Electroluminescent refrigeration by ultra-efficient GaAs light-emitting diodes

Xiao, T. Patrick; Chen, Kaifeng; Santhanam, Parthiban; Fan, Shanhui; Yablonovitch, Eli

doi:10.1063/1.5019764

Title: Electroluminescent refrigeration by ultra-efficient GaAs light-emitting diodes

Abstract

Electroluminescence—the conversion of electrons to photons in a light-emitting diode (LED)—can be used as a mechanism for refrigeration, provided that the LED has an exceptionally high quantum efficiency. We investigate the practical limits of present optoelectronic technology for cooling applications by optimizing a GaAs/GaInP double heterostructure LED. We develop a model of the design based on the physics of detailed balance and the methods of statistical ray optics, and predict an external luminescence efficiency of η_ext = 97.7% at 263 K. To enhance the cooling coefficient of performance, we pair the refrigerated LED with a photovoltaic cell, which partially recovers the emitted optical energy as electricity. For applications near room temperature and moderate power densities (1.0–10 mW/cm²), we project that an electroluminescent refrigerator can operate with up to 1.7× the coefficient of performance of thermoelectric coolers with ZT = 1, using the material quality in existing GaAs devices. We also predict superior cooling efficiency for cryogenic applications relative to both thermoelectric and laser cooling. Large improvements to these results are possible with optoelectronic devices that asymptotically approach unity luminescence efficiency.

Authors:

^[1]; Chen, Kaifeng ^[2]; Santhanam, Parthiban ^[2]; Fan, Shanhui ^[2];

^[1]

Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States)
Stanford Univ., CA (United States)

Publication Date:: Fri May 04 00:00:00 EDT 2018

Research Org.:: Energy Frontier Research Centers (EFRC) (United States). Light-Material Interactions in Energy Conversion (LMI)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES)

OSTI Identifier:: 1470449

Alternate Identifier(s):: OSTI ID: 1436010

Grant/Contract Number:: SC0001293

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Journal of Applied Physics

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 123; Journal Issue: 17; Related Information: LMI partners with California Institute of Technology (lead); Harvard University; University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; Journal ID: ISSN 0021-8979

Publisher:: American Institute of Physics (AIP)

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 36 MATERIALS SCIENCE; solar (photovoltaic); solid state lighting; phonons, thermal conductivity; electrodes - solar; materials and chemistry by design; optics; synthesis (novel materials); synthesis (self-assembly)

Citation Formats


                    Xiao, T. Patrick, Chen, Kaifeng, Santhanam, Parthiban, Fan, Shanhui, and Yablonovitch, Eli. Electroluminescent refrigeration by ultra-efficient GaAs light-emitting diodes.  United States: N. p., 2018. 
Web.  doi:10.1063/1.5019764.

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                    Xiao, T. Patrick, Chen, Kaifeng, Santhanam, Parthiban, Fan, Shanhui, & Yablonovitch, Eli. Electroluminescent refrigeration by ultra-efficient GaAs light-emitting diodes.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5019764

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                    Xiao, T. Patrick, Chen, Kaifeng, Santhanam, Parthiban, Fan, Shanhui, and Yablonovitch, Eli. Fri .  
"Electroluminescent refrigeration by ultra-efficient GaAs light-emitting diodes".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5019764.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1470449.

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@article{osti_1470449,

  title        = {Electroluminescent refrigeration by ultra-efficient GaAs light-emitting diodes},

  author       = {Xiao, T. Patrick and Chen, Kaifeng and Santhanam, Parthiban and Fan, Shanhui and Yablonovitch, Eli},

  abstractNote = {Electroluminescence—the conversion of electrons to photons in a light-emitting diode (LED)—can be used as a mechanism for refrigeration, provided that the LED has an exceptionally high quantum efficiency. We investigate the practical limits of present optoelectronic technology for cooling applications by optimizing a GaAs/GaInP double heterostructure LED. We develop a model of the design based on the physics of detailed balance and the methods of statistical ray optics, and predict an external luminescence efficiency of ηext = 97.7% at 263 K. To enhance the cooling coefficient of performance, we pair the refrigerated LED with a photovoltaic cell, which partially recovers the emitted optical energy as electricity. For applications near room temperature and moderate power densities (1.0–10 mW/cm2), we project that an electroluminescent refrigerator can operate with up to 1.7× the coefficient of performance of thermoelectric coolers with ZT = 1, using the material quality in existing GaAs devices. We also predict superior cooling efficiency for cryogenic applications relative to both thermoelectric and laser cooling. Large improvements to these results are possible with optoelectronic devices that asymptotically approach unity luminescence efficiency.},

  doi          = {10.1063/1.5019764},

  journal      = {Journal of Applied Physics},

  number       = 17,

  volume       = 123,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Fri May 04 00:00:00 EDT 2018},

  month        = {Fri May 04 00:00:00 EDT 2018}

}

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Title: Electroluminescent refrigeration by ultra-efficient GaAs light-emitting diodes

Abstract

Citation Formats

Electrical properties of III-Nitride LEDs: Recombination-based injection model and theoretical limits to electrical efficiency and electroluminescent cooling journal, August 2016

Strong Internal and External Luminescence as Solar Cells Approach the Shockley–Queisser Limit journal, July 2012

Optical absorption edge of semi-insulating GaAs and InP at high temperatures journal, June 1997

Empirical low-field mobility model for III–V compounds applicable in device simulation codes journal, March 2000

30% external quantum efficiency from surface textured, thin‐film light‐emitting diodes journal, October 1993

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Omnidirectional reflection from a one-dimensional photonic crystal journal, January 1998

Auger recombination in intrinsic GaAs journal, January 1993

High-performance near-field electroluminescent refrigeration device consisting of a GaAs light emitting diode and a Si photovoltaic cell journal, October 2017

Bulk GaN flip-chip violet light-emitting diodes with optimized efficiency for high-power operation journal, January 2015

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Solar cell efficiency tables (version 50) journal, June 2017

Ultrahigh spontaneous emission quantum efficiency, 99.7% internally and 72% externally, from AlGaAs/GaAs/AlGaAs double heterostructures journal, January 1993

Progress Towards a 30% Efficient GaInP/Si Tandem Solar Cell journal, August 2015

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A review of thermoelectric cooling: Materials, modeling and applications journal, May 2014

Heat-flux control and solid-state cooling by regulating chemical potential of photons in near-field electromagnetic heat transfer journal, April 2015

The share of thermal energy taken from the surroundings in the electro-luminescent energy radiated from ap-n junction journal, May 1957

Improved model for calculating the coefficient of performance of a Peltier module journal, January 2000

Thermodynamic Limitation on the Conversion of Heat into Light journal, January 1960

Wide-bandwidth distributed Bragg reflectors using oxide/GaAs multilayers journal, July 1994

Laser cooling of a semiconductor by 40 kelvin journal, January 2013

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Light Emission Produced by Current Injected into a Green Silicon-Carbide Crystal journal, January 1953

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The chemical potential of radiation journal, June 1982

Development of high quantum efficiency GaAs/GaInP double heterostructures for laser cooling journal, June 2013

Electroluminescent cooling mechanism in InGaN/GaN light-emitting diodes journal, September 2016

Heat Transfer in Thermoelectric Materials and Devices journal, May 2013

Optical refrigeration journal, December 2007

Planar laterally oxidized vertical-cavity lasers for low-threshold high-density top-surface-emitting arrays journal, August 1997

Bias-dependent Peltier coefficient and internal cooling in bipolar devices journal, September 2002

Laser cooling of organic–inorganic lead halide perovskites journal, December 2015

High-performance electroluminescent refrigeration enabled by photon tunneling journal, August 2016

Thermophotonic heat pump—a theoretical model and numerical simulations journal, May 2010

Photon recycling effect on electroluminescent refrigeration journal, January 2012

High wall-plug efficiency blue III-nitride LEDs designed for low current density operation journal, January 2017

Optical Absorption of Gallium Arsenide between 0.6 and 2.75 eV journal, August 1962

Maximum statistical increase of optical absorption in textured semiconductor films journal, January 1983

Efficiency droop in light-emitting diodes: Challenges and countermeasures: Efficiency droop in light-emitting diodes: Challenges and countermeasures journal, January 2013

Radiative efficiency of state-of-the-art photovoltaic cells journal, September 2011

Extreme selectivity in the lift‐off of epitaxial GaAs films journal, December 1987

Thermophotonics journal, April 2003

Detailed Balance Limit of Efficiency of p‐n Junction Solar Cells journal, March 1961

Point-contact silicon solar cells journal, May 1984

Thermally enhanced blue light-emitting diode journal, September 2015

Statistical ray optics journal, July 1982

Thermoelectrically Pumped Light-Emitting Diodes Operating above Unity Efficiency journal, February 2012

External radiative quantum efficiency of 96% from a GaAs / GaInP heterostructure journal, January 1997

Optical Energy Transfer and Loss Mechanisms in Coupled Intracavity Light Emitters journal, September 2016

Effect of Auger recombination on laser operation in Ga 1− x Al x As journal, November 1985

Diffusion-Driven Charge Transport in Light Emitting Devices journal, December 2017

Ultimate limit and temperature dependency of light-emitting diode efficiency journal, May 2009

Planar GaN-Based Blue Light-Emitting Diodes With Surface p-n Junction Formed by Selective-Area Si–Ion Implantation journal, October 2017

Thermoelectric refrigeration journal, May 1960

Thermoelectric Refrigeration journal, August 1965

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Ultra-low-power sub-photon-voltage high-efficiency light-emitting diodes journal, June 2019

Near-field photonic cooling through control of the chemical potential of photons journal, February 2019

On the temperature dependence of the efficiency of electroluminescence journal, November 2019

Self-sustaining thermophotonic circuits journal, May 2019

Effect of Evanescent Waves on the Dark Current of Thermophotovoltaic Cells journal, October 2019

Parametric optimum design of a near-field electroluminescent refrigerator journal, June 2019

Redefining near-unity luminescence in quantum dots with photothermal threshold quantum yield journal, March 2019

Electrical properties of III-Nitride LEDs: Recombination-based injection model and theoretical limits to electrical efficiency and electroluminescent cooling
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Strong Internal and External Luminescence as Solar Cells Approach the Shockley–Queisser Limit
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Optical absorption edge of semi-insulating GaAs and InP at high temperatures
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Empirical low-field mobility model for III–V compounds applicable in device simulation codes
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30% external quantum efficiency from surface textured, thin‐film light‐emitting diodes
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Photon-Radiative Recombination of Electrons and Holes in Germanium
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Status and Future of High-Power Light-Emitting Diodes for Solid-State Lighting
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Omnidirectional reflection from a one-dimensional photonic crystal
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Auger recombination in intrinsic GaAs
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Bulk GaN flip-chip violet light-emitting diodes with optimized efficiency for high-power operation
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Radiant refrigeration by semiconductor diodes
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Surface-Roughened Light-Emitting Diodes: An Accurate Model
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Solar cell efficiency tables (version 50)
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Ultrahigh spontaneous emission quantum efficiency, 99.7% internally and 72% externally, from AlGaAs/GaAs/AlGaAs double heterostructures
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Progress Towards a 30% Efficient GaInP/Si Tandem Solar Cell
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A survey of ohmic contacts to III-V compound semiconductors
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Far-infrared properties of metallic mesh and its complementary structure
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A review of thermoelectric cooling: Materials, modeling and applications
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Heat-flux control and solid-state cooling by regulating chemical potential of photons in near-field electromagnetic heat transfer
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The share of thermal energy taken from the surroundings in the electro-luminescent energy radiated from ap-n junction
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Improved model for calculating the coefficient of performance of a Peltier module
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Thermodynamic Limitation on the Conversion of Heat into Light
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Wide-bandwidth distributed Bragg reflectors using oxide/GaAs multilayers
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Laser cooling of a semiconductor by 40 kelvin
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Effects of epitaxial lift-off on interface recombination and laser cooling in GaInP∕GaAs heterostructures
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Light Emission Produced by Current Injected into a Green Silicon-Carbide Crystal
journal, January 1953

Optically Enhanced Photon Recycling in Mechanically Stacked Multijunction Solar Cells
journal, January 2016

The chemical potential of radiation
journal, June 1982

Development of high quantum efficiency GaAs/GaInP double heterostructures for laser cooling
journal, June 2013

Electroluminescent cooling mechanism in InGaN/GaN light-emitting diodes
journal, September 2016

Heat Transfer in Thermoelectric Materials and Devices
journal, May 2013

Optical refrigeration
journal, December 2007

Planar laterally oxidized vertical-cavity lasers for low-threshold high-density top-surface-emitting arrays
journal, August 1997

Bias-dependent Peltier coefficient and internal cooling in bipolar devices
journal, September 2002

Laser cooling of organic–inorganic lead halide perovskites
journal, December 2015

High-performance electroluminescent refrigeration enabled by photon tunneling
journal, August 2016

Thermophotonic heat pump—a theoretical model and numerical simulations
journal, May 2010

Photon recycling effect on electroluminescent refrigeration
journal, January 2012

High wall-plug efficiency blue III-nitride LEDs designed for low current density operation
journal, January 2017

Optical Absorption of Gallium Arsenide between 0.6 and 2.75 eV
journal, August 1962

Maximum statistical increase of optical absorption in textured semiconductor films
journal, January 1983

Efficiency droop in light-emitting diodes: Challenges and countermeasures: Efficiency droop in light-emitting diodes: Challenges and countermeasures
journal, January 2013

Radiative efficiency of state-of-the-art photovoltaic cells
journal, September 2011

Extreme selectivity in the lift‐off of epitaxial GaAs films
journal, December 1987

Thermophotonics
journal, April 2003

Detailed Balance Limit of Efficiency of p‐n Junction Solar Cells
journal, March 1961

Point-contact silicon solar cells
journal, May 1984

Thermally enhanced blue light-emitting diode
journal, September 2015

Statistical ray optics
journal, July 1982

Thermoelectrically Pumped Light-Emitting Diodes Operating above Unity Efficiency
journal, February 2012

External radiative quantum efficiency of 96% from a GaAs / GaInP heterostructure
journal, January 1997

Optical Energy Transfer and Loss Mechanisms in Coupled Intracavity Light Emitters
journal, September 2016

Effect of Auger recombination on laser operation in Ga _{1− x} Al _x As
journal, November 1985

Diffusion-Driven Charge Transport in Light Emitting Devices
journal, December 2017

Ultimate limit and temperature dependency of light-emitting diode efficiency
journal, May 2009

Planar GaN-Based Blue Light-Emitting Diodes With Surface p-n Junction Formed by Selective-Area Si–Ion Implantation
journal, October 2017

Thermoelectric refrigeration
journal, May 1960

Thermoelectric Refrigeration
journal, August 1965

Diffusion-driven GaInP/GaAs light-emitting diodes enhanced by modulation doping
journal, March 2019

Ultra-low-power sub-photon-voltage high-efficiency light-emitting diodes
journal, June 2019

Near-field photonic cooling through control of the chemical potential of photons
journal, February 2019

On the temperature dependence of the efficiency of electroluminescence
journal, November 2019

Self-sustaining thermophotonic circuits
journal, May 2019

Effect of Evanescent Waves on the Dark Current of Thermophotovoltaic Cells
journal, October 2019

Parametric optimum design of a near-field electroluminescent refrigerator
journal, June 2019

Redefining near-unity luminescence in quantum dots with photothermal threshold quantum yield
journal, March 2019