Energy loss due to defect formation from 206Pb recoils in SuperCDMS germanium detectors

Agnese, R.; Aralis, T.; Aramaki, T.; Arnquist, I. J.; Azadbakht, E.; Baker, W.; Banik, S.; Barker, D.; Bauer, D. A.; Binder, T.; Bowles, M. A.; Brink, P. L.; Bunker, R.; Cabrera, B.; Calkins, R.; Cartaro, C.; Cerdenõ, D. G.; Chang, Y. -Y.; Cooley, J.; Cornell, B.; Cushman, P.; Di Stefano, P. C.  F.; Doughty, T.; Fascione, E.; Figueroa-Feliciano, E.; Fink, C. W.; Fritts, M.; Gerbier, G.; Germond, R.; Ghaith, M.; Golwala, S. R.; Harris, H. R.; Hong, Z.; Hoppe, E. W.; Hsu, L.; Huber, M. E.; Iyer, V.; Jardin, D.; Jena, C.; Kelsey, M. H.; Kennedy, A.; Kubik, A.; Kurinsky, N. A.; Lawrence, R. E.; Loer, B.; Lopez Asamar, E.; Lukens, P.; MacDonell, D.; Mahapatra, R.; Mandic, V.; Mast, N.; Miller, E. H.; Mirabolfathi, N.; Mohanty, B.; Morales Mendoza, J. D.; Nelson, J.; Orrell, J. L.; Oser, S. M.; Page, W. A.; Partridge, R.; Pepin, M.; Ponce, F.; Poudel, S.; Pyle, M.; Qiu, H.; Rau, W.; Reisetter, A.; Ren, T.; Reynolds, T.; Roberts, A.; Robinson, A. E.; Rogers, H. E.; Saab, T.; Sadoulet, B.; Sander, J.; Scarff, A.; Schnee, R. W.; Scorza, S.; Senapati, K.; Serfass, B.; Speller, D.; Stein, M.; Street, J.; Tanaka, H. A.; Toback, D.; Underwood, R.; Villano, A. N.; von Krosigk, B.; Watkins, S. L.; Wilson, J. S.; Wilson, M. J.; Winchell, J.; Wright, D. H.; Yellin, S.; Young, B. A.; Zhang, X.; Zhao, X.

doi:10.1063/1.5041457

Title: Energy loss due to defect formation from ²⁰⁶Pb recoils in SuperCDMS germanium detectors

Abstract

The Super Cryogenic Dark Matter Search experiment (SuperCDMS) at the Soudan Underground Laboratory studied energy loss associated with Frenkel defect formation in germanium crystals at mK temperatures using in situ $$^{210}$$Pb sources. We examine the spectrum of $$^{206}$$Pb nuclear recoils near its expected 103 keV endpoint energy and determine an energy loss of $$\left(6.08\pm0.18\right)$$ %, which we attribute to defect formation. From this result and using TRIM simulations, we extract the first experimentally determined average displacement threshold energy of $$\left(19.7^{+0.6}_{-0.5}\right)$$ eV for germanium. This has implications for the analysis thresholds of future germanium-based dark matter searches.

Authors:

Agnese, R. ^[1]; Aralis, T. ^[2]; Aramaki, T. ^[3]; Arnquist, I. J. ^[4]; Azadbakht, E. ^[5]; Baker, W. ^[5]; Banik, S. ^[6]; Barker, D. ^[7]; Bauer, D. A. ^[8]; Binder, T. ^[9]; Bowles, M. A. ^[10]; Brink, P. L. ^[3];

^[4];

^[11]; Calkins, R. ^[12]; Cartaro, C. ^[3]; Cerdenõ, D. G. ^[13]; Chang, Y. -Y. ^[2]; Cooley, J. ^[12]; Cornell, B. ^[2] more »

Department of Physics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
Department of Physics and Astronomy, and the Mitchell Institute for Fundamental Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&,M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
School of Physical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, HBNI, Jatni 752050, India
School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
Department of Physics, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota 57069, USA
Department of Physics, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota 57701, USA
Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
Department of Physics, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275, USA
Department of Physics, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom; Instituto de Física Teórica UAM/CSIC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
Department of Physics, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3112, USA
Department of Physics, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado 80217, USA; Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado 80217, USA
Department of Physics, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada; TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A3, Canada
Department of Physics, University of Evansville, Evansville, Indiana 47722, USA
Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado 80217, USA
Département de Physique, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
SNOLAB, Creighton Mine #9, 1039 Regional Road 24, Sudbury, Ontario P3Y 1N2, Canada
Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A7, Canada
Department of Physics, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, California 95053, USA

Publication Date:: Mon Aug 27 00:00:00 EDT 2018

Research Org.:: SLAC National Accelerator Lab., Menlo Park, CA (United States); Fermi National Accelerator Lab. (FNAL), Batavia, IL (United States); Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States); Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States); Univ. of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), High Energy Physics (HEP)

Contributing Org.:: SuperCDMS Collaboration; SuperCDMS

OSTI Identifier:: 1475487

Alternate Identifier(s):: OSTI ID: 1462732; OSTI ID: 1466865; OSTI ID: 1545068; OSTI ID: 1598291

Report Number(s):: FERMILAB-PUB-18-291-AE; arXiv:1805.09942; PNNL-SA-135936
Journal ID: ISSN 0003-6951

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-76SF00515; AC02-07CH11359; AC05-76RL01830; SC0015657

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Applied Physics Letters

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 113; Journal Issue: 9; Journal ID: ISSN 0003-6951

Publisher:: American Institute of Physics (AIP)

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS; SuperCDMS; Frenkel defects; displacement threshold energy; germanium detectors; dark matter; cryogenic; 79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS; 46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Citation Formats


                    Agnese, R., Aralis, T., Aramaki, T., Arnquist, I. J., Azadbakht, E., Baker, W., Banik, S., Barker, D., Bauer, D. A., Binder, T., Bowles, M. A., Brink, P. L., Bunker, R., Cabrera, B., Calkins, R., Cartaro, C., Cerdenõ, D. G., Chang, Y. -Y., Cooley, J., Cornell, B., Cushman, P., Di Stefano, P. C.  F., Doughty, T., Fascione, E., Figueroa-Feliciano, E., Fink, C. W., Fritts, M., Gerbier, G., Germond, R., Ghaith, M., Golwala, S. R., Harris, H. R., Hong, Z., Hoppe, E. W., Hsu, L., Huber, M. E., Iyer, V., Jardin, D., Jena, C., Kelsey, M. H., Kennedy, A., Kubik, A., Kurinsky, N. A., Lawrence, R. E., Loer, B., Lopez Asamar, E., Lukens, P., MacDonell, D., Mahapatra, R., Mandic, V., Mast, N., Miller, E. H., Mirabolfathi, N., Mohanty, B., Morales Mendoza, J. D., Nelson, J., Orrell, J. L., Oser, S. M., Page, W. A., Partridge, R., Pepin, M., Ponce, F., Poudel, S., Pyle, M., Qiu, H., Rau, W., Reisetter, A., Ren, T., Reynolds, T., Roberts, A., Robinson, A. E., Rogers, H. E., Saab, T., Sadoulet, B., Sander, J., Scarff, A., Schnee, R. W., Scorza, S., Senapati, K., Serfass, B., Speller, D., Stein, M., Street, J., Tanaka, H. A., Toback, D., Underwood, R., Villano, A. N., von Krosigk, B., Watkins, S. L., Wilson, J. S., Wilson, M. J., Winchell, J., Wright, D. H., Yellin, S., Young, B. A., Zhang, X., and Zhao, X. Energy loss due to defect formation from 206Pb recoils in SuperCDMS germanium detectors.  United States: N. p., 2018. 
Web.  doi:10.1063/1.5041457.

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                    Agnese, R., Aralis, T., Aramaki, T., Arnquist, I. J., Azadbakht, E., Baker, W., Banik, S., Barker, D., Bauer, D. A., Binder, T., Bowles, M. A., Brink, P. L., Bunker, R., Cabrera, B., Calkins, R., Cartaro, C., Cerdenõ, D. G., Chang, Y. -Y., Cooley, J., Cornell, B., Cushman, P., Di Stefano, P. C.  F., Doughty, T., Fascione, E., Figueroa-Feliciano, E., Fink, C. W., Fritts, M., Gerbier, G., Germond, R., Ghaith, M., Golwala, S. R., Harris, H. R., Hong, Z., Hoppe, E. W., Hsu, L., Huber, M. E., Iyer, V., Jardin, D., Jena, C., Kelsey, M. H., Kennedy, A., Kubik, A., Kurinsky, N. A., Lawrence, R. E., Loer, B., Lopez Asamar, E., Lukens, P., MacDonell, D., Mahapatra, R., Mandic, V., Mast, N., Miller, E. H., Mirabolfathi, N., Mohanty, B., Morales Mendoza, J. D., Nelson, J., Orrell, J. L., Oser, S. M., Page, W. A., Partridge, R., Pepin, M., Ponce, F., Poudel, S., Pyle, M., Qiu, H., Rau, W., Reisetter, A., Ren, T., Reynolds, T., Roberts, A., Robinson, A. E., Rogers, H. E., Saab, T., Sadoulet, B., Sander, J., Scarff, A., Schnee, R. W., Scorza, S., Senapati, K., Serfass, B., Speller, D., Stein, M., Street, J., Tanaka, H. A., Toback, D., Underwood, R., Villano, A. N., von Krosigk, B., Watkins, S. L., Wilson, J. S., Wilson, M. J., Winchell, J., Wright, D. H., Yellin, S., Young, B. A., Zhang, X., & Zhao, X. Energy loss due to defect formation from 206Pb recoils in SuperCDMS germanium detectors.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5041457

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                    Agnese, R., Aralis, T., Aramaki, T., Arnquist, I. J., Azadbakht, E., Baker, W., Banik, S., Barker, D., Bauer, D. A., Binder, T., Bowles, M. A., Brink, P. L., Bunker, R., Cabrera, B., Calkins, R., Cartaro, C., Cerdenõ, D. G., Chang, Y. -Y., Cooley, J., Cornell, B., Cushman, P., Di Stefano, P. C.  F., Doughty, T., Fascione, E., Figueroa-Feliciano, E., Fink, C. W., Fritts, M., Gerbier, G., Germond, R., Ghaith, M., Golwala, S. R., Harris, H. R., Hong, Z., Hoppe, E. W., Hsu, L., Huber, M. E., Iyer, V., Jardin, D., Jena, C., Kelsey, M. H., Kennedy, A., Kubik, A., Kurinsky, N. A., Lawrence, R. E., Loer, B., Lopez Asamar, E., Lukens, P., MacDonell, D., Mahapatra, R., Mandic, V., Mast, N., Miller, E. H., Mirabolfathi, N., Mohanty, B., Morales Mendoza, J. D., Nelson, J., Orrell, J. L., Oser, S. M., Page, W. A., Partridge, R., Pepin, M., Ponce, F., Poudel, S., Pyle, M., Qiu, H., Rau, W., Reisetter, A., Ren, T., Reynolds, T., Roberts, A., Robinson, A. E., Rogers, H. E., Saab, T., Sadoulet, B., Sander, J., Scarff, A., Schnee, R. W., Scorza, S., Senapati, K., Serfass, B., Speller, D., Stein, M., Street, J., Tanaka, H. A., Toback, D., Underwood, R., Villano, A. N., von Krosigk, B., Watkins, S. L., Wilson, J. S., Wilson, M. J., Winchell, J., Wright, D. H., Yellin, S., Young, B. A., Zhang, X., and Zhao, X. Mon .  
"Energy loss due to defect formation from 206Pb recoils in SuperCDMS germanium detectors".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5041457.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1475487.

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@article{osti_1475487,

  title        = {Energy loss due to defect formation from 206Pb recoils in SuperCDMS germanium detectors},

  author       = {Agnese, R. and Aralis, T. and Aramaki, T. and Arnquist, I. J. and Azadbakht, E. and Baker, W. and Banik, S. and Barker, D. and Bauer, D. A. and Binder, T. and Bowles, M. A. and Brink, P. L. and Bunker, R. and Cabrera, B. and Calkins, R. and Cartaro, C. and Cerdenõ, D. G. and Chang, Y. -Y. and Cooley, J. and Cornell, B. and Cushman, P. and Di Stefano, P. C.  F. and Doughty, T. and Fascione, E. and Figueroa-Feliciano, E. and Fink, C. W. and Fritts, M. and Gerbier, G. and Germond, R. and Ghaith, M. and Golwala, S. R. and Harris, H. R. and Hong, Z. and Hoppe, E. W. and Hsu, L. and Huber, M. E. and Iyer, V. and Jardin, D. and Jena, C. and Kelsey, M. H. and Kennedy, A. and Kubik, A. and Kurinsky, N. A. and Lawrence, R. E. and Loer, B. and Lopez Asamar, E. and Lukens, P. and MacDonell, D. and Mahapatra, R. and Mandic, V. and Mast, N. and Miller, E. H. and Mirabolfathi, N. and Mohanty, B. and Morales Mendoza, J. D. and Nelson, J. and Orrell, J. L. and Oser, S. M. and Page, W. A. and Partridge, R. and Pepin, M. and Ponce, F. and Poudel, S. and Pyle, M. and Qiu, H. and Rau, W. and Reisetter, A. and Ren, T. and Reynolds, T. and Roberts, A. and Robinson, A. E. and Rogers, H. E. and Saab, T. and Sadoulet, B. and Sander, J. and Scarff, A. and Schnee, R. W. and Scorza, S. and Senapati, K. and Serfass, B. and Speller, D. and Stein, M. and Street, J. and Tanaka, H. A. and Toback, D. and Underwood, R. and Villano, A. N. and von Krosigk, B. and Watkins, S. L. and Wilson, J. S. and Wilson, M. J. and Winchell, J. and Wright, D. H. and Yellin, S. and Young, B. A. and Zhang, X. and Zhao, X.},

  abstractNote = {The Super Cryogenic Dark Matter Search experiment (SuperCDMS) at the Soudan Underground Laboratory studied energy loss associated with Frenkel defect formation in germanium crystals at mK temperatures using in situ $^{210}$Pb sources. We examine the spectrum of $^{206}$Pb nuclear recoils near its expected 103 keV endpoint energy and determine an energy loss of $\left(6.08\pm0.18\right)$ %, which we attribute to defect formation. From this result and using TRIM simulations, we extract the first experimentally determined average displacement threshold energy of $\left(19.7^{+0.6}_{-0.5}\right)$ eV for germanium. This has implications for the analysis thresholds of future germanium-based dark matter searches.},

  doi          = {10.1063/1.5041457},

  journal      = {Applied Physics Letters},

  number       = 9,

  volume       = 113,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Mon Aug 27 00:00:00 EDT 2018},

  month        = {Mon Aug 27 00:00:00 EDT 2018}

}

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Astrophysical observations indicate that approximately 85% of the matter in the universe is nonluminous, nonbaryonic, and nonrelativistic (cold) dark matter. Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs) are a particularly well motivated dark matter particle candidate. They would be thermally produced in the early universe and their relics account for the current dark matter abundance. WIMP candidate particles are naturally provided by extensions to the Standard Model of particle physics, such as supersymmetry. The Cryogenic Dark Matter Search (CDMS) experiment operates cryogenic germanium and silicon particle detectors in the low-background environment of the Soudan Underground Laboratory in northern Minnesota to search formore »« less
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Searching for Low-Mass Dark Matter with SuperCDMS Soudan Detectors

Thesis/Dissertation Page, William Alexander

SuperCDMS is a direct-detection dark matter (DM) experiment that uses cryogenically cooled germanium and silicon detectors to search for interac- tions between DM particles and detector nuclei, and in this thesis I describe my contributions to the experiment. I start with a brief review of DM and motivate the possibility of its de- tection in underground laboratories with sensitive detectors, and I review the SuperCDMS detector fundamentals. Then I focus on detector develop- ment for the future generation of the experiment, which will deploy an array of detectors at SNOLAB in Sudbury, Canada. Specifically I describe char- acterization of prototypemore »« less
https://doi.org/10.2172/1632189

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Title: Energy loss due to defect formation from 206Pb recoils in SuperCDMS germanium detectors

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Citation Formats

Recent developments in Geant4 journal, November 2016

Molecular dynamics simulations of threshold displacement energies in Fe journal, May 2006

Oxide Growth on Etched Silicon in Air at Room Temperature journal, January 1975

The Displacement of Atoms in Solids by Radiation journal, January 1955

�ber die W�rmebewegung in festen und fl�ssigen K�rpern journal, August 1926

Defect production in collision cascades in elemental semiconductors and fcc metals journal, April 1998

Search for Low-Mass Weakly Interacting Massive Particles Using Voltage-Assisted Calorimetric Ionization Detection in the SuperCDMS Experiment journal, January 2014

Threshold defect production in germanium determined by density functional theory molecular dynamics simulations journal, March 2010

An algorithm for computing screened Coulomb scattering in Geant4 journal, January 2005

Results from the Super Cryogenic Dark Matter Search Experiment at Soudan journal, February 2018

Vacancies and interstitial atoms in e−-irradiated germanium journal, April 1999

The SIESTA method for ab initio order- N materials simulation journal, March 2002

New Results from the Search for Low-Mass Weakly Interacting Massive Particles with the CDMS Low Ionization Threshold Experiment journal, February 2016

Directional Sensitivity in Light-Mass Dark Matter Searches with Single-Electron-Resolution Ionization Detectors journal, March 2018

Low-mass dark matter search with CDMSlite journal, January 2018

Ambient stability of chemically passivated germanium interfaces journal, October 2003

Geant4 developments and applications journal, February 2006

Molecular-dynamics simulation of amorphous germanium journal, November 1986

SRIM – The stopping and range of ions in matter (2010) journal, June 2010

Search for Low-Mass Weakly Interacting Massive Particles with SuperCDMS journal, June 2014

Native Oxidation Growth on Ge(111) and (100) Surfaces journal, April 2011

Geant4—a simulation toolkit journal, July 2003

A proposed method of calculating displacement dose rates journal, August 1975

Computer simulation of local order in condensed phases of silicon journal, April 1985

Theoretical Physics in the Metallurgical Laboratory of Chicago journal, November 1946

Growth of native oxide on a silicon surface journal, August 1990

Demonstration of surface electron rejection with interleaved germanium detectors for dark matter searches journal, October 2013

Cosmological constraints on the properties of weakly interacting massive particles journal, January 1985

Projected sensitivity of the SuperCDMS SNOLAB experiment journal, April 2017

Accurate Simulations of $$^{206}$$ 206 Pb Recoils in SuperCDMS journal, February 2014

Recent developments in Geant4 journal, August 2015

Recent Developments in Geant4 conference, June 2014

Demonstration of Surface Electron Rejection with Interleaved Germanium Detectors for Dark Matter Searches text, January 2013

Title: Energy loss due to defect formation from ²⁰⁶Pb recoils in SuperCDMS germanium detectors

Recent developments in Geant4
journal, November 2016

Molecular dynamics simulations of threshold displacement energies in Fe
journal, May 2006

Oxide Growth on Etched Silicon in Air at Room Temperature
journal, January 1975

The Displacement of Atoms in Solids by Radiation
journal, January 1955

�ber die W�rmebewegung in festen und fl�ssigen K�rpern
journal, August 1926

Defect production in collision cascades in elemental semiconductors and fcc metals
journal, April 1998

Search for Low-Mass Weakly Interacting Massive Particles Using Voltage-Assisted Calorimetric Ionization Detection in the SuperCDMS Experiment
journal, January 2014

Threshold defect production in germanium determined by density functional theory molecular dynamics simulations
journal, March 2010

An algorithm for computing screened Coulomb scattering in Geant4
journal, January 2005

Results from the Super Cryogenic Dark Matter Search Experiment at Soudan
journal, February 2018

Vacancies and interstitial atoms in e−-irradiated germanium
journal, April 1999

The SIESTA method for ab initio order- N materials simulation
journal, March 2002

New Results from the Search for Low-Mass Weakly Interacting Massive Particles with the CDMS Low Ionization Threshold Experiment
journal, February 2016

Directional Sensitivity in Light-Mass Dark Matter Searches with Single-Electron-Resolution Ionization Detectors
journal, March 2018

Low-mass dark matter search with CDMSlite
journal, January 2018

Ambient stability of chemically passivated germanium interfaces
journal, October 2003

Geant4 developments and applications
journal, February 2006

Molecular-dynamics simulation of amorphous germanium
journal, November 1986

SRIM – The stopping and range of ions in matter (2010)
journal, June 2010

Search for Low-Mass Weakly Interacting Massive Particles with SuperCDMS
journal, June 2014

Native Oxidation Growth on Ge(111) and (100) Surfaces
journal, April 2011

Geant4—a simulation toolkit
journal, July 2003

A proposed method of calculating displacement dose rates
journal, August 1975

Computer simulation of local order in condensed phases of silicon
journal, April 1985

Theoretical Physics in the Metallurgical Laboratory of Chicago
journal, November 1946

Growth of native oxide on a silicon surface
journal, August 1990

Demonstration of surface electron rejection with interleaved germanium detectors for dark matter searches
journal, October 2013

Cosmological constraints on the properties of weakly interacting massive particles
journal, January 1985

Projected sensitivity of the SuperCDMS SNOLAB experiment
journal, April 2017

Accurate Simulations of $$^{206}$$ 206 Pb Recoils in SuperCDMS
journal, February 2014

Recent developments in Geant4
journal, August 2015

Recent Developments in Geant4
conference, June 2014

Demonstration of Surface Electron Rejection with Interleaved Germanium Detectors for Dark Matter Searches
text, January 2013