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Title: Abundance and Biogeography of Picoprasinophyte Ecotypes and Other Phytoplankton in the Eastern North Pacific Ocean

Abstract

Here, eukaryotic algae within the picoplankton size class (≤2 μm in diameter) are important marine primary producers, but their spatial and ecological distributions are not well characterized. Here, we studied three picoeukaryotic prasinophyte genera and their cyanobacterial counterparts, Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus, during two cruises along a North Pacific transect characterized by different ecological regimes. Picoeukaryotes and Synechococcus reached maximum abundances of 1.44 × 105 and 3.37 × 105 cells · ml–1, respectively, in mesotrophic waters, while Prochlorococcus reached 1.95 × 105 cells · ml–1 in the oligotrophic ocean. Of the picoeukaryotes, Bathycoccus was present at all stations in both cruises, reaching 21,368 ± 327 18S rRNA gene copies · ml–1. Micromonas and Ostreococcus clade OI were detected only in mesotrophic and coastal waters and Ostreococcus clade OII only in the oligotrophic ocean. To resolve proposed Bathycoccus ecotypes, we established genetic distances for 1,104 marker genes using targeted metagenomes and the Bathycoccus prasinos genome. The analysis was anchored in comparative genome analysis of three Ostreococcus species for which physiological and environmental data are available to facilitate data interpretation. We established that two Bathycoccus ecotypes exist, named here BI (represented by coastal isolate Bathycoccus prasinos) and BII. These share 82% ± 6%more » nucleotide identity across homologs, while the Ostreococcus spp. share 75% ± 8%. We developed and applied an analysis of ecomarkers to metatranscriptomes sequenced here and published -omics data from the same region. The results indicated that the Bathycoccus ecotypes cooccur more often than Ostreococcus clades OI and OII do. Exploratory analyses of relative transcript abundances suggest that Bathycoccus NRT2.1 and AMT2.2 are high-affinity NO3 and low-affinity NH4 + transporters, respectively, with close homologs in multiple picoprasinophytes. Additionally, in the open ocean, where dissolved iron concentrations were low (0.08 nM), there appeared to be a shift to the use of nickel superoxide dismutases (SODs) from Mn/Fe/Cu SODs closer inshore. Our study documents the distribution of picophytoplankton along a North Pacific ecological gradient and offers new concepts and techniques for investigating their biogeography.« less

Authors:
 [1];  [2];  [3];  [1];  [1];  [4];  [2];  [2];  [1]
  1. Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA (United States); Univ. of California, Santa Cruz, CA (United States)
  2. Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA (United States)
  3. Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA (United States); Univ. of Exeter, Exeter (United Kingdom)
  4. Florida State College at Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL (United States)
Publication Date:
Research Org.:
Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA (United States)
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE Office of Science (SC)
OSTI Identifier:
1470719
Grant/Contract Number:  
SC0004765
Resource Type:
Accepted Manuscript
Journal Name:
Applied and Environmental Microbiology
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Volume: 82; Journal Issue: 6; Journal ID: ISSN 0099-2240
Publisher:
American Society for Microbiology
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Citation Formats

Simmons, Melinda P., Sudek, Sebastian, Monier, Adam, Limardo, Alexander J., Jimenez, Valeria, Perle, Christopher R., Elrod, Virginia A., Pennington, J. Timothy, and Worden, Alexandra Z. Abundance and Biogeography of Picoprasinophyte Ecotypes and Other Phytoplankton in the Eastern North Pacific Ocean. United States: N. p., 2016. Web. doi:10.1128/AEM.02730-15.
Simmons, Melinda P., Sudek, Sebastian, Monier, Adam, Limardo, Alexander J., Jimenez, Valeria, Perle, Christopher R., Elrod, Virginia A., Pennington, J. Timothy, & Worden, Alexandra Z. Abundance and Biogeography of Picoprasinophyte Ecotypes and Other Phytoplankton in the Eastern North Pacific Ocean. United States. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02730-15
Simmons, Melinda P., Sudek, Sebastian, Monier, Adam, Limardo, Alexander J., Jimenez, Valeria, Perle, Christopher R., Elrod, Virginia A., Pennington, J. Timothy, and Worden, Alexandra Z. Mon . "Abundance and Biogeography of Picoprasinophyte Ecotypes and Other Phytoplankton in the Eastern North Pacific Ocean". United States. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02730-15. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1470719.
@article{osti_1470719,
title = {Abundance and Biogeography of Picoprasinophyte Ecotypes and Other Phytoplankton in the Eastern North Pacific Ocean},
author = {Simmons, Melinda P. and Sudek, Sebastian and Monier, Adam and Limardo, Alexander J. and Jimenez, Valeria and Perle, Christopher R. and Elrod, Virginia A. and Pennington, J. Timothy and Worden, Alexandra Z.},
abstractNote = {Here, eukaryotic algae within the picoplankton size class (≤2 μm in diameter) are important marine primary producers, but their spatial and ecological distributions are not well characterized. Here, we studied three picoeukaryotic prasinophyte genera and their cyanobacterial counterparts, Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus, during two cruises along a North Pacific transect characterized by different ecological regimes. Picoeukaryotes and Synechococcus reached maximum abundances of 1.44 × 105 and 3.37 × 105 cells · ml–1, respectively, in mesotrophic waters, while Prochlorococcus reached 1.95 × 105 cells · ml–1 in the oligotrophic ocean. Of the picoeukaryotes, Bathycoccus was present at all stations in both cruises, reaching 21,368 ± 327 18S rRNA gene copies · ml–1. Micromonas and Ostreococcus clade OI were detected only in mesotrophic and coastal waters and Ostreococcus clade OII only in the oligotrophic ocean. To resolve proposed Bathycoccus ecotypes, we established genetic distances for 1,104 marker genes using targeted metagenomes and the Bathycoccus prasinos genome. The analysis was anchored in comparative genome analysis of three Ostreococcus species for which physiological and environmental data are available to facilitate data interpretation. We established that two Bathycoccus ecotypes exist, named here BI (represented by coastal isolate Bathycoccus prasinos) and BII. These share 82% ± 6% nucleotide identity across homologs, while the Ostreococcus spp. share 75% ± 8%. We developed and applied an analysis of ecomarkers to metatranscriptomes sequenced here and published -omics data from the same region. The results indicated that the Bathycoccus ecotypes cooccur more often than Ostreococcus clades OI and OII do. Exploratory analyses of relative transcript abundances suggest that Bathycoccus NRT2.1 and AMT2.2 are high-affinity NO3 – and low-affinity NH4 + transporters, respectively, with close homologs in multiple picoprasinophytes. Additionally, in the open ocean, where dissolved iron concentrations were low (0.08 nM), there appeared to be a shift to the use of nickel superoxide dismutases (SODs) from Mn/Fe/Cu SODs closer inshore. Our study documents the distribution of picophytoplankton along a North Pacific ecological gradient and offers new concepts and techniques for investigating their biogeography.},
doi = {10.1128/AEM.02730-15},
journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
number = 6,
volume = 82,
place = {United States},
year = {Mon Jan 04 00:00:00 EST 2016},
month = {Mon Jan 04 00:00:00 EST 2016}
}

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