Strength anisotropy of shales deformed under uppermost crustal conditions

Bonnelye, Audrey; Schubnel, Alexandre; David, Christian; Henry, Pierre; Guglielmi, Yves; Gout, Claude; Fauchille, Anne-Laure; Dick, Pierre

doi:10.1002/2016JB013040

Title: Strength anisotropy of shales deformed under uppermost crustal conditions

Abstract

Conventional triaxial tests were performed on three sets of samples of Tournemire shale along different orientations relative to bedding (0°, 45°, and 90°). Experiments were carried out up to failure at increasing confining pressures ranging from 2.5 to 160 MPa, at strain rates ranging between 3 × 10^-7s^-1and 3 × 10^-5s^-1. This allowed us to determine the entire anisotropic elastic compliance matrix as a function of confining pressure. Results show that the orientation of principal stress relative to bedding plays an important role on the brittle strength, with 45° orientation being the weakest. We fit our results with a wing crack micromechanical model and an anisotropic fracture toughness. We found low values of internal friction coefficient and apparent friction coefficient in agreement with friction coefficient of clay minerals (between 0.2 and 0.3) and values of K_/c comparable to that already published in the literature. We also showed that strain rate has a strong impact on peak stress and that dilatancy appears right before failure and hence highlighting the importance of plasticity mechanisms. Although brittle failure was systematically observed, stress drops and associated slips were slow and deformation always remained aseismic (no acoustic emission were detected). Lastly, this confirms that shales aremore »« less

Authors:

Bonnelye, Audrey ^[1]; Schubnel, Alexandre ^[2]; David, Christian ^[3]; Henry, Pierre ^[4]; Guglielmi, Yves ^[4]; Gout, Claude ^[5]; Fauchille, Anne-Laure ^[6]; Dick, Pierre ^[7]

Univ. de Cergy-Pontoise, Cergy (France). Dept. Géosciences et Environnement; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Paris, Paris (France). Lab. de Géologie
Ecole Normale Supérieure de Paris, Paris (France). Lab. de Géologie
Univ. de Cergy-Pontoise, Cergy (France). Dept. Géosciences et Environnement
Aix-Marseille Univ., and CNRS, Marseille (France)
Total, Centre Scientifique et Technique Jean-Féger (CSTJF), Pau (France)
Univ. de Poitiers, Poitiers (France)
Inst. de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, Fontenay-aux-Roses (France)

Publication Date:: Sat Jan 07 00:00:00 EST 2017

Research Org.:: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Science (SC)

OSTI Identifier:: 1480766

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-05CH11231

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Journal of Geophysical Research. Solid Earth

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 122; Journal Issue: 1; Journal ID: ISSN 2169-9313

Publisher:: American Geophysical Union

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 58 GEOSCIENCES; shales; anisotropy

Citation Formats


                    Bonnelye, Audrey, Schubnel, Alexandre, David, Christian, Henry, Pierre, Guglielmi, Yves, Gout, Claude, Fauchille, Anne-Laure, and Dick, Pierre. Strength anisotropy of shales deformed under uppermost crustal conditions.  United States: N. p., 2017. 
Web.  doi:10.1002/2016JB013040.

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                    Bonnelye, Audrey, Schubnel, Alexandre, David, Christian, Henry, Pierre, Guglielmi, Yves, Gout, Claude, Fauchille, Anne-Laure, & Dick, Pierre. Strength anisotropy of shales deformed under uppermost crustal conditions.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JB013040

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                    Bonnelye, Audrey, Schubnel, Alexandre, David, Christian, Henry, Pierre, Guglielmi, Yves, Gout, Claude, Fauchille, Anne-Laure, and Dick, Pierre. Sat .  
"Strength anisotropy of shales deformed under uppermost crustal conditions".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JB013040.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1480766.

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@article{osti_1480766,

  title        = {Strength anisotropy of shales deformed under uppermost crustal conditions},

  author       = {Bonnelye, Audrey and Schubnel, Alexandre and David, Christian and Henry, Pierre and Guglielmi, Yves and Gout, Claude and Fauchille, Anne-Laure and Dick, Pierre},

  abstractNote = {Conventional triaxial tests were performed on three sets of samples of Tournemire shale along different orientations relative to bedding (0°, 45°, and 90°). Experiments were carried out up to failure at increasing confining pressures ranging from 2.5 to 160 MPa, at strain rates ranging between 3 × 10-7s-1and 3 × 10-5s-1. This allowed us to determine the entire anisotropic elastic compliance matrix as a function of confining pressure. Results show that the orientation of principal stress relative to bedding plays an important role on the brittle strength, with 45° orientation being the weakest. We fit our results with a wing crack micromechanical model and an anisotropic fracture toughness. We found low values of internal friction coefficient and apparent friction coefficient in agreement with friction coefficient of clay minerals (between 0.2 and 0.3) and values of K/c comparable to that already published in the literature. We also showed that strain rate has a strong impact on peak stress and that dilatancy appears right before failure and hence highlighting the importance of plasticity mechanisms. Although brittle failure was systematically observed, stress drops and associated slips were slow and deformation always remained aseismic (no acoustic emission were detected). Lastly, this confirms that shales are good lithological candidates for shallow crust aseismic creep and slow slip events.},

  doi          = {10.1002/2016JB013040},

  journal      = {Journal of Geophysical Research. Solid Earth},

  number       = 1,

  volume       = 122,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Sat Jan 07 00:00:00 EST 2017},

  month        = {Sat Jan 07 00:00:00 EST 2017}

}

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Zhao, Yang; Semnani, Shabnam J.; Yin, Qing
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Development and Recovery of Stress‐Induced Elastic Anisotropy During Cyclic Loading Experiment on Westerly Granite
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Fluid Injection Experiments in Shale at Elevated Confining Pressures: Determination of Flaw Sizes From Mechanical Experiments
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Chandler, Michael R.; Mecklenburgh, Julian; Rutter, Ernest
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Effect of bedding angle on tunnel slate failure behavior under indirect tension
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Wang, Han; Ren, Fuqiang; Chang, Yuan
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Stress distribution models in layered, viscoelastic sedimentary basins under tectonic and glacial loads
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Trzeciak, Maciej; Dabrowski, Marcin; Jarosiński, Marek
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An experimental study of deformation and fracture characteristics of shale with pore-water pressure and under triaxial cyclic loading
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Jiang, Changbao; Lu, Tianyu; Zhang, Dongming
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Tsuji, Shuhei; Yamaoka, Koshun; Ikuta, Ryoya
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DOI: 10.1186/s40623-018-0917-2

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Similar Records

Title: Strength anisotropy of shales deformed under uppermost crustal conditions

Abstract

Citation Formats

Basal slip and mechanical anisotropy of biotite journal, January 1990

Intrinsic shear strength of a brittle, anisotropic rock—I journal, November 1974

Mineral assemblage anomalies in the slip zone of the 1999 Taiwan Chi-Chi earthquake: Ultrafine particles preserved only in the latest slip zone: MINERAL ASSEMBLAGE ANOMALY IN SLIP ZONE journal, May 2014

Characteristics of the fault-related rocks, fault zones and the principal slip zone in the Wenchuan Earthquake Fault Scientific Drilling Project Hole-1 (WFSD-1) journal, January 2013

Relaxation and the behavior of failed rock journal, November 1972

Earthquake slip weakening and asperities explained by thermal pressurization journal, August 2005

Field-scale acoustic investigation of a damaged anisotropic shale during a gallery excavation journal, April 2012

Comparison of smectite- and illite-rich gouge frictional properties: application to the updip limit of the seismogenic zone along subduction megathrusts journal, October 2003

Natural Fractures in shale: A review and new observations journal, November 2014

Structure and Composition of the Plate-Boundary Slip Zone for the 2011 Tohoku-Oki Earthquake journal, December 2013

Empirical strength prediction for preserved shales journal, November 2015

Geochemical characterization and modelling of the Toarcian/Domerian porewater at the Tournemire underground research laboratory journal, July 2012

Mineralogical characterization of protolith and fault rocks from the SAFOD Main Hole journal, January 2006

Experimental investigation of incipient shear failure in foliated rock journal, August 2015

The weakening effect of water on the brittle failure strength of sandstone journal, December 2012

Evolution of the structural fault permeability in argillaceous rocks in a polyphased tectonic context journal, January 2004

Folds and Folding* journal, January 1964

Internal structure and permeability of major strike-slip fault zones: the Median Tectonic Line in Mie Prefecture, Southwest Japan journal, January 2003

Strength and anisotropy of foliated rocks with varied mica contents journal, September 1993

Laboratory investigation of the mechanical behaviour of Tournemire shale journal, January 1997

Experimental investigation of the effect of temperature on the mechanical behavior of Tournemire shale journal, September 2014

Damage and rupture dynamics at the brittle-ductile transition: The case of gypsum journal, January 2011

Progressive illitization in fault gouge caused by seismic slip propagation along a megasplay fault in the Nankai Trough journal, October 2011

The damage mechanics of brittle solids in compression journal, May 1990

Laboratory investigation on the mechanical behaviour of Tournemire argillite journal, March 2015

A failure criterion for transversely isotropic rocks journal, April 2001

A statistical review of mudrock elastic anisotropy journal, February 2013

An integrated perspective of the continuum between earthquakes and slow-slip phenomena journal, August 2010

Anisotropic effective‐medium modeling of the elastic properties of shales journal, October 1994

Elastic wave velocity evolution of shales deformed under uppermost crustal conditions: ELASTIC ANISOTROPY OF SHALES journal, January 2017

A paraboloid failure surface for transversely isotropic materials journal, June 1999

Experimental study of the influence of the degree of saturation on physical and mechanical properties in Tournemire shale (France) journal, August 2004

On the mechanical and hydraulic response of sedimentary rocks in the presence of discontinuities journal, December 2015

Time-dependent brittle creep in Darley Dale sandstone journal, January 2009

Experimental deformation of shale: Mechanical properties and microstructural indicators of mechanisms journal, December 1993

Effective Elastic Properties of Cracked Solids: Critical Review of Some Basic Concepts journal, August 1992

Rheology and deformation mechanisms of an isotropic mica schist journal, January 1992

Desaturation and structure relationships around drifts excavated in the well-compacted Tournemire's argillite (Aveyron, France) journal, March 2007

Seismic anisotropy in Trinidad: A new tool for lithology prediction journal, April 2001

The nanogranular nature of shale journal, June 2006

Stuck in the mud? Earthquake nucleation and propagation through accretionary forearcs: HIGH VELOCITY CLAY FRICTION journal, September 2011

Basal slip and mechanical anisotropy of biotite: Kronenberg, A K; Kirby, S H; Pinkston, J J Geophys ResV95, NB12, Nov 1990, P19257–19278 journal, September 1991

Folds and Folding book, January 1982

The Damage Mechanics of Brittle Solids in Compression report, July 1988

Folds and Folding book, January 2016

On the strength of transversely isotropic rocks: On the strength of transversely isotropic rocks journal, July 2018

Development and Recovery of Stress‐Induced Elastic Anisotropy During Cyclic Loading Experiment on Westerly Granite journal, August 2018

Fluid Injection Experiments in Shale at Elevated Confining Pressures: Determination of Flaw Sizes From Mechanical Experiments journal, June 2019

Effect of bedding angle on tunnel slate failure behavior under indirect tension journal, January 2020

Stress distribution models in layered, viscoelastic sedimentary basins under tectonic and glacial loads journal, October 2019

An experimental study of deformation and fracture characteristics of shale with pore-water pressure and under triaxial cyclic loading journal, August 2018

Secular and coseismic changes in S-wave velocity detected using ACROSS in the Tokai region journal, September 2018

Basal slip and mechanical anisotropy of biotite
journal, January 1990

Intrinsic shear strength of a brittle, anisotropic rock—I
journal, November 1974

Mineral assemblage anomalies in the slip zone of the 1999 Taiwan Chi-Chi earthquake: Ultrafine particles preserved only in the latest slip zone: MINERAL ASSEMBLAGE ANOMALY IN SLIP ZONE
journal, May 2014

Characteristics of the fault-related rocks, fault zones and the principal slip zone in the Wenchuan Earthquake Fault Scientific Drilling Project Hole-1 (WFSD-1)
journal, January 2013

Relaxation and the behavior of failed rock
journal, November 1972

Earthquake slip weakening and asperities explained by thermal pressurization
journal, August 2005

Field-scale acoustic investigation of a damaged anisotropic shale during a gallery excavation
journal, April 2012

Comparison of smectite- and illite-rich gouge frictional properties: application to the updip limit of the seismogenic zone along subduction megathrusts
journal, October 2003

Natural Fractures in shale: A review and new observations
journal, November 2014

Structure and Composition of the Plate-Boundary Slip Zone for the 2011 Tohoku-Oki Earthquake
journal, December 2013

Empirical strength prediction for preserved shales
journal, November 2015

Geochemical characterization and modelling of the Toarcian/Domerian porewater at the Tournemire underground research laboratory
journal, July 2012

Mineralogical characterization of protolith and fault rocks from the SAFOD Main Hole
journal, January 2006

Experimental investigation of incipient shear failure in foliated rock
journal, August 2015

The weakening effect of water on the brittle failure strength of sandstone
journal, December 2012

Evolution of the structural fault permeability in argillaceous rocks in a polyphased tectonic context
journal, January 2004

Folds and Folding*
journal, January 1964

Internal structure and permeability of major strike-slip fault zones: the Median Tectonic Line in Mie Prefecture, Southwest Japan
journal, January 2003

Strength and anisotropy of foliated rocks with varied mica contents
journal, September 1993

Laboratory investigation of the mechanical behaviour of Tournemire shale
journal, January 1997

Experimental investigation of the effect of temperature on the mechanical behavior of Tournemire shale
journal, September 2014

Damage and rupture dynamics at the brittle-ductile transition: The case of gypsum
journal, January 2011

Progressive illitization in fault gouge caused by seismic slip propagation along a megasplay fault in the Nankai Trough
journal, October 2011

The damage mechanics of brittle solids in compression
journal, May 1990

Laboratory investigation on the mechanical behaviour of Tournemire argillite
journal, March 2015

A failure criterion for transversely isotropic rocks
journal, April 2001

A statistical review of mudrock elastic anisotropy
journal, February 2013

An integrated perspective of the continuum between earthquakes and slow-slip phenomena
journal, August 2010

Anisotropic effective‐medium modeling of the elastic properties of shales
journal, October 1994

Elastic wave velocity evolution of shales deformed under uppermost crustal conditions: ELASTIC ANISOTROPY OF SHALES
journal, January 2017

A paraboloid failure surface for transversely isotropic materials
journal, June 1999

Experimental study of the influence of the degree of saturation on physical and mechanical properties in Tournemire shale (France)
journal, August 2004

On the mechanical and hydraulic response of sedimentary rocks in the presence of discontinuities
journal, December 2015

Time-dependent brittle creep in Darley Dale sandstone
journal, January 2009

Experimental deformation of shale: Mechanical properties and microstructural indicators of mechanisms
journal, December 1993

Effective Elastic Properties of Cracked Solids: Critical Review of Some Basic Concepts
journal, August 1992

Rheology and deformation mechanisms of an isotropic mica schist
journal, January 1992

Desaturation and structure relationships around drifts excavated in the well-compacted Tournemire's argillite (Aveyron, France)
journal, March 2007

Seismic anisotropy in Trinidad: A new tool for lithology prediction
journal, April 2001

The nanogranular nature of shale
journal, June 2006

Stuck in the mud? Earthquake nucleation and propagation through accretionary forearcs: HIGH VELOCITY CLAY FRICTION
journal, September 2011

Basal slip and mechanical anisotropy of biotite: Kronenberg, A K; Kirby, S H; Pinkston, J J Geophys ResV95, NB12, Nov 1990, P19257–19278
journal, September 1991

Folds and Folding
book, January 1982

The Damage Mechanics of Brittle Solids in Compression
report, July 1988

Folds and Folding
book, January 2016

On the strength of transversely isotropic rocks: On the strength of transversely isotropic rocks
journal, July 2018

Development and Recovery of Stress‐Induced Elastic Anisotropy During Cyclic Loading Experiment on Westerly Granite
journal, August 2018

Fluid Injection Experiments in Shale at Elevated Confining Pressures: Determination of Flaw Sizes From Mechanical Experiments
journal, June 2019

Effect of bedding angle on tunnel slate failure behavior under indirect tension
journal, January 2020

Stress distribution models in layered, viscoelastic sedimentary basins under tectonic and glacial loads
journal, October 2019

An experimental study of deformation and fracture characteristics of shale with pore-water pressure and under triaxial cyclic loading
journal, August 2018

Secular and coseismic changes in S-wave velocity detected using ACROSS in the Tokai region
journal, September 2018