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Title: Characterization of the Hamamatsu VUV4 MPPCs for nEXO

Abstract

Here, we report on the characterization of the Hamamatsu VUV4 (S/N: S13370-6152) Vacuum Ultra-Violet (VUV) sensitive Silicon Photo-Multipliers (SiPMs) as part of the development of a solution for the detection of liquid xenon scintillation light for the nEXO experiment. Various SiPM features, such as: dark noise, gain, correlated avalanches, direct crosstalk and Photon Detection Eciency (PDE) were measured in a dedicated setup at TRIUMF. SiPMs were characterized in the range 163 K ≤ T ≤ 233 K. At an over voltage of 3.1 ± 0.2 V and at T = 163 K we report a number of Correlated Avalanches (CAs) per pulse in the 1μs interval following the trigger pulse of 0.161 ± 0.005. At the same settings the Dark-Noise (DN) rate is 0.137 ± 0.002 Hz/mm2. Both the number of CAs and the DN rate are within nEXO specifications. The PDE of the Hamamatsu VUV4 was measured for two dierent devices at T = 233 K for a mean wavelength of 189 ± 7 nm. At 3.6 ± 0.2 V and 3.5 ± 0.2 V of over voltage we report a PDE of 13.4 ± 2.6 % and 11 ± 2%, corresponding to a saturation PDE of 14.8 ±more » 2.8 % and 12.2 ± 2.3%, respectively. Both values are well below the 24 % saturation PDE advertised by Hamamatsu. More generally, the second device tested at 3.5 ± 0.2 V of over voltage is below the nEXO PDE requirement. The first one instead yields a PDE that is marginally close to meeting the nEXO specifications. In conclusion, this suggests that with modest improvements the Hamamatsu VUV4 MPPCs could be considered as an alternative to the FBKLF SiPMs for the final design of the nEXO detector.« less

Authors:
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Publication Date:
Research Org.:
Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States); Leland Stanford Junior Univ., Redwood City, CA (United States); Univ. of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL (United States); Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE Office of Science (SC), High Energy Physics (HEP); National Science Foundation (NSF); USDOE Office of Science (SC), Nuclear Physics (NP); Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC); Canada Foundation for Innovation (CFI); Fonds de recherche du Québec – Nature et technologies (FRQNT); McDonald Institute; Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF); Institute for Basic Science (IBS); Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR); Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); USDOE Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) Program
Contributing Org.:
nEXO; nEXO Collaboration
OSTI Identifier:
1557100
Alternate Identifier(s):
OSTI ID: 1660435; OSTI ID: 1691743; OSTI ID: 1831058; OSTI ID: 1835030
Report Number(s):
BNL-211967-2019-JAAM; LLNL-JRNL-805155
Journal ID: ISSN 0168-9002
Grant/Contract Number:  
SC0012704; AC52-07NA27344; SC0017970; AC05-76RL01830; FG02-01ER41166
Resource Type:
Accepted Manuscript
Journal Name:
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research. Section A, Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Volume: 940; Journal Issue: C; Journal ID: ISSN 0168-9002
Publisher:
Elsevier
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY; Hamamatsu; MPPCs; VUV4; SiPMs; nEXO; PDE

Citation Formats

Gallina, G., Giampa, P., Retière, F., Kroeger, J., Zhang, G., Ward, M., Margetak, P., Li, G., Tsang, T., Doria, L., Al Kharusi, S., Alfaris, M., Anton, G., Arnquist, I. J., Badhrees, I., Barbeau, P. S., Beck, D., Belov, V., Bhatta, T., Blatchford, J., Brodsky, J. P., Brown, E., Brunner, T., Cao, G. F., Cao, L., Cen, W. R., Chambers, C., Charlebois, S. A., Chiu, M., Cleveland, B., Coon, M., Craycraft, A., Dalmasson, J., Daniels, T., Darroch, L., Daugherty, S. J., De St. Croix, A., Der Mesrobian-Kabakian, A., DeVoe, R., Dilling, J., Ding, Y. Y., Dolinski, M. J., Dragone, A., Echevers, J., Elbeltagi, M., Fabris, L., Fairbank, D., Fairbank, W., Farine, J., Feyzbakhsh, S., Fontaine, R., Gautam, P., Giacomini, G., Gornea, R., Gratta, G., Hansen, E. V., Heffner, M., Hoppe, E. W., Hößl, J., House, A., Hughes, M., Ito, Y., Iverson, A., Jamil, A., Jewell, M. J., Jiang, X. S., Karelin, A., Kaufman, L. J., Kodroff, D., Koffas, T., Krücken, R., Kuchenkov, A., Kumar, K. S., Lan, Y., Larson, A., Lenardo, B. G., Leonard, D. S., Li, S., Li, Z., Licciardi, C., Lin, Y. H., Lv, P., MacLellan, R., McElroy, T., Medina-Peregrina, M., Michel, T., Mong, B., Moore, D. C., Murray, K., Nakarmi, P., Newby, R. J., Ning, Z., Njoya, O., Nolet, F., Nusair, O., Odgers, K., Odian, A., Oriunno, M., Orrell, J. L., Ortega, G. S., Ostrovskiy, I., Overman, C. T., Parent, S., Piepke, A., Pocar, A., Pratte, J. -F., Qiu, D., Radeka, V., Raguzin, E., Rescia, S., Richman, M., Robinson, A., Rossignol, T., Rowson, P. C., Roy, N., Saldanha, R., Sangiorgio, S., Skarpaas, K., Soma, A. K., St-Hilaire, G., Stekhanov, V., Stiegler, T., Sun, X. L., Tarka, M., Todd, J., Tolba, T., Totev, T. I., Tsang, R., Vachon, F., Veeraraghavan, V., Visser, G., Vuilleumier, J. -L., Wagenpfeil, M., Walent, M., Wang, Q., Watkins, J., Weber, M., Wei, W., Wen, L. J., Wichoski, U., Wu, S. X., Wu, W. H., Wu, X., Xia, Q., Yang, H., Yang, L., Yen, Y. -R., Zeldovich, O., Zhao, J., Zhou, Y., and Ziegler, T. Characterization of the Hamamatsu VUV4 MPPCs for nEXO. United States: N. p., 2019. Web. doi:10.1016/j.nima.2019.05.096.
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Gallina, G., Giampa, P., Retière, F., Kroeger, J., Zhang, G., Ward, M., Margetak, P., Li, G., Tsang, T., Doria, L., Al Kharusi, S., Alfaris, M., Anton, G., Arnquist, I. J., Badhrees, I., Barbeau, P. S., Beck, D., Belov, V., Bhatta, T., Blatchford, J., Brodsky, J. P., Brown, E., Brunner, T., Cao, G. F., Cao, L., Cen, W. R., Chambers, C., Charlebois, S. A., Chiu, M., Cleveland, B., Coon, M., Craycraft, A., Dalmasson, J., Daniels, T., Darroch, L., Daugherty, S. J., De St. Croix, A., Der Mesrobian-Kabakian, A., DeVoe, R., Dilling, J., Ding, Y. Y., Dolinski, M. J., Dragone, A., Echevers, J., Elbeltagi, M., Fabris, L., Fairbank, D., Fairbank, W., Farine, J., Feyzbakhsh, S., Fontaine, R., Gautam, P., Giacomini, G., Gornea, R., Gratta, G., Hansen, E. V., Heffner, M., Hoppe, E. W., Hößl, J., House, A., Hughes, M., Ito, Y., Iverson, A., Jamil, A., Jewell, M. J., Jiang, X. S., Karelin, A., Kaufman, L. J., Kodroff, D., Koffas, T., Krücken, R., Kuchenkov, A., Kumar, K. S., Lan, Y., Larson, A., Lenardo, B. G., Leonard, D. S., Li, S., Li, Z., Licciardi, C., Lin, Y. H., Lv, P., MacLellan, R., McElroy, T., Medina-Peregrina, M., Michel, T., Mong, B., Moore, D. C., Murray, K., Nakarmi, P., Newby, R. J., Ning, Z., Njoya, O., Nolet, F., Nusair, O., Odgers, K., Odian, A., Oriunno, M., Orrell, J. L., Ortega, G. S., Ostrovskiy, I., Overman, C. T., Parent, S., Piepke, A., Pocar, A., Pratte, J. -F., Qiu, D., Radeka, V., Raguzin, E., Rescia, S., Richman, M., Robinson, A., Rossignol, T., Rowson, P. C., Roy, N., Saldanha, R., Sangiorgio, S., Skarpaas, K., Soma, A. K., St-Hilaire, G., Stekhanov, V., Stiegler, T., Sun, X. L., Tarka, M., Todd, J., Tolba, T., Totev, T. I., Tsang, R., Vachon, F., Veeraraghavan, V., Visser, G., Vuilleumier, J. -L., Wagenpfeil, M., Walent, M., Wang, Q., Watkins, J., Weber, M., Wei, W., Wen, L. J., Wichoski, U., Wu, S. X., Wu, W. H., Wu, X., Xia, Q., Yang, H., Yang, L., Yen, Y. -R., Zeldovich, O., Zhao, J., Zhou, Y., & Ziegler, T. Characterization of the Hamamatsu VUV4 MPPCs for nEXO. United States. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2019.05.096
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Gallina, G., Giampa, P., Retière, F., Kroeger, J., Zhang, G., Ward, M., Margetak, P., Li, G., Tsang, T., Doria, L., Al Kharusi, S., Alfaris, M., Anton, G., Arnquist, I. J., Badhrees, I., Barbeau, P. S., Beck, D., Belov, V., Bhatta, T., Blatchford, J., Brodsky, J. P., Brown, E., Brunner, T., Cao, G. F., Cao, L., Cen, W. R., Chambers, C., Charlebois, S. A., Chiu, M., Cleveland, B., Coon, M., Craycraft, A., Dalmasson, J., Daniels, T., Darroch, L., Daugherty, S. J., De St. Croix, A., Der Mesrobian-Kabakian, A., DeVoe, R., Dilling, J., Ding, Y. Y., Dolinski, M. J., Dragone, A., Echevers, J., Elbeltagi, M., Fabris, L., Fairbank, D., Fairbank, W., Farine, J., Feyzbakhsh, S., Fontaine, R., Gautam, P., Giacomini, G., Gornea, R., Gratta, G., Hansen, E. V., Heffner, M., Hoppe, E. W., Hößl, J., House, A., Hughes, M., Ito, Y., Iverson, A., Jamil, A., Jewell, M. J., Jiang, X. S., Karelin, A., Kaufman, L. J., Kodroff, D., Koffas, T., Krücken, R., Kuchenkov, A., Kumar, K. S., Lan, Y., Larson, A., Lenardo, B. G., Leonard, D. S., Li, S., Li, Z., Licciardi, C., Lin, Y. H., Lv, P., MacLellan, R., McElroy, T., Medina-Peregrina, M., Michel, T., Mong, B., Moore, D. C., Murray, K., Nakarmi, P., Newby, R. J., Ning, Z., Njoya, O., Nolet, F., Nusair, O., Odgers, K., Odian, A., Oriunno, M., Orrell, J. L., Ortega, G. S., Ostrovskiy, I., Overman, C. T., Parent, S., Piepke, A., Pocar, A., Pratte, J. -F., Qiu, D., Radeka, V., Raguzin, E., Rescia, S., Richman, M., Robinson, A., Rossignol, T., Rowson, P. C., Roy, N., Saldanha, R., Sangiorgio, S., Skarpaas, K., Soma, A. K., St-Hilaire, G., Stekhanov, V., Stiegler, T., Sun, X. L., Tarka, M., Todd, J., Tolba, T., Totev, T. I., Tsang, R., Vachon, F., Veeraraghavan, V., Visser, G., Vuilleumier, J. -L., Wagenpfeil, M., Walent, M., Wang, Q., Watkins, J., Weber, M., Wei, W., Wen, L. J., Wichoski, U., Wu, S. X., Wu, W. H., Wu, X., Xia, Q., Yang, H., Yang, L., Yen, Y. -R., Zeldovich, O., Zhao, J., Zhou, Y., and Ziegler, T. Tue . "Characterization of the Hamamatsu VUV4 MPPCs for nEXO". United States. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2019.05.096. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1557100.
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@article{osti_1557100,
title = {Characterization of the Hamamatsu VUV4 MPPCs for nEXO},
author = {Gallina, G. and Giampa, P. and Retière, F. and Kroeger, J. and Zhang, G. and Ward, M. and Margetak, P. and Li, G. and Tsang, T. and Doria, L. and Al Kharusi, S. and Alfaris, M. and Anton, G. and Arnquist, I. J. and Badhrees, I. and Barbeau, P. S. and Beck, D. and Belov, V. and Bhatta, T. and Blatchford, J. and Brodsky, J. P. and Brown, E. and Brunner, T. and Cao, G. F. and Cao, L. and Cen, W. R. and Chambers, C. and Charlebois, S. A. and Chiu, M. and Cleveland, B. and Coon, M. and Craycraft, A. and Dalmasson, J. and Daniels, T. and Darroch, L. and Daugherty, S. J. and De St. Croix, A. and Der Mesrobian-Kabakian, A. and DeVoe, R. and Dilling, J. and Ding, Y. Y. and Dolinski, M. J. and Dragone, A. and Echevers, J. and Elbeltagi, M. and Fabris, L. and Fairbank, D. and Fairbank, W. and Farine, J. and Feyzbakhsh, S. and Fontaine, R. and Gautam, P. and Giacomini, G. and Gornea, R. and Gratta, G. and Hansen, E. V. and Heffner, M. and Hoppe, E. W. and Hößl, J. and House, A. and Hughes, M. and Ito, Y. and Iverson, A. and Jamil, A. and Jewell, M. J. and Jiang, X. S. and Karelin, A. and Kaufman, L. J. and Kodroff, D. and Koffas, T. and Krücken, R. and Kuchenkov, A. and Kumar, K. S. and Lan, Y. and Larson, A. and Lenardo, B. G. and Leonard, D. S. and Li, S. and Li, Z. and Licciardi, C. and Lin, Y. H. and Lv, P. and MacLellan, R. and McElroy, T. and Medina-Peregrina, M. and Michel, T. and Mong, B. and Moore, D. C. and Murray, K. and Nakarmi, P. and Newby, R. J. and Ning, Z. and Njoya, O. and Nolet, F. and Nusair, O. and Odgers, K. and Odian, A. and Oriunno, M. and Orrell, J. L. and Ortega, G. S. and Ostrovskiy, I. and Overman, C. T. and Parent, S. and Piepke, A. and Pocar, A. and Pratte, J. -F. and Qiu, D. and Radeka, V. and Raguzin, E. and Rescia, S. and Richman, M. and Robinson, A. and Rossignol, T. and Rowson, P. C. and Roy, N. and Saldanha, R. and Sangiorgio, S. and Skarpaas, K. and Soma, A. K. and St-Hilaire, G. and Stekhanov, V. and Stiegler, T. and Sun, X. L. and Tarka, M. and Todd, J. and Tolba, T. and Totev, T. I. and Tsang, R. and Vachon, F. and Veeraraghavan, V. and Visser, G. and Vuilleumier, J. -L. and Wagenpfeil, M. and Walent, M. and Wang, Q. and Watkins, J. and Weber, M. and Wei, W. and Wen, L. J. and Wichoski, U. and Wu, S. X. and Wu, W. H. and Wu, X. and Xia, Q. and Yang, H. and Yang, L. and Yen, Y. -R. and Zeldovich, O. and Zhao, J. and Zhou, Y. and Ziegler, T.},
abstractNote = {Here, we report on the characterization of the Hamamatsu VUV4 (S/N: S13370-6152) Vacuum Ultra-Violet (VUV) sensitive Silicon Photo-Multipliers (SiPMs) as part of the development of a solution for the detection of liquid xenon scintillation light for the nEXO experiment. Various SiPM features, such as: dark noise, gain, correlated avalanches, direct crosstalk and Photon Detection Eciency (PDE) were measured in a dedicated setup at TRIUMF. SiPMs were characterized in the range 163 K ≤ T ≤ 233 K. At an over voltage of 3.1 ± 0.2 V and at T = 163 K we report a number of Correlated Avalanches (CAs) per pulse in the 1μs interval following the trigger pulse of 0.161 ± 0.005. At the same settings the Dark-Noise (DN) rate is 0.137 ± 0.002 Hz/mm2. Both the number of CAs and the DN rate are within nEXO specifications. The PDE of the Hamamatsu VUV4 was measured for two dierent devices at T = 233 K for a mean wavelength of 189 ± 7 nm. At 3.6 ± 0.2 V and 3.5 ± 0.2 V of over voltage we report a PDE of 13.4 ± 2.6 % and 11 ± 2%, corresponding to a saturation PDE of 14.8 ± 2.8 % and 12.2 ± 2.3%, respectively. Both values are well below the 24 % saturation PDE advertised by Hamamatsu. More generally, the second device tested at 3.5 ± 0.2 V of over voltage is below the nEXO PDE requirement. The first one instead yields a PDE that is marginally close to meeting the nEXO specifications. In conclusion, this suggests that with modest improvements the Hamamatsu VUV4 MPPCs could be considered as an alternative to the FBKLF SiPMs for the final design of the nEXO detector.},
doi = {10.1016/j.nima.2019.05.096},
journal = {Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research. Section A, Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment},
number = C,
volume = 940,
place = {United States},
year = {Tue Jun 18 00:00:00 EDT 2019},
month = {Tue Jun 18 00:00:00 EDT 2019}
}
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