Consistency tests of classical and quantum models for a quantum annealer

Albash, Tameem; Vinci, Walter; Mishra, Anurag; Warburton, Paul A.; Lidar, Daniel A.

doi:10.1103/physreva.91.042314

Title: Consistency tests of classical and quantum models for a quantum annealer

Abstract

Lately the question of whether the D-Wave processors exhibit large-scale quantum behavior or can be described by a classical model has attracted significant interest. In this work we address this question by studying a 503 qubit D-Wave Two device in the "black box" model, i.e., by studying its input-output behavior. Our work generalizes an approach introduced in Boixo et al. [Nat. Commun. 4, 2067 (2013)], and uses groups of up to 20 qubits to realize a transverse Ising model evolution with a ground state degeneracy whose distribution acts as a sensitive probe that distinguishes classical and quantum models for the D-Wave device. Our findings rule out all classical models proposed to date for the device and provide evidence that an open system quantum dynamical description of the device that starts from a quantized energy level structure is well justified, even in the presence of relevant thermal excitations and a small value of the ratio of the single-qubit decoherence time to the annealing time.

Authors:

Albash, Tameem ^[1]; Vinci, Walter ^[2]; Mishra, Anurag ^[3]; Warburton, Paul A. ^[4]; Lidar, Daniel A. ^[5]

Univ. of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (United States). Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Center for Quantum Information Science & Technology, and Information Sciences Inst.
Univ. of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (United States). Center for Quantum Information Science & Technology; Univ. College London, London (United Kingdom). London Centre for Nanotechnology, and Department of Computer Science
Univ. of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (United States). Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Center for Quantum Information Science & Technology
Univ. of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (United States). Dept. of Physics and Astronomy; Dept. of Electronic & Electrical Engineering
Univ. of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (United States). Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Center for Quantum Information Science & Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering, and Dept. of Chemistry

Publication Date:: Mon Apr 13 00:00:00 EDT 2015

Research Org.:: Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States). Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility (OLCF); UT-Battelle LLC/ORNL, Oak Ridge, TN (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Science (SC)

OSTI Identifier:: 1565359

Alternate Identifier(s):: OSTI ID: 1181476

Grant/Contract Number:: AC05-00OR22725

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Physical Review A - Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 91; Journal Issue: 4; Journal ID: ISSN 1050-2947

Publisher:: American Physical Society (APS)

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSICS; Optics; Physics

Citation Formats


                    Albash, Tameem, Vinci, Walter, Mishra, Anurag, Warburton, Paul A., and Lidar, Daniel A. Consistency tests of classical and quantum models for a quantum annealer.  United States: N. p., 2015. 
Web.  doi:10.1103/physreva.91.042314.

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                    Albash, Tameem, Vinci, Walter, Mishra, Anurag, Warburton, Paul A., & Lidar, Daniel A. Consistency tests of classical and quantum models for a quantum annealer.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1103/physreva.91.042314

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                    Albash, Tameem, Vinci, Walter, Mishra, Anurag, Warburton, Paul A., and Lidar, Daniel A. Mon .  
"Consistency tests of classical and quantum models for a quantum annealer".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1103/physreva.91.042314.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1565359.

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@article{osti_1565359,

  title        = {Consistency tests of classical and quantum models for a quantum annealer},

  author       = {Albash, Tameem and Vinci, Walter and Mishra, Anurag and Warburton, Paul A. and Lidar, Daniel A.},

  abstractNote = {Lately the question of whether the D-Wave processors exhibit large-scale quantum behavior or can be described by a classical model has attracted significant interest. In this work we address this question by studying a 503 qubit D-Wave Two device in the "black box" model, i.e., by studying its input-output behavior. Our work generalizes an approach introduced in Boixo et al. [Nat. Commun. 4, 2067 (2013)], and uses groups of up to 20 qubits to realize a transverse Ising model evolution with a ground state degeneracy whose distribution acts as a sensitive probe that distinguishes classical and quantum models for the D-Wave device. Our findings rule out all classical models proposed to date for the device and provide evidence that an open system quantum dynamical description of the device that starts from a quantized energy level structure is well justified, even in the presence of relevant thermal excitations and a small value of the ratio of the single-qubit decoherence time to the annealing time.},

  doi          = {10.1103/physreva.91.042314},

  journal      = {Physical Review A - Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics},

  number       = 4,

  volume       = 91,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Mon Apr 13 00:00:00 EDT 2015},

  month        = {Mon Apr 13 00:00:00 EDT 2015}

}

Copy to clipboard

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Quantum annealing correction for random Ising problems

Journal Article Pudenz, Kristen L. ; Albash, Tameem ; Lidar, Daniel A. - Physical Review A - Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics

Here, we demonstrate that the performance of a quantum annealer on hard random Ising optimization problems can be substantially improved using quantum annealing correction (QAC). Our error correction strategy is tailored to the D-Wave Two device. We find that QAC provides a statistically significant enhancement in the performance of the device over a classical repetition code, improving as a function of problem size as well as hardness. Moreover, QAC provides a mechanism for overcoming the precision limit of the device, in addition to correcting calibration errors. Performance is robust even to missing qubits. We present evidence for a constructive rolemore »« less
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https://doi.org/10.1103/physreva.91.042302

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Title: Consistency tests of classical and quantum models for a quantum annealer

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Hearing the Shape of the Ising Model with a Programmable Superconducting-Flux Annealer journal, July 2014

Adiabatic quantum optimization with the wrong Hamiltonian journal, December 2013

Classical command of quantum systems journal, April 2013

Quantum annealing with manufactured spins journal, May 2011

Some Implementations of the Boxplot journal, February 1989

Robustness of adiabatic quantum computation journal, December 2001

Evidence for quantum annealing with more than one hundred qubits journal, February 2014

Mathematical foundation of quantum annealing journal, December 2008

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Error-corrected quantum annealing with hundreds of qubits journal, February 2014

Quantum annealing: A new method for minimizing multidimensional functions journal, March 1994

Quantum Annealing of a Disordered Magnet journal, April 1999

Minor-embedding in adiabatic quantum computation: II. Minor-universal graph design journal, October 2010

Quantum adiabatic Markovian master equations journal, December 2012

Colloquium : Quantum annealing and analog quantum computation journal, September 2008

Quantum annealing in the transverse Ising model journal, November 1998

Defining and detecting quantum speedup journal, June 2014

Equation of State Calculations by Fast Computing Machines journal, June 1953

Adiabatic Quantum Computation in Open Systems journal, December 2005

Experimental signature of programmable quantum annealing journal, June 2013

Experimental demonstration of a robust and scalable flux qubit journal, April 2010

Entanglement in a Quantum Annealing Processor journal, May 2014

Global Optimization: Quantum Thermal Annealing with Path Integral Monte Carlo journal, January 2000

Thermally assisted quantum annealing of a 16-qubit problem journal, May 2013

Thermally Assisted Adiabatic Quantum Computation journal, February 2008

Brownian Motion of Spins journal, January 1970

Computable measure of entanglement journal, February 2002

Brownian motion of spins; generalized spin Langevin equation journal, February 1991

A scalable control system for a superconducting adiabatic quantum optimization processor journal, April 2010

Experimental investigation of an eight-qubit unit cell in a superconducting optimization processor journal, July 2010

Effects of dissipation on an adiabatic quantum search algorithm journal, December 2010

Quantum Phase Transitions and Bipartite Entanglement journal, December 2004

Decoherence in adiabatic quantum computation journal, February 2009

Glassy Chimeras Could Be Blind to Quantum Speedup: Designing Better Benchmarks for Quantum Annealing Machines journal, April 2014

Tunable quantum tunnelling of magnetic domain walls journal, October 2001

A scalable readout system for a superconducting adiabatic quantum optimization system journal, September 2010

Optimization by Simulated Annealing journal, May 1983

An Introduction to the Bootstrap book, May 1994

Some Implementations of the Boxplot journal, February 1989

Decoherence in adiabatic quantum computation text, January 2007

Mathematical Foundation of Quantum Annealing text, January 2008

A scalable control system for a superconducting adiabatic quantum optimization processor text, January 2009

Experimental Demonstration of a Robust and Scalable Flux Qubit text, January 2009

Minor-embedding in adiabatic quantum computation: II. Minor-universal graph design text, January 2010

Quantum Adiabatic Markovian Master Equations text, January 2012

Entanglement in a quantum annealing processor text, January 2014

Quantum Annealing of a Disordered Magnet text, January 2001

Tunable Quantum Tunneling of Magnetic Domain Walls text, January 2002

Thermally assisted adiabatic quantum computation text, January 2006

Quantum Phase Transitions and Bipartite Entanglement text, January 2004

Reliability of Digitized Quantum Annealing and the Decay of Entanglement journal, June 2018

Experiments in Sound and Music Quantum Computing book, February 2017

Fast clique minor generation in Chimera qubit connectivity graphs journal, October 2015

Do multipartite correlations speed up adiabatic quantum computation or quantum annealing? journal, April 2016

Practical integer-to-binary mapping for quantum annealers journal, February 2019

How quantum is the speedup in adiabatic unstructured search? journal, April 2019

Solving a Higgs optimization problem with quantum annealing for machine learning journal, October 2017

Computational multiqubit tunnelling in programmable quantum annealers journal, January 2016

Nested quantum annealing correction journal, August 2016

Finite temperature quantum annealing solving exponentially small gap problem with non-monotonic success probability journal, July 2018

Quantum fluctuation theorem for error diagnostics in quantum annealers journal, November 2018

Maximum-Entropy Inference with a Programmable Annealer journal, March 2016

Quantum information processing with superconducting circuits: a review journal, September 2017

Analog nature of quantum adiabatic unstructured search journal, November 2019

Uncertain fate of fair sampling in quantum annealing journal, September 2019

Real-time simulation of flux qubits used for quantum annealing journal, January 2020

Decoherence in adiabatic quantum computation journal, June 2015

Best-case performance of quantum annealers on native spin-glass benchmarks: How chaos can affect success probabilities journal, January 2016

Quantum Robotics: A Primer on Current Science and Future Perspectives journal, January 2017

Completely positive master equation for arbitrary driving and small level spacing journal, February 2020

Maximum-Entropy Inference with a Programmable Annealer text, January 2016

Searching for quantum speedup in quasistatic quantum annealers text, January 2015

Seeking Quantum Speedup Through Spin Glasses: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly text, January 2015

Nested Quantum Annealing Correction text, January 2015

What is the Computational Value of Finite Range Tunneling? text, January 2015

Strengths and weaknesses of weak-strong cluster problems: A detailed overview of state-of-the-art classical heuristics vs quantum approaches text, January 2016

Retrieving the ground state of spin glasses using thermal noise: Performance of quantum annealing at finite temperatures text, January 2016

Hearing the Shape of the Ising Model with a Programmable Superconducting-Flux Annealer
journal, July 2014

Adiabatic quantum optimization with the wrong Hamiltonian
journal, December 2013

Classical command of quantum systems
journal, April 2013

Quantum annealing with manufactured spins
journal, May 2011

Some Implementations of the Boxplot
journal, February 1989

Robustness of adiabatic quantum computation
journal, December 2001

Evidence for quantum annealing with more than one hundred qubits
journal, February 2014

Mathematical foundation of quantum annealing
journal, December 2008

Monte Carlo errors with less errors
journal, January 2004

Error-corrected quantum annealing with hundreds of qubits
journal, February 2014

Quantum annealing: A new method for minimizing multidimensional functions
journal, March 1994

Quantum Annealing of a Disordered Magnet
journal, April 1999

Minor-embedding in adiabatic quantum computation: II. Minor-universal graph design
journal, October 2010

Quantum adiabatic Markovian master equations
journal, December 2012

Colloquium : Quantum annealing and analog quantum computation
journal, September 2008

Quantum annealing in the transverse Ising model
journal, November 1998

Defining and detecting quantum speedup
journal, June 2014

Equation of State Calculations by Fast Computing Machines
journal, June 1953

Adiabatic Quantum Computation in Open Systems
journal, December 2005

Experimental signature of programmable quantum annealing
journal, June 2013

Experimental demonstration of a robust and scalable flux qubit
journal, April 2010

Entanglement in a Quantum Annealing Processor
journal, May 2014

Global Optimization: Quantum Thermal Annealing with Path Integral Monte Carlo
journal, January 2000

Thermally assisted quantum annealing of a 16-qubit problem
journal, May 2013

Thermally Assisted Adiabatic Quantum Computation
journal, February 2008

Brownian Motion of Spins
journal, January 1970

Computable measure of entanglement
journal, February 2002

Brownian motion of spins; generalized spin Langevin equation
journal, February 1991

A scalable control system for a superconducting adiabatic quantum optimization processor
journal, April 2010

Experimental investigation of an eight-qubit unit cell in a superconducting optimization processor
journal, July 2010

Effects of dissipation on an adiabatic quantum search algorithm
journal, December 2010

Quantum Phase Transitions and Bipartite Entanglement
journal, December 2004

Decoherence in adiabatic quantum computation
journal, February 2009

Glassy Chimeras Could Be Blind to Quantum Speedup: Designing Better Benchmarks for Quantum Annealing Machines
journal, April 2014

Tunable quantum tunnelling of magnetic domain walls
journal, October 2001

A scalable readout system for a superconducting adiabatic quantum optimization system
journal, September 2010

Optimization by Simulated Annealing
journal, May 1983

An Introduction to the Bootstrap
book, May 1994

Some Implementations of the Boxplot
journal, February 1989

Decoherence in adiabatic quantum computation
text, January 2007

Mathematical Foundation of Quantum Annealing
text, January 2008

A scalable control system for a superconducting adiabatic quantum optimization processor
text, January 2009

Experimental Demonstration of a Robust and Scalable Flux Qubit
text, January 2009

Minor-embedding in adiabatic quantum computation: II. Minor-universal graph design
text, January 2010

Quantum Adiabatic Markovian Master Equations
text, January 2012

Entanglement in a quantum annealing processor
text, January 2014

Quantum Annealing of a Disordered Magnet
text, January 2001

Tunable Quantum Tunneling of Magnetic Domain Walls
text, January 2002

Thermally assisted adiabatic quantum computation
text, January 2006

Quantum Phase Transitions and Bipartite Entanglement
text, January 2004

Reliability of Digitized Quantum Annealing and the Decay of Entanglement
journal, June 2018

Experiments in Sound and Music Quantum Computing
book, February 2017

Fast clique minor generation in Chimera qubit connectivity graphs
journal, October 2015

Do multipartite correlations speed up adiabatic quantum computation or quantum annealing?
journal, April 2016

Practical integer-to-binary mapping for quantum annealers
journal, February 2019

How quantum is the speedup in adiabatic unstructured search?
journal, April 2019

Solving a Higgs optimization problem with quantum annealing for machine learning
journal, October 2017

Computational multiqubit tunnelling in programmable quantum annealers
journal, January 2016

Nested quantum annealing correction
journal, August 2016

Finite temperature quantum annealing solving exponentially small gap problem with non-monotonic success probability
journal, July 2018

Quantum fluctuation theorem for error diagnostics in quantum annealers
journal, November 2018

Maximum-Entropy Inference with a Programmable Annealer
journal, March 2016

Quantum information processing with superconducting circuits: a review
journal, September 2017

Analog nature of quantum adiabatic unstructured search
journal, November 2019

Uncertain fate of fair sampling in quantum annealing
journal, September 2019

Real-time simulation of flux qubits used for quantum annealing
journal, January 2020

Decoherence in adiabatic quantum computation
journal, June 2015

Best-case performance of quantum annealers on native spin-glass benchmarks: How chaos can affect success probabilities
journal, January 2016

Quantum Robotics: A Primer on Current Science and Future Perspectives
journal, January 2017

Completely positive master equation for arbitrary driving and small level spacing
journal, February 2020

Maximum-Entropy Inference with a Programmable Annealer
text, January 2016

Searching for quantum speedup in quasistatic quantum annealers
text, January 2015

Seeking Quantum Speedup Through Spin Glasses: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly
text, January 2015

Nested Quantum Annealing Correction
text, January 2015

What is the Computational Value of Finite Range Tunneling?
text, January 2015

Strengths and weaknesses of weak-strong cluster problems: A detailed overview of state-of-the-art classical heuristics vs quantum approaches
text, January 2016

Retrieving the ground state of spin glasses using thermal noise: Performance of quantum annealing at finite temperatures
text, January 2016

Quantum information processing with superconducting circuits: a review
text, January 2016

Demonstration of a scaling advantage for a quantum annealer over simulated annealing
text, January 2017

Uncertain fate of fair sampling in quantum annealing
text, January 2018