Driving chemical interactions at graphene-germanium van der Waals interfaces via thermal annealing

Kiraly, Brian; Mannix, Andrew J.; Jacobberger, Robert M.; Fisher, Brandon L.; Arnold, Michael S.; Hersam, Mark C.; Guisinger, Nathan P.

doi:10.1063/1.5053083

Title: Driving chemical interactions at graphene-germanium van der Waals interfaces via thermal annealing

Abstract

Despite its extraordinary charge carrier mobility, the lack of an electronic bandgap in graphene limits its utilization in electronic devices. To overcome this issue, researchers have attempted to chemically modify the pristine graphene lattice in order to engineer its electronic bandstructure. While significant progress has been achieved, aggressive chemistries are often employed that are difficult to pattern and control. In an effort to overcome this issue, here we utilize the well-defined van der Waals interface between crystalline Ge(110) and epitaxial graphene to template covalent chemistry. In particular, by annealing atomically pristine graphene-germanium interfaces synthesized by chemical vapor deposition under ultra-high vacuum conditions, chemical bonding is driven between the germanium surface and the graphene lattice. The resulting bonds act as charge scattering centers that are identified with scanning tunneling microscopy. The generation of atomic-scale defects are independently confirmed with Raman spectroscopy, revealing significant densities within the graphene lattice. Furthermore, the resulting chemically modified graphene has the potential to impact next-generation nanoelectronic applications.

Authors:

Kiraly, Brian ^[1]; Mannix, Andrew J. ^[1]; Jacobberger, Robert M. ^[2]; Fisher, Brandon L. ^[3]; Arnold, Michael S. ^[2];

^[4]; Guisinger, Nathan P. ^[3]

Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States); Northwestern Univ., Evanston, IL (United States)
Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI (United States)
Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States)
Northwestern Univ., Evanston, IL (United States)

Publication Date:: Mon Nov 19 00:00:00 EST 2018

Research Org.:: Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES)

OSTI Identifier:: 1493753

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-06CH11357

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Applied Physics Letters

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 113; Journal Issue: 21; Journal ID: ISSN 0003-6951

Publisher:: American Institute of Physics (AIP)

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

Citation Formats


                    Kiraly, Brian, Mannix, Andrew J., Jacobberger, Robert M., Fisher, Brandon L., Arnold, Michael S., Hersam, Mark C., and Guisinger, Nathan P. Driving chemical interactions at graphene-germanium van der Waals interfaces via thermal annealing.  United States: N. p., 2018. 
Web.  doi:10.1063/1.5053083.

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                    Kiraly, Brian, Mannix, Andrew J., Jacobberger, Robert M., Fisher, Brandon L., Arnold, Michael S., Hersam, Mark C., & Guisinger, Nathan P. Driving chemical interactions at graphene-germanium van der Waals interfaces via thermal annealing.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5053083

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                    Kiraly, Brian, Mannix, Andrew J., Jacobberger, Robert M., Fisher, Brandon L., Arnold, Michael S., Hersam, Mark C., and Guisinger, Nathan P. Mon .  
"Driving chemical interactions at graphene-germanium van der Waals interfaces via thermal annealing".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5053083.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1493753.

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@article{osti_1493753,

  title        = {Driving chemical interactions at graphene-germanium van der Waals interfaces via thermal annealing},

  author       = {Kiraly, Brian and Mannix, Andrew J. and Jacobberger, Robert M. and Fisher, Brandon L. and Arnold, Michael S. and Hersam, Mark C. and Guisinger, Nathan P.},

  abstractNote = {Despite its extraordinary charge carrier mobility, the lack of an electronic bandgap in graphene limits its utilization in electronic devices. To overcome this issue, researchers have attempted to chemically modify the pristine graphene lattice in order to engineer its electronic bandstructure. While significant progress has been achieved, aggressive chemistries are often employed that are difficult to pattern and control. In an effort to overcome this issue, here we utilize the well-defined van der Waals interface between crystalline Ge(110) and epitaxial graphene to template covalent chemistry. In particular, by annealing atomically pristine graphene-germanium interfaces synthesized by chemical vapor deposition under ultra-high vacuum conditions, chemical bonding is driven between the germanium surface and the graphene lattice. The resulting bonds act as charge scattering centers that are identified with scanning tunneling microscopy. The generation of atomic-scale defects are independently confirmed with Raman spectroscopy, revealing significant densities within the graphene lattice. Furthermore, the resulting chemically modified graphene has the potential to impact next-generation nanoelectronic applications.},

  doi          = {10.1063/1.5053083},

  journal      = {Applied Physics Letters},

  number       = 21,

  volume       = 113,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Mon Nov 19 00:00:00 EST 2018},

  month        = {Mon Nov 19 00:00:00 EST 2018}

}

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Works referencing / citing this record:

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Mendoza, Cesar D.; Figueroa, Neileth S.; Maia da Costa, Marcelo E. H.
Scientific Reports, Vol. 9, Issue 1
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Title: Driving chemical interactions at graphene-germanium van der Waals interfaces via thermal annealing

Abstract

Citation Formats

Imaging the interface of epitaxial graphene with silicon carbide via scanning tunneling microscopy journal, December 2007

Impact of Atomic Oxygen on the Structure of Graphene Formed on Ir(111) and Pt(111) journal, April 2011

Direct oriented growth of armchair graphene nanoribbons on germanium journal, August 2015

Sub-5 nm, globally aligned graphene nanoribbons on Ge(001) journal, May 2016

Halogenated Graphenes: Rapidly Growing Family of Graphene Derivatives journal, July 2013

Reconstructions and phase transition of clean Ge(110) journal, March 2014

Role of pseudospin in quasiparticle interferences in epitaxial graphene probed by high-resolution scanning tunneling microscopy journal, July 2012

Exceptional ballistic transport in epitaxial graphene nanoribbons journal, February 2014

Atomic Hydrogen Adsorbate Structures on Graphene journal, July 2009

Wafer-Scale Growth of Single-Crystal Monolayer Graphene on Reusable Hydrogen-Terminated Germanium journal, April 2014

Properties of Fluorinated Graphene Films journal, August 2010

Quantifying ion-induced defects and Raman relaxation length in graphene journal, April 2010

Visualizing Individual Nitrogen Dopants in Monolayer Graphene journal, August 2011

Graphene transistors journal, May 2010

Direct Growth of Graphene Film on Germanium Substrate journal, August 2013

Atomically precise bottom-up fabrication of graphene nanoribbons journal, July 2010

Quasiparticle Energies and Band Gaps in Graphene Nanoribbons journal, November 2007

Bandgap opening in graphene induced by patterned hydrogen adsorption journal, March 2010

Thickness-Dependent Reversible Hydrogenation of Graphene Layers journal, June 2009

Precise determination of graphene functionalization by in situ Raman spectroscopy journal, May 2017

Fluorographene: A Wide Bandgap Semiconductor with Ultraviolet Luminescence journal, January 2011

van der Waals Force: A Dominant Factor for Reactivity of Graphene journal, December 2014

Functionalization of Graphene Grown on Metal Substrate with Atomic Oxygen: Enolate vs Epoxide journal, June 2014

Scattering and Interference in Epitaxial Graphene journal, July 2007

The rise of graphene journal, March 2007

Chemically homogeneous and thermally reversible oxidation of epitaxial graphene journal, February 2012

A road to hydrogenating graphene by a reactive ion etching plasma journal, September 2011

Ballistic Transport in Graphene Antidot Lattices journal, November 2015

Understanding and controlling the substrate effect on graphene electron-transfer chemistry via reactivity imprint lithography journal, August 2012

Control of Graphene's Properties by Reversible Hydrogenation: Evidence for Graphane journal, January 2009

Spatially Resolved Modification of Graphene’s Band Structure by Surface Oxygen Atoms journal, August 2017

Covalent Modification of Graphene and Graphite Using Diazonium Chemistry: Tunable Grafting and Nanomanipulation journal, April 2015

Tunable Kondo effect in graphene with defects journal, April 2011

Epitaxial graphene-encapsulated surface reconstruction of Ge(110) journal, April 2018

Electronic and Mechanical Properties of Graphene–Germanium Interfaces Grown by Chemical Vapor Deposition journal, October 2015

Local Atomic and Electronic Structure of Boron Chemical Doping in Monolayer Graphene journal, September 2013

Degree of functionalisation dependence of individual Raman intensities in covalent graphene derivatives journal, March 2017

Exposure of Epitaxial Graphene on SiC(0001) to Atomic Hydrogen journal, April 2009

Atomic Covalent Functionalization of Graphene journal, September 2012

The rise of graphene book, August 2009

Control of graphene's properties by reversible hydrogenation: evidence for graphane text, January 2009

Atomically precise bottom-up fabrication of graphene nanoribbons text, January 2010

Precise determination of graphene functionalization by in situ Raman spectroscopy text, January 2017

Visualizing Individual Nitrogen Dopants in Monolayer Graphene text, January 2011

A road to hydrogenating graphene by a reactive ion etching plasma text, January 2011

Role of pseudospin in quasiparticle interferences in epitaxial graphene probed by high-resolution scanning tunneling microscopy text, January 2012

Exceptional ballistic transport in epitaxial graphene nanoribbons text, January 2013

CVD graphene/Ge interface: morphological and electronic characterization of ripples journal, August 2019

Imaging the interface of epitaxial graphene with silicon carbide via scanning tunneling microscopy
journal, December 2007

Impact of Atomic Oxygen on the Structure of Graphene Formed on Ir(111) and Pt(111)
journal, April 2011

Direct oriented growth of armchair graphene nanoribbons on germanium
journal, August 2015

Sub-5 nm, globally aligned graphene nanoribbons on Ge(001)
journal, May 2016

Halogenated Graphenes: Rapidly Growing Family of Graphene Derivatives
journal, July 2013

Reconstructions and phase transition of clean Ge(110)
journal, March 2014

Role of pseudospin in quasiparticle interferences in epitaxial graphene probed by high-resolution scanning tunneling microscopy
journal, July 2012

Exceptional ballistic transport in epitaxial graphene nanoribbons
journal, February 2014

Atomic Hydrogen Adsorbate Structures on Graphene
journal, July 2009

Wafer-Scale Growth of Single-Crystal Monolayer Graphene on Reusable Hydrogen-Terminated Germanium
journal, April 2014

Properties of Fluorinated Graphene Films
journal, August 2010

Quantifying ion-induced defects and Raman relaxation length in graphene
journal, April 2010

Visualizing Individual Nitrogen Dopants in Monolayer Graphene
journal, August 2011

Graphene transistors
journal, May 2010

Direct Growth of Graphene Film on Germanium Substrate
journal, August 2013

Atomically precise bottom-up fabrication of graphene nanoribbons
journal, July 2010

Quasiparticle Energies and Band Gaps in Graphene Nanoribbons
journal, November 2007

Bandgap opening in graphene induced by patterned hydrogen adsorption
journal, March 2010

Thickness-Dependent Reversible Hydrogenation of Graphene Layers
journal, June 2009

Precise determination of graphene functionalization by in situ Raman spectroscopy
journal, May 2017

Fluorographene: A Wide Bandgap Semiconductor with Ultraviolet Luminescence
journal, January 2011

van der Waals Force: A Dominant Factor for Reactivity of Graphene
journal, December 2014

Functionalization of Graphene Grown on Metal Substrate with Atomic Oxygen: Enolate vs Epoxide
journal, June 2014

Scattering and Interference in Epitaxial Graphene
journal, July 2007

The rise of graphene
journal, March 2007

Chemically homogeneous and thermally reversible oxidation of epitaxial graphene
journal, February 2012

A road to hydrogenating graphene by a reactive ion etching plasma
journal, September 2011

Ballistic Transport in Graphene Antidot Lattices
journal, November 2015

Understanding and controlling the substrate effect on graphene electron-transfer chemistry via reactivity imprint lithography
journal, August 2012

Control of Graphene's Properties by Reversible Hydrogenation: Evidence for Graphane
journal, January 2009

Spatially Resolved Modification of Graphene’s Band Structure by Surface Oxygen Atoms
journal, August 2017

Covalent Modification of Graphene and Graphite Using Diazonium Chemistry: Tunable Grafting and Nanomanipulation
journal, April 2015

Tunable Kondo effect in graphene with defects
journal, April 2011

Epitaxial graphene-encapsulated surface reconstruction of Ge(110)
journal, April 2018

Electronic and Mechanical Properties of Graphene–Germanium Interfaces Grown by Chemical Vapor Deposition
journal, October 2015

Local Atomic and Electronic Structure of Boron Chemical Doping in Monolayer Graphene
journal, September 2013

Degree of functionalisation dependence of individual Raman intensities in covalent graphene derivatives
journal, March 2017

Exposure of Epitaxial Graphene on SiC(0001) to Atomic Hydrogen
journal, April 2009

Atomic Covalent Functionalization of Graphene
journal, September 2012

The rise of graphene
book, August 2009

Control of graphene's properties by reversible hydrogenation: evidence for graphane
text, January 2009

Atomically precise bottom-up fabrication of graphene nanoribbons
text, January 2010

Precise determination of graphene functionalization by in situ Raman spectroscopy
text, January 2017

Visualizing Individual Nitrogen Dopants in Monolayer Graphene
text, January 2011

A road to hydrogenating graphene by a reactive ion etching plasma
text, January 2011

Role of pseudospin in quasiparticle interferences in epitaxial graphene probed by high-resolution scanning tunneling microscopy
text, January 2012

Exceptional ballistic transport in epitaxial graphene nanoribbons
text, January 2013

CVD graphene/Ge interface: morphological and electronic characterization of ripples
journal, August 2019