Estimating the cost of high temperature liquid metal based concentrated solar power

Wilk, Gregory; DeAngelis, Alfred; Henry, Asegun

doi:10.1063/1.5014054

Title: Estimating the cost of high temperature liquid metal based concentrated solar power

Abstract

The present levelized cost of electricity from concentrated solar power is too high to directly compete with natural gas under current carbon emissions policies. An approximate 50% cost reduction is needed relative to current power tower technology based on molten nitrate salts, and one pathway to a major cost reduction is to operate the system at higher temperatures, enabling a more efficient heat engine. Here, we consider a future system that can operate at gas turbine inlet temperatures of ~1300–1500 °C by using liquid metals as heat transfer and storage fluids with a ceramic based piping infrastructure. In general, ceramics are more expensive than the current stainless steels, but they are less expensive than the nickel alloys that are proposed to be used in higher temperature chloride molten salt plants. Considering various tradeoffs, it was not clear a priori whether or not the potential gains in heat engine efficiency would be negated by increased material costs or how much net reduction in levelized cost might be possible. This study answers this question by first detailing a base case molten nitrate salt power tower plant with published cost data. Then, a future liquid metal version of a power tower is modeledmore »« less

Authors:

Wilk, Gregory ^[1]; DeAngelis, Alfred ^[1]; Henry, Asegun ^[2]

Georgia Inst. of Technology, Atlanta, GA (United States). George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering
Georgia Inst. of Technology, Atlanta, GA (United States). George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Heat Lab.

Publication Date:: Mon Mar 26 00:00:00 EDT 2018

Research Org.:: Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy (ARPA-E)

OSTI Identifier:: 1540148

Grant/Contract Number:: AR0000339

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 10; Journal Issue: 2; Journal ID: ISSN 1941-7012

Publisher:: American Institute of Physics (AIP)

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 14 SOLAR ENERGY; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Energy & Fuels

Citation Formats


                    Wilk, Gregory, DeAngelis, Alfred, and Henry, Asegun. Estimating the cost of high temperature liquid metal based concentrated solar power.  United States: N. p., 2018. 
Web.  doi:10.1063/1.5014054.

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                    Wilk, Gregory, DeAngelis, Alfred, & Henry, Asegun. Estimating the cost of high temperature liquid metal based concentrated solar power.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5014054

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                    Wilk, Gregory, DeAngelis, Alfred, and Henry, Asegun. Mon .  
"Estimating the cost of high temperature liquid metal based concentrated solar power".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5014054.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1540148.

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@article{osti_1540148,

  title        = {Estimating the cost of high temperature liquid metal based concentrated solar power},

  author       = {Wilk, Gregory and DeAngelis, Alfred and Henry, Asegun},

  abstractNote = {The present levelized cost of electricity from concentrated solar power is too high to directly compete with natural gas under current carbon emissions policies. An approximate 50% cost reduction is needed relative to current power tower technology based on molten nitrate salts, and one pathway to a major cost reduction is to operate the system at higher temperatures, enabling a more efficient heat engine. Here, we consider a future system that can operate at gas turbine inlet temperatures of ~1300–1500 °C by using liquid metals as heat transfer and storage fluids with a ceramic based piping infrastructure. In general, ceramics are more expensive than the current stainless steels, but they are less expensive than the nickel alloys that are proposed to be used in higher temperature chloride molten salt plants. Considering various tradeoffs, it was not clear a priori whether or not the potential gains in heat engine efficiency would be negated by increased material costs or how much net reduction in levelized cost might be possible. This study answers this question by first detailing a base case molten nitrate salt power tower plant with published cost data. Then, a future liquid metal version of a power tower is modeled using similar specifications as the liquid salt plant to determine if there are any obvious costs that might negate the efficiency gains associated with operating well above 1000 °C. The results of the analysis showed that although the receiver and several other sub-systems become more expensive, there is a net cost reduction in the range of 20%–30%, depending upon the heat engine efficiency.},

  doi          = {10.1063/1.5014054},

  journal      = {Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy},

  number       = 2,

  volume       = 10,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Mon Mar 26 00:00:00 EDT 2018},

  month        = {Mon Mar 26 00:00:00 EDT 2018}

}

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Title: Estimating the cost of high temperature liquid metal based concentrated solar power

Abstract

Citation Formats

The Al-Si (Aluminum-Silicon) system journal, February 1984

Properties of noble gases and binary mixtures for closed Brayton Cycle applications journal, March 2008

Dimensionless Analysis for Predicting Fe-Ni-Cr Alloy Corrosion in Molten Salt Systems for Concentrated Solar Power Systems journal, June 2016

Survey on wetting of SiC by molten metals journal, May 2010

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Transmission performances of solar windows exposed to concentrated sunlight journal, May 2014

Corrosion of Iron Stainless Steels in Molten Nitrate Salt journal, January 2014

Power, power density and efficiency optimization for a closed cycle helium turbine nuclear power plant journal, September 2003

Design of a high temperature (1350 °C) solar receiver based on a liquid metal heat transfer fluid: Sensitivity analysis journal, April 2018

GTHTR300 design and development journal, June 2003

Multiple reheat helium Brayton cycles for sodium cooled fast reactors journal, July 2008

A solar-driven combined cycle power plant journal, February 1998

The Particle-Source-In Cell (PSI-CELL) Model for Gas-Droplet Flows journal, June 1977

Electrical Energy Storage for the Grid: A Battery of Choices journal, November 2011

Assessment of liquid metal technology status and research paths for their use as efficient heat transfer fluids in solar central receiver systems journal, July 2013

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Liquid-liquid phase separation of freely falling undercooled ternary Fe-Cu-Sn alloy journal, November 2015

The surface energy of metals journal, August 1998

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A review on the application of liquid metals as heat transfer fluid in Concentrated Solar Power technologies journal, May 2016

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Thermal Conductivity: XII, Temperature Dependence of Conductivity for Single-Phase Ceramics journal, July 1955

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Corrosion of Stainless Steels and Carbon Steel by Molten Mixtures of Commercial Nitrate Salts journal, February 2004

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Hybrid solar converters for maximum exergy and inexpensive dispatchable electricity journal, January 2015

Solar-thermal dissociation of methane in a fluid-wall aerosol flow reactor journal, July 2004

Stability of Refractories in Liquid Metals journal, March 1954

Benchmarking supercritical carbon dioxide cycles against steam Rankine cycles for Concentrated Solar Power journal, March 2015

Review of study on solid particle solar receivers journal, January 2010

Liquid Metals as Efficient Coolants for High-intensity Point-focus Receivers: Implications to the Design and Performance of Next-generation CSP Systems journal, January 2014

Progress in electrical energy storage system: A critical review journal, March 2009

Containment materials for liquid tin at 1350 °C as a heat transfer fluid for high temperature concentrated solar power journal, April 2018

Pumping liquid metal at high temperatures up to 1,673 kelvin journal, October 2017

Durability of solar reflector materials for secondary concentrators used in CSP systems journal, November 2014

A General Review of Closed-Cycle Gas Turbines Using Fossil, Nuclear and Solar Energy journal, August 1976

Corrosion of CrN-Coated Steels in Liquid Pb-Bi journal, January 2007

High-Temperature Liquid-Fluoride-Salt Closed-Brayton-Cycle Solar Power Towers journal, January 2007

Advanced power cycles for concentrated solar power journal, August 2017

Materials corrosion in molten LiF–NaF–KF salt journal, January 2009

Development and Evaluation of a Prototype Solid Particle Receiver: On-Sun Testing and Model Validation journal, January 2010

Molten Salt Corrosion of Stainless Steels and Low-Cr Steel in CSP Plants journal, August 2012

Microstructure, Microchemistry, and Flexural Strength of Mullite Ceramics journal, December 1991

Engineering aspects of a molten salt heat transfer fluid in a trough solar field journal, April 2004

State of the art on high-temperature thermal energy storage for power generation. Part 2—Case studies journal, January 2010

High-efficiency thermodynamic power cycles for concentrated solar power systems journal, February 2014

Molten Oxide Glass Materials for Thermal Energy Storage journal, January 2014

Review of high-temperature central receiver designs for concentrating solar power journal, January 2014

Technology Advancements for Next Generation Falling Particle Receivers journal, January 2014

Energy-efficient gas-turbine blade-material technology – a review [Tehnologija materialov lopatic energetsko učinkovitih plinskih turbin – pregled] journal, June 2017

The Al-Si (Aluminum-Silicon) system
journal, February 1984

Properties of noble gases and binary mixtures for closed Brayton Cycle applications
journal, March 2008

Dimensionless Analysis for Predicting Fe-Ni-Cr Alloy Corrosion in Molten Salt Systems for Concentrated Solar Power Systems
journal, June 2016

Survey on wetting of SiC by molten metals
journal, May 2010

Development of a Concentrating Solar Power System Using Fluidized-bed Technology for Thermal Energy Conversion and Solid Particles for Thermal Energy Storage
journal, May 2015

Transmission performances of solar windows exposed to concentrated sunlight
journal, May 2014

Corrosion of Iron Stainless Steels in Molten Nitrate Salt
journal, January 2014

Power, power density and efficiency optimization for a closed cycle helium turbine nuclear power plant
journal, September 2003

Design of a high temperature (1350 °C) solar receiver based on a liquid metal heat transfer fluid: Sensitivity analysis
journal, April 2018

GTHTR300 design and development
journal, June 2003

Multiple reheat helium Brayton cycles for sodium cooled fast reactors
journal, July 2008

A solar-driven combined cycle power plant
journal, February 1998

The Particle-Source-In Cell (PSI-CELL) Model for Gas-Droplet Flows
journal, June 1977

Electrical Energy Storage for the Grid: A Battery of Choices
journal, November 2011

Assessment of liquid metal technology status and research paths for their use as efficient heat transfer fluids in solar central receiver systems
journal, July 2013

Interaction of liquid tin and zinc with AISI 304 stainless steel after passivation in air and nitric acid
journal, March 2013

Liquid-liquid phase separation of freely falling undercooled ternary Fe-Cu-Sn alloy
journal, November 2015

The surface energy of metals
journal, August 1998

Noble-Gas Binary Mixtures for Closed-Brayton-Cycle Space Reactor Power Systems
journal, July 2007

A review on the application of liquid metals as heat transfer fluid in Concentrated Solar Power technologies
journal, May 2016

A Review of Helium gas Turbine Technology for High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactors
journal, February 2007

Thermal Conductivity: XII, Temperature Dependence of Conductivity for Single-Phase Ceramics
journal, July 1955

Technical Challenges and Opportunities for Concentrating Solar Power With Thermal Energy Storage
journal, May 2013

Corrosion of Stainless Steels and Carbon Steel by Molten Mixtures of Commercial Nitrate Salts
journal, February 2004

Thermal properties of graphite, molybdenum and tantalum to their destruction temperatures
journal, August 1960

An Update on Solar Central Receiver Systems, Projects, and Technologies
journal, April 2002

The Effect of Turbine Blade Cooling on the Cycle Efficiency of Gas Turbine Power Cycles
journal, January 2005

Historical development of concentrating solar power technologies to generate clean electricity efficiently – A review
journal, January 2015

High Flux Central Receivers of Molten Salts for the New Generation of Commercial Stand-Alone Solar Power Plants
journal, February 2008

Heliostat field layout optimization for high-temperature solar thermochemical processing
journal, February 2011

Hybrid solar converters for maximum exergy and inexpensive dispatchable electricity
journal, January 2015

Solar-thermal dissociation of methane in a fluid-wall aerosol flow reactor
journal, July 2004

Stability of Refractories in Liquid Metals
journal, March 1954

Benchmarking supercritical carbon dioxide cycles against steam Rankine cycles for Concentrated Solar Power
journal, March 2015

Review of study on solid particle solar receivers
journal, January 2010

Liquid Metals as Efficient Coolants for High-intensity Point-focus Receivers: Implications to the Design and Performance of Next-generation CSP Systems
journal, January 2014

Progress in electrical energy storage system: A critical review
journal, March 2009

Containment materials for liquid tin at 1350 °C as a heat transfer fluid for high temperature concentrated solar power
journal, April 2018

Pumping liquid metal at high temperatures up to 1,673 kelvin
journal, October 2017

Durability of solar reflector materials for secondary concentrators used in CSP systems
journal, November 2014

A General Review of Closed-Cycle Gas Turbines Using Fossil, Nuclear and Solar Energy
journal, August 1976

Corrosion of CrN-Coated Steels in Liquid Pb-Bi
journal, January 2007

High-Temperature Liquid-Fluoride-Salt Closed-Brayton-Cycle Solar Power Towers
journal, January 2007

Advanced power cycles for concentrated solar power
journal, August 2017

Materials corrosion in molten LiF–NaF–KF salt
journal, January 2009

Development and Evaluation of a Prototype Solid Particle Receiver: On-Sun Testing and Model Validation
journal, January 2010

Molten Salt Corrosion of Stainless Steels and Low-Cr Steel in CSP Plants
journal, August 2012

Microstructure, Microchemistry, and Flexural Strength of Mullite Ceramics
journal, December 1991

Engineering aspects of a molten salt heat transfer fluid in a trough solar field
journal, April 2004

State of the art on high-temperature thermal energy storage for power generation. Part 2—Case studies
journal, January 2010

High-efficiency thermodynamic power cycles for concentrated solar power systems
journal, February 2014

Molten Oxide Glass Materials for Thermal Energy Storage
journal, January 2014

Review of high-temperature central receiver designs for concentrating solar power
journal, January 2014

Technology Advancements for Next Generation Falling Particle Receivers
journal, January 2014

Energy-efficient gas-turbine blade-material technology – a review [Tehnologija materialov lopatic energetsko učinkovitih plinskih turbin – pregled]
journal, June 2017