda-Romagnoli, P., Moreno, E., Mostafá, M., Nellen, L., Newbold, M., Nisa, M. U., Noriega-Papaqui, R., Pretz, J., Pérez-Pérez, E. G., Ren, Z., Rho, C. D., Rivière, C., Rosa-González, D., Rosenberg, M., Ruiz-Velasco, E., Greus, F. Salesa, Sandoval, A., Schneider, M., Schoorlemmer, H., Sinnis, G., Smith, A. J., Springer, R. W., Surajbali, P., Taboada, I., Tibolla, O., Tollefson, K., Torres, I., Ukwatta, T. N., Vianello, G., Weisgarber, T., Westerhoff, S., Wisher, I. G., Wood, J., Yapici, T., Younk, P. W., Zepeda, A., & Zhou, H. Daily Monitoring of TeV Gamma-Ray Emission from Mrk 421, Mrk 501, and the Crab Nebula with HAWC. United States. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aa729e
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Abeysekara, A. U., Albert, A., Alfaro, R., Alvarez, C., Álvarez, J. D., Arceo, R., Arteaga-Velázquez, J. C., Rojas, D. Avila, Solares, H. A. Ayala, Barber, A. S., Bautista-Elivar, N., Gonzalez, J. Becerra, Becerril, A., Belmont-Moreno, E., BenZvi, S. Y., Bernal, A., Braun, J., Brisbois, C., Caballero-Mora, K. S., Capistrán, T., Carramiñana, A., Casanova, S., Castillo, M., Cotti, U., Cotzomi, J., de León, S. Coutiño, De León, C., De la Fuente, E., Hernandez, R. Diaz, Dingus, B. L., DuVernois, M. A., Díaz-Vélez, J. C., Ellsworth, R. W., Engel, K., Fiorino, D. W., Fraija, N., García-González, J. A., Garfias, F., Gerhardt, M., Muñoz, A. González, González, M. M., Goodman, J. A., Hampel-Arias, Z., Harding, J. P., Hernandez, S., Hernandez-Almada, A., Hona, B., Hui, C. M., Hüntemeyer, P., Iriarte, A., Jardin-Blicq, A., Joshi, V., Kaufmann, S., Kieda, D., Lara, A., Lauer, R. J., Lee, W. H., Lennarz, D., Vargas, H. León, Linnemann, J. T., Longinotti, A. L., Raya, G. Luis, Luna-García, R., López-Coto, R., Malone, K., Marinelli, S. S., Martinez, O., Martinez-Castellanos, I., Martínez-Castro, J., Matthews, J. A., Miranda-Romagnoli, P., Moreno, E., Mostafá, M., Nellen, L., Newbold, M., Nisa, M. U., Noriega-Papaqui, R., Pretz, J., Pérez-Pérez, E. G., Ren, Z., Rho, C. D., Rivière, C., Rosa-González, D., Rosenberg, M., Ruiz-Velasco, E., Greus, F. Salesa, Sandoval, A., Schneider, M., Schoorlemmer, H., Sinnis, G., Smith, A. J., Springer, R. W., Surajbali, P., Taboada, I., Tibolla, O., Tollefson, K., Torres, I., Ukwatta, T. N., Vianello, G., Weisgarber, T., Westerhoff, S., Wisher, I. G., Wood, J., Yapici, T., Younk, P. W., Zepeda, A., and Zhou, H. Wed . "Daily Monitoring of TeV Gamma-Ray Emission from Mrk 421, Mrk 501, and the Crab Nebula with HAWC". United States. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aa729e. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1565858.
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@article{osti_1565858,
title = {Daily Monitoring of TeV Gamma-Ray Emission from Mrk 421, Mrk 501, and the Crab Nebula with HAWC},
author = {Abeysekara, A. U. and Albert, A. and Alfaro, R. and Alvarez, C. and Álvarez, J. D. and Arceo, R. and Arteaga-Velázquez, J. C. and Rojas, D. Avila and Solares, H. A. Ayala and Barber, A. S. and Bautista-Elivar, N. and Gonzalez, J. Becerra and Becerril, A. and Belmont-Moreno, E. and BenZvi, S. Y. and Bernal, A. and Braun, J. and Brisbois, C. and Caballero-Mora, K. S. and Capistrán, T. and Carramiñana, A. and Casanova, S. and Castillo, M. and Cotti, U. and Cotzomi, J. and de León, S. Coutiño and De León, C. and De la Fuente, E. and Hernandez, R. Diaz and Dingus, B. L. and DuVernois, M. A. and Díaz-Vélez, J. C. and Ellsworth, R. W. and Engel, K. and Fiorino, D. W. and Fraija, N. and García-González, J. A. and Garfias, F. and Gerhardt, M. and Muñoz, A. González and González, M. M. and Goodman, J. A. and Hampel-Arias, Z. and Harding, J. P. and Hernandez, S. and Hernandez-Almada, A. and Hona, B. and Hui, C. M. and Hüntemeyer, P. and Iriarte, A. and Jardin-Blicq, A. and Joshi, V. and Kaufmann, S. and Kieda, D. and Lara, A. and Lauer, R. J. and Lee, W. H. and Lennarz, D. and Vargas, H. León and Linnemann, J. T. and Longinotti, A. L. and Raya, G. Luis and Luna-García, R. and López-Coto, R. and Malone, K. and Marinelli, S. S. and Martinez, O. and Martinez-Castellanos, I. and Martínez-Castro, J. and Matthews, J. A. and Miranda-Romagnoli, P. and Moreno, E. and Mostafá, M. and Nellen, L. and Newbold, M. and Nisa, M. U. and Noriega-Papaqui, R. and Pretz, J. and Pérez-Pérez, E. G. and Ren, Z. and Rho, C. D. and Rivière, C. and Rosa-González, D. and Rosenberg, M. and Ruiz-Velasco, E. and Greus, F. Salesa and Sandoval, A. and Schneider, M. and Schoorlemmer, H. and Sinnis, G. and Smith, A. J. and Springer, R. W. and Surajbali, P. and Taboada, I. and Tibolla, O. and Tollefson, K. and Torres, I. and Ukwatta, T. N. and Vianello, G. and Weisgarber, T. and Westerhoff, S. and Wisher, I. G. and Wood, J. and Yapici, T. and Younk, P. W. and Zepeda, A. and Zhou, H.},
abstractNote = {We introduce findings from daily monitoring of gamma-rays in the energy range from ~0.5 to ~100 TeV with the first 17 months of data from the High Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) Observatory. Its wide field of view of 2 steradians and duty cycle of $\gt 95$% are unique features compared to other TeV observatories that allow us to observe every source that transits over HAWC for up to ~6 hr each sidereal day. Here, this regular sampling yields unprecedented light curves from unbiased measurements that are independent of seasons or weather conditions. For the Crab Nebula as a reference source, we find no variability in the TeV band. Our main focus is the study of the TeV blazars Markarian (Mrk) 421 and Mrk 501. A spectral fit for Mrk 421 yields a power-law index ${\rm{\Gamma }}=2.21\pm {0.14}_{\mathrm{stat}}\pm {0.20}_{\mathrm{sys}}$ and an exponential cut-off ${E}_{0}=5.4\pm {1.1}_{\mathrm{stat}}\pm {1.0}_{\mathrm{sys}}$ TeV. For Mrk 501, we find an index ${\rm{\Gamma }}=1.60\pm {0.30}_{\mathrm{stat}}\pm {0.20}_{\mathrm{sys}}$ and exponential cut-off ${E}_{0}=5.7\pm {1.6}_{\mathrm{stat}}\pm {1.0}_{\mathrm{sys}}$ TeV. The light curves for both sources show clear variability and a Bayesian analysis is applied to identify changes between flux states. The highest per-transit fluxes observed from Mrk 421 exceed the Crab Nebula flux by a factor of approximately five. For Mrk 501, several transits show fluxes in excess of three times the Crab Nebula flux. In a comparison to lower energy gamma-ray and X-ray monitoring data with comparable sampling, we cannot identify clear counterparts for the most significant flaring features observed by HAWC.},
doi = {10.3847/1538-4357/aa729e},
journal = {The Astrophysical Journal (Online)},
number = 2,
volume = 841,
place = {United States},
year = {Wed May 31 00:00:00 EDT 2017},
month = {Wed May 31 00:00:00 EDT 2017}
}
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