Formation and Aggregation of Lead Phosphate Particles: Implications for Lead Immobilization in Water Supply Systems
Abstract
Phosphate is commonly added to drinking water to inhibit lead release from lead service lines and lead-containing materials in premise plumbing. Phosphate addition promotes the formation of lead phosphate particles, and their aggregation behaviors may affect their transport in pipes. In this work, lead phosphate formation and aggregation were studied under varied aqueous conditions typical of water supply systems. Under high aqueous PO4/Pb molar ratios (>1), phosphate adsorption made the particles more negatively charged. Therefore, enhanced stability of lead phosphate particles was observed, suggesting that although addition of excess phosphate can lower the dissolved lead concentrations in tap water, it may increase concentrations of particulate lead. Adsorption of divalent cations (Ca2+ and Mg2+) onto lead phosphate particles neutralized their negative surface charges and promoted their aggregation at pH 7, indicating that phosphate addition for lead immobilization may be more efficient in harder waters. The presence of natural organic matter (NOM, ≥ 0.05 mg C/L humic acid and ≥ 0.5 mg C/L fulvic acid) retarded particle aggregation at pH 7. Consequently, removal of organic carbon during water treatment to lower the formation of disinfection-byproducts (DBPs) may have the additional benefit of minimizing the mobility of lead-containing particles. This study provided insightmore »
- Authors:
-
[2];
[1]
- Univ. of Houston, TX (United States)
- Washington Univ., St. Louis, MO (United States)
- Publication Date:
- Research Org.:
- Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States). Advanced Photon Source (APS)
- Sponsoring Org.:
- National Science Foundation (NSF); USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES)
- OSTI Identifier:
- 1483094
- Grant/Contract Number:
- 1604042; 1603717; AC02-06CH11357
- Resource Type:
- Accepted Manuscript
- Journal Name:
- Environmental Science and Technology
- Additional Journal Information:
- Journal Volume: 52; Journal Issue: 21; Journal ID: ISSN 0013-936X
- Publisher:
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- ENGLISH
- Subject:
- 54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES; Nanoparticles; Aggregation; Contamination; Phosphates; Drinking water
Citation Formats
Zhao, Juntao, Giammar, Daniel E., Pasteris, Jill D., Dai, Chong, Bae, Yeunook, and Hu, Yandi. Formation and Aggregation of Lead Phosphate Particles: Implications for Lead Immobilization in Water Supply Systems. United States: N. p., 2018.
Web. doi:10.1021/acs.est.8b02788.
Zhao, Juntao, Giammar, Daniel E., Pasteris, Jill D., Dai, Chong, Bae, Yeunook, & Hu, Yandi. Formation and Aggregation of Lead Phosphate Particles: Implications for Lead Immobilization in Water Supply Systems. United States. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b02788
Zhao, Juntao, Giammar, Daniel E., Pasteris, Jill D., Dai, Chong, Bae, Yeunook, and Hu, Yandi. Tue .
"Formation and Aggregation of Lead Phosphate Particles: Implications for Lead Immobilization in Water Supply Systems". United States. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b02788. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1483094.
@article{osti_1483094,
title = {Formation and Aggregation of Lead Phosphate Particles: Implications for Lead Immobilization in Water Supply Systems},
author = {Zhao, Juntao and Giammar, Daniel E. and Pasteris, Jill D. and Dai, Chong and Bae, Yeunook and Hu, Yandi},
abstractNote = {Phosphate is commonly added to drinking water to inhibit lead release from lead service lines and lead-containing materials in premise plumbing. Phosphate addition promotes the formation of lead phosphate particles, and their aggregation behaviors may affect their transport in pipes. In this work, lead phosphate formation and aggregation were studied under varied aqueous conditions typical of water supply systems. Under high aqueous PO4/Pb molar ratios (>1), phosphate adsorption made the particles more negatively charged. Therefore, enhanced stability of lead phosphate particles was observed, suggesting that although addition of excess phosphate can lower the dissolved lead concentrations in tap water, it may increase concentrations of particulate lead. Adsorption of divalent cations (Ca2+ and Mg2+) onto lead phosphate particles neutralized their negative surface charges and promoted their aggregation at pH 7, indicating that phosphate addition for lead immobilization may be more efficient in harder waters. The presence of natural organic matter (NOM, ≥ 0.05 mg C/L humic acid and ≥ 0.5 mg C/L fulvic acid) retarded particle aggregation at pH 7. Consequently, removal of organic carbon during water treatment to lower the formation of disinfection-byproducts (DBPs) may have the additional benefit of minimizing the mobility of lead-containing particles. This study provided insight into fundamental mechanisms controlling lead phosphate aggregation. Such understanding is helpful to understand the observed trends of total lead in water after phosphate addition in both field and pilot-scale lead pipe studies. Also, it can help optimize lead immobilization by better controlling the water chemistry during phosphate addition.},
doi = {10.1021/acs.est.8b02788},
journal = {Environmental Science and Technology},
number = 21,
volume = 52,
place = {United States},
year = {Tue Sep 25 00:00:00 EDT 2018},
month = {Tue Sep 25 00:00:00 EDT 2018}
}
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