Cosmic-Ray Nucleosynthesis of p -nuclei: Yields and Routes

Kusakabe, Motohiko; Mathews, Grant J.

doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aaa125

Title: Cosmic-Ray Nucleosynthesis of p -nuclei: Yields and Routes

Abstract

We review the cosmic-ray nucleosynthesis (CRN) of proton-rich stable nuclides (p-nuclides). We calculate the cosmic-ray (CR) energy spectra of heavy nuclides with mass number $A=[74,209]$, taking into account the detailed nuclear spallation, decay, energy loss, and escape from the Galaxy during the CR propagation. We adopt the latest semiempirical formula SPACS for the spallation cross sections and the latest data on nuclear decay. Effective electron-capture decay rates are calculated using the proper cross sections for recombination and ionization in the whole CR energy region. Measured CR spectral shapes vary for different nuclides. Abundances of proton-rich unstable nuclides increase in CRs with increasing energy relative to those of other nuclides. Yields of the primary and secondary spallation processes and differential yields from respective seed nuclides are calculated. We find that the CR energy region of $$\leqslant { \mathcal O }(100)$$ MeV/nucleon predominantly contributes to the total yields. The atomic cross sections in the low-energy range adopted in this study are then necessary. Effects of CRN on the Galactic chemical evolution of p-nuclides are calculated. Critical seed nuclides are identified for respective p-nuclides. The contribution of CRN is significant for ^180mTa, accounting for about 20% of the solar abundance. About 87% of the 180m Ta CRN yield can be attributed to the primary process. The most important production routes are reactions of ¹⁸¹Ta, ¹⁸⁰Hf, and ¹⁸²W. CRN yields of other p-nuclides are typically about $${ \mathcal O }$$(10^–4–10^–2) of solar abundances.

Authors:

Kusakabe, Motohiko ^[1];

^[1]

Univ. of Notre Dame, IN (United States)

Publication Date:: Mon Feb 26 00:00:00 EST 2018

Research Org.:: Univ. of Notre Dame, IN (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Science (SC)

OSTI Identifier:: 1542016

Grant/Contract Number:: FG02-95ER40934

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: The Astrophysical Journal (Online)

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Name: The Astrophysical Journal (Online); Journal Volume: 854; Journal Issue: 2; Journal ID: ISSN 1538-4357

Publisher:: Institute of Physics (IOP)

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS; atomic processes; cosmic rays; nuclear reactions, nucleosynthesis, abundances; Sun: abundances

Citation Formats


                    Kusakabe, Motohiko, and Mathews, Grant J. Cosmic-Ray Nucleosynthesis of p -nuclei: Yields and Routes.  United States: N. p., 2018. 
Web.  doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aaa125.

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                    Kusakabe, Motohiko, & Mathews, Grant J. Cosmic-Ray Nucleosynthesis of p -nuclei: Yields and Routes.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aaa125

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                    Kusakabe, Motohiko, and Mathews, Grant J. Mon .  
"Cosmic-Ray Nucleosynthesis of p -nuclei: Yields and Routes".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aaa125.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1542016.

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@article{osti_1542016,

  title        = {Cosmic-Ray Nucleosynthesis of p -nuclei: Yields and Routes},

  author       = {Kusakabe, Motohiko and Mathews, Grant J.},

  abstractNote = {We review the cosmic-ray nucleosynthesis (CRN) of proton-rich stable nuclides (p-nuclides). We calculate the cosmic-ray (CR) energy spectra of heavy nuclides with mass number $A=[74,209]$, taking into account the detailed nuclear spallation, decay, energy loss, and escape from the Galaxy during the CR propagation. We adopt the latest semiempirical formula SPACS for the spallation cross sections and the latest data on nuclear decay. Effective electron-capture decay rates are calculated using the proper cross sections for recombination and ionization in the whole CR energy region. Measured CR spectral shapes vary for different nuclides. Abundances of proton-rich unstable nuclides increase in CRs with increasing energy relative to those of other nuclides. Yields of the primary and secondary spallation processes and differential yields from respective seed nuclides are calculated. We find that the CR energy region of $\leqslant { \mathcal O }(100)$ MeV/nucleon predominantly contributes to the total yields. The atomic cross sections in the low-energy range adopted in this study are then necessary. Effects of CRN on the Galactic chemical evolution of p-nuclides are calculated. Critical seed nuclides are identified for respective p-nuclides. The contribution of CRN is significant for 180mTa, accounting for about 20% of the solar abundance. About 87% of the 180m Ta CRN yield can be attributed to the primary process. The most important production routes are reactions of 181Ta, 180Hf, and 182W. CRN yields of other p-nuclides are typically about ${ \mathcal O }$(10–4–10–2) of solar abundances.},

  doi          = {10.3847/1538-4357/aaa125},

  journal      = {The Astrophysical Journal (Online)},

  number       = 2,

  volume       = 854,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Mon Feb 26 00:00:00 EST 2018},

  month        = {Mon Feb 26 00:00:00 EST 2018}

}

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Title: Cosmic-Ray Nucleosynthesis of p -nuclei: Yields and Routes

Abstract

Citation Formats

Measurements of spallation cross sections for 590 MeV protons on thin targets of copper, nickel, iron and aluminum journal, July 1971

Ta g , m 180 production cross sections from the Hf 180 ( p , n ) reaction journal, August 1982

Microscopic nuclear models for astrophysics: The Brussels BRUSLIB nuclear library and beyond journal, October 2006

Cross Sections for Radiative Recombination and the Photoelectric Effect in the k, l, and m Shells of One-Electron Systems with 1 ≤ z ≤ 112 Calculated Within an Exact Relativistic Description journal, January 2000

Measurements of 41Ca spallation cross sections and 41Ca concentrations in the grant meteorite by accelerator mass spectrometry journal, November 1987

Propagation of heavy cosmic-ray nuclei journal, November 1984

Nucleosynthesis of Light Elements and Heavy r ‐Process Elements through the ν‐Process in Supernova Explosions journal, January 2004

The p-process in supernovae journal, February 1978

The r-, s-, and p-Processes in Nucleosynthesis journal, September 1994

Charge spectrum of superheavy nuclei of galactic cosmic rays obtained in the OLIMPIA experiment journal, May 2015

Review of Particle Physics journal, August 2014

Spallation of Copper by 65-MeV π + and π − and by 205-MeV Protons journal, August 1973

Theory of relativistic ion-atom collisions journal, October 1990

Partial Cross-Sections in High-Energy Nuclear Reactions, and Astrophysical Applications. I. Targets WITh Z <= 28. II. Targets Heavier than Nickel journal, April 1973

Cross sections for production of stable and long-lived nuclides by high energy spallation of iron; cosmic ray implications journal, September 1976

The jina Reaclib Database: its Recent Updates and Impact on Type-I X-Ray Bursts journal, June 2010

Large-area scintillating-fiber time-of-flight/hodoscope detectors for particle astrophysics experiments journal, January 1999

Erratum: SPACS: A semi-empirical parameterization for isotopic spallation cross sections [Phys. Rev. C 90, 064605 (2014)] journal, September 2016

Cosmic-ray abundances of elements with atomic number 26 less than or equal to 40 measured on HEAO 3 journal, July 1981

Electron capture decay of cosmic rays journal, September 1985

The puzzle of the synthesis of the rare nuclide $\mathsf{^{138}}$La journal, August 2001

Empirical Abundance Scaling Laws and Implications for the Gamma Process in Core‐Collapse Supernovae journal, October 2008

Stellar Synthesis of the Proton-Rich Heavy Elements journal, December 1961

COSMIC RAY ORIGIN IN OB ASSOCIATIONS AND PREFERENTIAL ACCELERATION OF REFRACTORY ELEMENTS: EVIDENCE FROM ABUNDANCES OF ELEMENTS 26 Fe THROUGH 34 Se journal, May 2009

Isobaric yield curves at A=72 from the spallation of medium mass isotopes by intermediate energy protons journal, June 1989

Neutrino Oscillation Effects on Supernova Light‐Element Synthesis journal, September 2006

Target dependence of charge distributions in spallation reactions of medium-mass nuclei with 12 GeV protons journal, October 1983

Principle of Universality of γ-Process Nucleosynthesis in Core-Collapse Supernova Explosions journal, August 2006

The Distribution of the Elements in the Galactic Disk journal, July 2006

Systematics of Spallation Yields journal, July 1966

The Chemical Evolution of Helium journal, January 2006

Deep spallation of medium mass isotopes by protons journal, July 1993

Projectile dependence of radioactive spallation products induced in copper by high-energy heavy ions journal, October 2002

Spallation of copper by 25-GeV C 12 ions and 28-GeV protons journal, October 1976

Elemental and Isotopic Composition of the Galactic Cosmic Rays journal, December 1983

Nuclear structure study of the isomers of 102Rh by nuclear orientation journal, May 1975

P-process nucleosynthesis in detonating white dwarfs in the light of multidimensional hydrodynamical models journal, November 2005

SPACS: A semi-empirical parameterization for isotopic spallation cross sections journal, December 2014

PRODUCTION OF THE p -PROCESS NUCLEI IN THE CARBON-DEFLAGRATION MODEL FOR TYPE Ia SUPERNOVAE journal, December 2010

Proton-nucleus total inelastic cross sections - an empirical formula for E greater than 10 MeV journal, March 1983

Abundances of ultraheavy elements in the cosmic radiation - Results from HEAO 3 journal, November 1989

Light Elements and Cosmic Rays in the Early Galaxy journal, October 1997

Stopping Powers and Ranges of 5-90-MeV S 32 , Cl 35 , Br 79 , and I 127 Ions in H 2 , He , N 2 , Ar, and Kr: A Semiempirical Stopping Power Theory for Heavy Ions in Gases and Solids journal, January 1970

Spallation yields of xenon from irradiation of Cs, Ce, Nd, Dy, and a rare Earth mixture with 730-Mev protons journal, August 1970

Oxygen and helium abundances in Galactic H II regions -- II. Abundance gradients journal, January 2000

Nucleosynthesis in Massive Stars with Improved Nuclear and Stellar Physics journal, September 2002

Spallation of niobium by 12 GeV protons journal, February 1984

Spallation of Cu by 3.9-GeV N 14 ions and 3.9-GeV protons journal, August 1974

Production and evolution of Li, Be, and B isotopes in the Galaxy journal, June 2012

Nuclear properties according to the Thomas-Fermi model journal, May 1996

Production of argon isotopes by spallation of Sc, Ti, Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu journal, October 1979

A new site for the astrophysical gamma-process journal, May 1991

The Supertiger Instrument: Measurement of Elemental Abundances of Ultra-Heavy Galactic Cosmic rays journal, May 2014

Light Isotopes, Extinct Radioisotopes, and Gamma-Ray Lines from Low-Energy Cosmic-Ray Interactions journal, January 1996

Extended Analysis of the Trek Ultraheavy Collector journal, April 2002

Charge and energy spectra of cosmic rays with Z greater than or approximately equal to 60 - The SKYLAB experiment journal, February 1978

Cosmic-ray spallative origin of the rare odd-odd nuclei, consistent with light-element production journal, May 1976

Particle acceleration at astrophysical shocks: A theory of cosmic ray origin journal, October 1987

He-detonation in sub-Chandrasekhar CO white dwarfs: A new insight into energetics and $\mathsf{{\vec p}}$-process nucleosynthesis journal, March 2002

High-Energy Proton Spallation of Titanium journal, October 1971

On the Origin of the Light Elements journal, September 1974

Neutrino‐Nucleus Reaction Cross Sections for Light Element Synthesis in Supernova Explosions journal, October 2008

Ariel 6 measurements of the fluxes of ultraheavy cosmic rays journal, March 1987

MEASUREMENTS OF THE RELATIVE ABUNDANCES OF HIGH-ENERGY COSMIC-RAY NUCLEI IN THE TeV/NUCLEON REGION journal, May 2010

The p-process of stellar nucleosynthesis: astrophysics and nuclear physics status journal, September 2003

High-Energy Proton Spallation of Iron journal, October 1971

Synthesis of the Elements in Stars journal, October 1957

ACTINIDE AND ULTRA-HEAVY ABUNDANCES IN THE LOCAL GALACTIC COSMIC RAYS: AN ANALYSIS OF THE RESULTS FROM THE LDEF ULTRA-HEAVY COSMIC-RAY EXPERIMENT journal, February 2012

The interstellar environment of our galaxy journal, December 2001

Log-f tables for beta decay journal, November 1971

Evidence for Nucleosynthesis in the Supernova γ Process: Universal Scaling for p Nuclei journal, October 2004

Thep-nuclei: abundances and origins journal, January 1992

Cross sections for the production of residual nuclides by low- and medium-energy protons from the target elements C, N, O, Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Ti, V, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba and Au journal, July 1997

Stopping Powers and Ranges of 5-90-MeV S 32 , Cl 35 , Br 79 , and I 127 Ions in H 2 , He, N 2 , Ar, and Kr: A Semiempirical Stopping Power Theory for Heavy Ions in Gases and Solids journal, September 1968

Atomic Photoelectric Effect Above 10 keV journal, April 1973

Evaluation of the collision stopping power of elements and compounds for electrons and positrons journal, November 1982

Spallation processes and nuclear interaction products of cosmic rays journal, August 1990

Measurements of spallation cross sections for 590 MeV protons on thin targets of copper, nickel, iron and aluminum
journal, July 1971

${}^{180}{Ta}^{g, m}$ production cross sections from the ${}^{180}{Hf} (p, n)$ reaction
journal, August 1982

Microscopic nuclear models for astrophysics: The Brussels BRUSLIB nuclear library and beyond
journal, October 2006

Cross Sections for Radiative Recombination and the Photoelectric Effect in the k, l, and m Shells of One-Electron Systems with 1 ≤ z ≤ 112 Calculated Within an Exact Relativistic Description
journal, January 2000

Measurements of 41Ca spallation cross sections and 41Ca concentrations in the grant meteorite by accelerator mass spectrometry
journal, November 1987

Propagation of heavy cosmic-ray nuclei
journal, November 1984

Nucleosynthesis of Light Elements and Heavy r ‐Process Elements through the ν‐Process in Supernova Explosions
journal, January 2004

The p-process in supernovae
journal, February 1978

The r-, s-, and p-Processes in Nucleosynthesis
journal, September 1994

Charge spectrum of superheavy nuclei of galactic cosmic rays obtained in the OLIMPIA experiment
journal, May 2015

Review of Particle Physics
journal, August 2014

Spallation of Copper by 65-MeV $π^{+}$ and $π^{-}$ and by 205-MeV Protons
journal, August 1973

Theory of relativistic ion-atom collisions
journal, October 1990

Partial Cross-Sections in High-Energy Nuclear Reactions, and Astrophysical Applications. I. Targets WITh Z <= 28. II. Targets Heavier than Nickel
journal, April 1973

Cross sections for production of stable and long-lived nuclides by high energy spallation of iron; cosmic ray implications
journal, September 1976

The jina Reaclib Database: its Recent Updates and Impact on Type-I X-Ray Bursts
journal, June 2010

Large-area scintillating-fiber time-of-flight/hodoscope detectors for particle astrophysics experiments
journal, January 1999

Erratum: SPACS: A semi-empirical parameterization for isotopic spallation cross sections [Phys. Rev. C 90, 064605 (2014)]
journal, September 2016

Cosmic-ray abundances of elements with atomic number 26 less than or equal to 40 measured on HEAO 3
journal, July 1981

Electron capture decay of cosmic rays
journal, September 1985

The puzzle of the synthesis of the rare nuclide $\mathsf{^{138}}$La
journal, August 2001

Empirical Abundance Scaling Laws and Implications for the Gamma Process in Core‐Collapse Supernovae
journal, October 2008

Stellar Synthesis of the Proton-Rich Heavy Elements
journal, December 1961

COSMIC RAY ORIGIN IN OB ASSOCIATIONS AND PREFERENTIAL ACCELERATION OF REFRACTORY ELEMENTS: EVIDENCE FROM ABUNDANCES OF ELEMENTS ₂₆ Fe THROUGH ₃₄ Se
journal, May 2009

Isobaric yield curves at A=72 from the spallation of medium mass isotopes by intermediate energy protons
journal, June 1989

Neutrino Oscillation Effects on Supernova Light‐Element Synthesis
journal, September 2006

Target dependence of charge distributions in spallation reactions of medium-mass nuclei with 12 GeV protons
journal, October 1983

Principle of Universality of γ-Process Nucleosynthesis in Core-Collapse Supernova Explosions
journal, August 2006

The Distribution of the Elements in the Galactic Disk
journal, July 2006

Systematics of Spallation Yields
journal, July 1966

The Chemical Evolution of Helium
journal, January 2006

Deep spallation of medium mass isotopes by protons
journal, July 1993

Projectile dependence of radioactive spallation products induced in copper by high-energy heavy ions
journal, October 2002

Spallation of copper by 25-GeV ${}^{12}C$ ions and 28-GeV protons
journal, October 1976

Elemental and Isotopic Composition of the Galactic Cosmic Rays
journal, December 1983

Nuclear structure study of the isomers of 102Rh by nuclear orientation
journal, May 1975

P-process nucleosynthesis in detonating white dwarfs in the light of multidimensional hydrodynamical models
journal, November 2005

SPACS: A semi-empirical parameterization for isotopic spallation cross sections
journal, December 2014

PRODUCTION OF THE p -PROCESS NUCLEI IN THE CARBON-DEFLAGRATION MODEL FOR TYPE Ia SUPERNOVAE
journal, December 2010

Proton-nucleus total inelastic cross sections - an empirical formula for E greater than 10 MeV
journal, March 1983

Abundances of ultraheavy elements in the cosmic radiation - Results from HEAO 3
journal, November 1989

Light Elements and Cosmic Rays in the Early Galaxy
journal, October 1997

Stopping Powers and Ranges of 5-90-MeV $S^{32}$ , ${Cl}^{35}$ , ${Br}^{79}$ , and $I^{127}$ Ions in $H_{2}$ , He , $N_{2}$ , Ar, and Kr: A Semiempirical Stopping Power Theory for Heavy Ions in Gases and Solids
journal, January 1970

Spallation yields of xenon from irradiation of Cs, Ce, Nd, Dy, and a rare Earth mixture with 730-Mev protons
journal, August 1970

Oxygen and helium abundances in Galactic H II regions -- II. Abundance gradients
journal, January 2000

Nucleosynthesis in Massive Stars with Improved Nuclear and Stellar Physics
journal, September 2002

Spallation of niobium by 12 GeV protons
journal, February 1984

Spallation of Cu by 3.9-GeV ${}^{14}N$ ions and 3.9-GeV protons
journal, August 1974

Production and evolution of Li, Be, and B isotopes in the Galaxy
journal, June 2012

Nuclear properties according to the Thomas-Fermi model
journal, May 1996

Production of argon isotopes by spallation of Sc, Ti, Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu
journal, October 1979

A new site for the astrophysical gamma-process
journal, May 1991

The Supertiger Instrument: Measurement of Elemental Abundances of Ultra-Heavy Galactic Cosmic rays
journal, May 2014

Light Isotopes, Extinct Radioisotopes, and Gamma-Ray Lines from Low-Energy Cosmic-Ray Interactions
journal, January 1996

Extended Analysis of the Trek Ultraheavy Collector
journal, April 2002

Charge and energy spectra of cosmic rays with Z greater than or approximately equal to 60 - The SKYLAB experiment
journal, February 1978

Cosmic-ray spallative origin of the rare odd-odd nuclei, consistent with light-element production
journal, May 1976

Particle acceleration at astrophysical shocks: A theory of cosmic ray origin
journal, October 1987

He-detonation in sub-Chandrasekhar CO white dwarfs: A new insight into energetics and $\mathsf{{\vec p}}$-process nucleosynthesis
journal, March 2002

High-Energy Proton Spallation of Titanium
journal, October 1971

On the Origin of the Light Elements
journal, September 1974

Neutrino‐Nucleus Reaction Cross Sections for Light Element Synthesis in Supernova Explosions
journal, October 2008

Ariel 6 measurements of the fluxes of ultraheavy cosmic rays
journal, March 1987

MEASUREMENTS OF THE RELATIVE ABUNDANCES OF HIGH-ENERGY COSMIC-RAY NUCLEI IN THE TeV/NUCLEON REGION
journal, May 2010

The p-process of stellar nucleosynthesis: astrophysics and nuclear physics status
journal, September 2003

High-Energy Proton Spallation of Iron
journal, October 1971

Synthesis of the Elements in Stars
journal, October 1957

ACTINIDE AND ULTRA-HEAVY ABUNDANCES IN THE LOCAL GALACTIC COSMIC RAYS: AN ANALYSIS OF THE RESULTS FROM THE LDEF ULTRA-HEAVY COSMIC-RAY EXPERIMENT
journal, February 2012

The interstellar environment of our galaxy
journal, December 2001

Log-f tables for beta decay
journal, November 1971

Evidence for Nucleosynthesis in the Supernova $γ$ Process: Universal Scaling for $p$ Nuclei
journal, October 2004

Thep-nuclei: abundances and origins
journal, January 1992

Cross sections for the production of residual nuclides by low- and medium-energy protons from the target elements C, N, O, Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Ti, V, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba and Au
journal, July 1997

Stopping Powers and Ranges of 5-90-MeV $S^{32}$ , ${Cl}^{35}$ , ${Br}^{79}$ , and $I^{127}$ Ions in $H_{2}$ , He, $N_{2}$ , Ar, and Kr: A Semiempirical Stopping Power Theory for Heavy Ions in Gases and Solids
journal, September 1968

Atomic Photoelectric Effect Above 10 keV
journal, April 1973

Evaluation of the collision stopping power of elements and compounds for electrons and positrons
journal, November 1982

Spallation processes and nuclear interaction products of cosmic rays
journal, August 1990

Decay of the Isomer ${Eu}^{152 m_{2}}$ (96 min)
journal, February 1965

TYPE Ia SUPERNOVAE AS SITES OF THE p -PROCESS: TWO-DIMENSIONAL MODELS COUPLED TO NUCLEOSYNTHESIS
journal, September 2011

Total charge and mass changing cross sections of relativistic nuclei in hydrogen, helium, and carbon targets
journal, February 1990