Emergent magnetic monopole dynamics in macroscopically degenerate artificial spin ice

Farhan, Alan; Saccone, Michael; Petersen, Charlotte F.; Dhuey, Scott; Chopdekar, Rajesh V.; Huang, Yen-Lin; Kent, Noah; Chen, Zuhuang; Alava, Mikko J.; Lippert, Thomas; Scholl, Andreas; van Dijken, Sebastiaan

doi:10.1126/sciadv.aav6380

Title: Emergent magnetic monopole dynamics in macroscopically degenerate artificial spin ice

Abstract

Magnetic monopoles, proposed as elementary particles that act as isolated magnetic south and north poles, have long attracted research interest as magnetic analogs to electric charge. In solid-state physics, a classical analog to these elusive particles has emerged as topological excitations within pyrochlore spin ice systems. We present the first real-time imaging of emergent magnetic monopole motion in a macroscopically degenerate artificial spin ice system consisting of thermally activated Ising-type nanomagnets lithographically arranged onto a pre-etched silicon substrate. A real-space characterization of emergent magnetic monopoles within the framework of Debye-Hückel theory is performed, providing visual evidence that these topological defects act like a plasma of Coulomb-type magnetic charges. In contrast to vertex defects in a purely two-dimensional artificial square ice, magnetic monopoles are free to evolve within a divergence-free vacuum, a magnetic Coulomb phase, for which features in the form of pinch-point singularities in magnetic structure factors are observed.

Authors:

^[1];

^[2];

^[3];

^[4];

^[5]; Huang, Yen-Lin ^[6]; Kent, Noah ^[7]; Chen, Zuhuang ^[8];

^[9]; Lippert, Thomas ^[10];

^[5]; van Dijken, Sebastiaan ^[11]

Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). Advanced Light Source (ALS); Paul Scherrer Inst. (PSI), Villigen (Switzerland)
Univ. of California, Santa Cruz, CA (United States)
Aalto Univ., Espoo (Finland); Univ. Innsbruck (Austria)
Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)
Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). Advanced Light Source (ALS)
Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States)
Univ. of California, Santa Cruz, CA (United States); Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). Materials Sciences Division
Harbin Inst. of Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong (China)
Aalto Univ., Espoo (Finland); Univ. Innsbruck (Austria)
Paul Scherrer Inst. (PSI), Villigen (Switzerland); Federal Inst. of Technology, Zurich (Switzerland)
Aalto Univ. School of Science, Aalto (Finland)

Publication Date:: Fri Feb 08 00:00:00 EST 2019

Research Org.:: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Science (SC)

OSTI Identifier:: 1542371

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-05CH11231

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Science Advances

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 5; Journal Issue: 2; Journal ID: ISSN 2375-2548

Publisher:: AAAS

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS

Citation Formats


                    Farhan, Alan, Saccone, Michael, Petersen, Charlotte F., Dhuey, Scott, Chopdekar, Rajesh V., Huang, Yen-Lin, Kent, Noah, Chen, Zuhuang, Alava, Mikko J., Lippert, Thomas, Scholl, Andreas, and van Dijken, Sebastiaan. Emergent magnetic monopole dynamics in macroscopically degenerate artificial spin ice.  United States: N. p., 2019. 
Web.  doi:10.1126/sciadv.aav6380.

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                    Farhan, Alan, Saccone, Michael, Petersen, Charlotte F., Dhuey, Scott, Chopdekar, Rajesh V., Huang, Yen-Lin, Kent, Noah, Chen, Zuhuang, Alava, Mikko J., Lippert, Thomas, Scholl, Andreas, & van Dijken, Sebastiaan. Emergent magnetic monopole dynamics in macroscopically degenerate artificial spin ice.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aav6380

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                    Farhan, Alan, Saccone, Michael, Petersen, Charlotte F., Dhuey, Scott, Chopdekar, Rajesh V., Huang, Yen-Lin, Kent, Noah, Chen, Zuhuang, Alava, Mikko J., Lippert, Thomas, Scholl, Andreas, and van Dijken, Sebastiaan. Fri .  
"Emergent magnetic monopole dynamics in macroscopically degenerate artificial spin ice".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aav6380.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1542371.

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@article{osti_1542371,

  title        = {Emergent magnetic monopole dynamics in macroscopically degenerate artificial spin ice},

  author       = {Farhan, Alan and Saccone, Michael and Petersen, Charlotte F. and Dhuey, Scott and Chopdekar, Rajesh V. and Huang, Yen-Lin and Kent, Noah and Chen, Zuhuang and Alava, Mikko J. and Lippert, Thomas and Scholl, Andreas and van Dijken, Sebastiaan},

  abstractNote = {Magnetic monopoles, proposed as elementary particles that act as isolated magnetic south and north poles, have long attracted research interest as magnetic analogs to electric charge. In solid-state physics, a classical analog to these elusive particles has emerged as topological excitations within pyrochlore spin ice systems. We present the first real-time imaging of emergent magnetic monopole motion in a macroscopically degenerate artificial spin ice system consisting of thermally activated Ising-type nanomagnets lithographically arranged onto a pre-etched silicon substrate. A real-space characterization of emergent magnetic monopoles within the framework of Debye-Hückel theory is performed, providing visual evidence that these topological defects act like a plasma of Coulomb-type magnetic charges. In contrast to vertex defects in a purely two-dimensional artificial square ice, magnetic monopoles are free to evolve within a divergence-free vacuum, a magnetic Coulomb phase, for which features in the form of pinch-point singularities in magnetic structure factors are observed.},

  doi          = {10.1126/sciadv.aav6380},

  journal      = {Science Advances},

  number       = 2,

  volume       = 5,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Fri Feb 08 00:00:00 EST 2019},

  month        = {Fri Feb 08 00:00:00 EST 2019}

}

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Works referencing / citing this record:

Thermally and field-driven mobility of emergent magnetic charges in square artificial spin ice
journal, November 2019

Morley, Sophie A.; Porro, Jose Maria; Hrabec, Aleš
Scientific Reports, Vol. 9, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52460-7

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Morley, Sophie A.; Porro, Jose Maria; Hrabec, Aleš
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Stancioli, R. A.; Mól, L. A. S.
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Thermally and field-driven mobility of emergent magnetic charges in square artificial spin ice
journal, November 2019

Morley, Sophie A.; Porro, Jose Maria; Hrabec, Aleš
Scientific Reports, Vol. 9, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52460-7

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Title: Emergent magnetic monopole dynamics in macroscopically degenerate artificial spin ice

Abstract

Citation Formats

Spin Ice State in Frustrated Magnetic Pyrochlore Materials journal, November 2001

Geometrical Frustration in the Ferromagnetic Pyrochlore Ho 2 Ti 2 O 7 journal, September 1997

Zero-point entropy in ‘spin ice’ journal, May 1999

The Structure and Entropy of Ice and of Other Crystals with Some Randomness of Atomic Arrangement journal, December 1935

Magnetic monopoles in spin ice journal, January 2008

Magnetic Coulomb Phase in the Spin Ice Ho2Ti2O7 journal, September 2009

The “Coulomb Phase” in Frustrated Systems journal, August 2010

Artificial ‘spin ice’ in a geometrically frustrated lattice of nanoscale ferromagnetic islands journal, January 2006

Exploring thermally induced states in square artificial spin-ice arrays journal, May 2013

Crystallites of magnetic charges in artificial spin ice journal, August 2013

Extensive degeneracy, Coulomb phase and magnetic monopoles in artificial square ice journal, November 2016

Building blocks of an artificial kagome spin ice: Photoemission electron microscopy of arrays of ferromagnetic islands journal, October 2008

Direct observation of the ice rule in an artificial kagome spin ice journal, March 2008

Direct observation of magnetic monopole defects in an artificial spin-ice system journal, April 2010

Thermodynamic phase transitions in a frustrated magnetic metamaterial journal, September 2015

Debye-Hückel theory for spin ice at low temperature journal, October 2011

Magnetic charge and moment dynamics in artificial kagome spin ice journal, August 2017

Thermodynamics of emergent magnetic charge screening in artificial spin ice journal, September 2016

Interaction modifiers in artificial spin ices journal, February 2018

Nanoscale control of competing interactions and geometrical frustration in a dipolar trident lattice journal, October 2017

Cryogenic PEEM at the Advanced Light Source journal, October 2012

Element-Specific Magnetic Microscopy with Circularly Polarized X-rays journal, January 1993

Creation and measurement of long-lived magnetic monopole currents in spin ice journal, February 2011

Dirac Strings and Magnetic Monopoles in the Spin Ice Dy2Ti2O7 journal, September 2009

Lattice models of ionic systems journal, May 2002

Electrostatic correlations: from plasma to biology journal, September 2002

Signature of magnetic monopole and Dirac string dynamics in spin ice journal, March 2009

Exploring hyper-cubic energy landscapes in thermally active finite artificial spin-ice systems journal, May 2013

Effect of FePd alloy composition on the dynamics of artificial spin ice journal, March 2018

Magnetic-charge ordering and phase transitions in monopole-conserved square spin ice journal, October 2015

Onsager’s Wien effect on a lattice journal, August 2013

Absence of Pauling’s residual entropy in thermally equilibrated Dy2Ti2O7 journal, April 2013

Artificial ‘spin ice’ in a geometrically frustrated lattice of nanoscale ferromagnetic islands journal, March 2007

Magnetic Monopoles in Spin Ice journal, January 2008

Thermodynamic phase transitions in a frustrated magnetic metamaterial text, January 2015

Signature of magnetic monopole and Dirac string dynamics in spin ice text, January 2009

Magnetic multipole analysis of kagome and artificial ice dipolar arrays text, January 2009

Onsager's Wien Effect on a Lattice text, January 2013

Electrostatic correlations: from Plasma to Biology text, January 2002

Artificial square ice and related dipolar nanoarrays text, January 2006

The Structure and Entropy of Ice and of Other Crystals with Some Randomness of Atomic Arrangement journal, December 1935

Zero-point entropy in ‘spin ice’ journal, May 1999

Extensive degeneracy, Coulomb phase and magnetic monopoles in artificial square ice journal, November 2016

Thermodynamics of emergent magnetic charge screening in artificial spin ice journal, September 2016

Thermodynamic phase transitions in a frustrated magnetic metamaterial journal, September 2015

Exploring hyper-cubic energy landscapes in thermally active finite artificial spin-ice systems journal, May 2013

Nanoscale control of competing interactions and geometrical frustration in a dipolar trident lattice journal, October 2017

Interaction modifiers in artificial spin ices journal, February 2018

Magnetic-charge ordering and phase transitions in monopole-conserved square spin ice journal, October 2015

Lattice models of ionic systems with charge asymmetry journal, April 2003

Magnetic multipole analysis of kagome and artificial spin-ice dipolar arrays journal, October 2009

Direct Observation of Thermal Relaxation in Artificial Spin Ice journal, August 2013

Dynamics of Bound Monopoles in Artificial Spin Ice: How to Store Energy in Dirac Strings journal, February 2016

Artificial Square Ice and Related Dipolar Nanoarrays journal, June 2006

Spin Ice State in Frustrated Magnetic Pyrochlore Materials journal, November 2001

Direct observation of the ice rule in artificial kagome spin ice text, January 2008

Debye-Hückel theory for spin ice at low temperature text, January 2011

Magnetic-Moment Fragmentation and Monopole Crystallization text, January 2013

Thermally and field-driven mobility of emergent magnetic charges in square artificial spin ice journal, November 2019

Advances in artificial spin ice journal, November 2019

Elevated effective dimension in tree-like nanomagnetic Cayley structures journal, January 2020

On the micromagnetic behavior of dipolar-coupled nanomagnets in defective square artificial spin ice systems journal, December 2019

Magnetization dynamics in artificial spin ice journal, October 2019

Intermediate phase and pseudo phase transition in an artificial spin ice model journal, July 2019

Monte Carlo study on the detection of classical order by disorder in real antiferromagnetic Ising pyrochlores journal, November 2019

Towards artificial Ising spin glasses: Thermal ordering in randomized arrays of Ising-type nanomagnets journal, June 2019

Quasidegenerate ice manifold in a purely two-dimensional square array of nanomagnets journal, June 2019

Dipolar Cairo lattice: Geometrical frustration and short-range correlations journal, October 2019

Thermally and field-driven mobility of emergent magnetic charges in square artificial spin ice text, January 2018

Intermediate phase and pseudo phase transition in an artificial spin ice model text, January 2019

Thermally and field-driven mobility of emergent magnetic charges in square artificial spin ice journal, November 2019

Spin Ice State in Frustrated Magnetic Pyrochlore Materials
journal, November 2001

Geometrical Frustration in the Ferromagnetic Pyrochlore ${Ho}_{2} {Ti}_{2} O_{7}$
journal, September 1997

Zero-point entropy in ‘spin ice’
journal, May 1999

The Structure and Entropy of Ice and of Other Crystals with Some Randomness of Atomic Arrangement
journal, December 1935

Magnetic monopoles in spin ice
journal, January 2008

Magnetic Coulomb Phase in the Spin Ice Ho2Ti2O7
journal, September 2009

The “Coulomb Phase” in Frustrated Systems
journal, August 2010

Artificial ‘spin ice’ in a geometrically frustrated lattice of nanoscale ferromagnetic islands
journal, January 2006

Exploring thermally induced states in square artificial spin-ice arrays
journal, May 2013

Crystallites of magnetic charges in artificial spin ice
journal, August 2013

Extensive degeneracy, Coulomb phase and magnetic monopoles in artificial square ice
journal, November 2016

Building blocks of an artificial kagome spin ice: Photoemission electron microscopy of arrays of ferromagnetic islands
journal, October 2008

Direct observation of the ice rule in an artificial kagome spin ice
journal, March 2008

Direct observation of magnetic monopole defects in an artificial spin-ice system
journal, April 2010

Thermodynamic phase transitions in a frustrated magnetic metamaterial
journal, September 2015

Debye-Hückel theory for spin ice at low temperature
journal, October 2011

Magnetic charge and moment dynamics in artificial kagome spin ice
journal, August 2017

Thermodynamics of emergent magnetic charge screening in artificial spin ice
journal, September 2016

Interaction modifiers in artificial spin ices
journal, February 2018

Nanoscale control of competing interactions and geometrical frustration in a dipolar trident lattice
journal, October 2017

Cryogenic PEEM at the Advanced Light Source
journal, October 2012

Element-Specific Magnetic Microscopy with Circularly Polarized X-rays
journal, January 1993

Creation and measurement of long-lived magnetic monopole currents in spin ice
journal, February 2011

Dirac Strings and Magnetic Monopoles in the Spin Ice Dy2Ti2O7
journal, September 2009

Lattice models of ionic systems
journal, May 2002

Electrostatic correlations: from plasma to biology
journal, September 2002

Signature of magnetic monopole and Dirac string dynamics in spin ice
journal, March 2009

Exploring hyper-cubic energy landscapes in thermally active finite artificial spin-ice systems
journal, May 2013

Effect of FePd alloy composition on the dynamics of artificial spin ice
journal, March 2018

Magnetic-charge ordering and phase transitions in monopole-conserved square spin ice
journal, October 2015

Onsager’s Wien effect on a lattice
journal, August 2013

Absence of Pauling’s residual entropy in thermally equilibrated Dy2Ti2O7
journal, April 2013

Artificial ‘spin ice’ in a geometrically frustrated lattice of nanoscale ferromagnetic islands
journal, March 2007

Magnetic Monopoles in Spin Ice
journal, January 2008

Thermodynamic phase transitions in a frustrated magnetic metamaterial
text, January 2015

Signature of magnetic monopole and Dirac string dynamics in spin ice
text, January 2009

Magnetic multipole analysis of kagome and artificial ice dipolar arrays
text, January 2009

Onsager's Wien Effect on a Lattice
text, January 2013

Electrostatic correlations: from Plasma to Biology
text, January 2002

Artificial square ice and related dipolar nanoarrays
text, January 2006

The Structure and Entropy of Ice and of Other Crystals with Some Randomness of Atomic Arrangement
journal, December 1935

Zero-point entropy in ‘spin ice’
journal, May 1999

Extensive degeneracy, Coulomb phase and magnetic monopoles in artificial square ice
journal, November 2016

Thermodynamics of emergent magnetic charge screening in artificial spin ice
journal, September 2016

Thermodynamic phase transitions in a frustrated magnetic metamaterial
journal, September 2015

Exploring hyper-cubic energy landscapes in thermally active finite artificial spin-ice systems
journal, May 2013

Nanoscale control of competing interactions and geometrical frustration in a dipolar trident lattice
journal, October 2017

Interaction modifiers in artificial spin ices
journal, February 2018

Magnetic-charge ordering and phase transitions in monopole-conserved square spin ice
journal, October 2015

Lattice models of ionic systems with charge asymmetry
journal, April 2003

Magnetic multipole analysis of kagome and artificial spin-ice dipolar arrays
journal, October 2009

Direct Observation of Thermal Relaxation in Artificial Spin Ice
journal, August 2013

Dynamics of Bound Monopoles in Artificial Spin Ice: How to Store Energy in Dirac Strings
journal, February 2016

Artificial Square Ice and Related Dipolar Nanoarrays
journal, June 2006

Spin Ice State in Frustrated Magnetic Pyrochlore Materials
journal, November 2001

Direct observation of the ice rule in artificial kagome spin ice
text, January 2008

Debye-Hückel theory for spin ice at low temperature
text, January 2011

Magnetic-Moment Fragmentation and Monopole Crystallization
text, January 2013

Thermally and field-driven mobility of emergent magnetic charges in square artificial spin ice
journal, November 2019

Advances in artificial spin ice
journal, November 2019

Elevated effective dimension in tree-like nanomagnetic Cayley structures
journal, January 2020

On the micromagnetic behavior of dipolar-coupled nanomagnets in defective square artificial spin ice systems
journal, December 2019

Magnetization dynamics in artificial spin ice
journal, October 2019

Intermediate phase and pseudo phase transition in an artificial spin ice model
journal, July 2019

Monte Carlo study on the detection of classical order by disorder in real antiferromagnetic Ising pyrochlores
journal, November 2019

Towards artificial Ising spin glasses: Thermal ordering in randomized arrays of Ising-type nanomagnets
journal, June 2019

Quasidegenerate ice manifold in a purely two-dimensional square array of nanomagnets
journal, June 2019

Dipolar Cairo lattice: Geometrical frustration and short-range correlations
journal, October 2019

Thermally and field-driven mobility of emergent magnetic charges in square artificial spin ice
text, January 2018

Intermediate phase and pseudo phase transition in an artificial spin ice model
text, January 2019

Thermally and field-driven mobility of emergent magnetic charges in square artificial spin ice
journal, November 2019