Next generation molten NaI batteries for grid scale energy storage
Abstract
Robust, safe, and reliable grid-scale energy storage continues to be a priority for improved energy surety, expanded integration of renewable energy, and greater system agility required to meet modern dynamic and evolving electrical energy demands. We describe here a new sodium-based battery based on a molten sodium anode, a sodium iodide/aluminum chloride (NaI/AlCl3) cathode, and a high conductivity NaSICON (Na1+xZr2SixP3–xO12) ceramic separator. This NaI battery operates at intermediate temperatures (120–180 °C) and boasts an energy density of >150 Wh kg–1. The energy-dense NaI-AlCl3 ionic liquid catholyte avoids lifetime-limiting plating and intercalation reactions, and the use of earth-abundant elements minimizes materials costs and eliminates economic uncertainties associated with lithium metal. Moreover, the inherent safety of this system under internal mechanical failure is characterized by negligible heat or gas production and benign reaction products (Al, NaCl). Scalability in design is exemplified through evolution from 0.85 to 10 Ah (28 Wh) form factors, displaying lifetime average Coulombic efficiencies of 99.45% and energy efficiencies of 81.96% over dynamic testing lasting >3000 h. Here, this demonstration promises a safe, cost-effective, and long-lifetime technology as an attractive candidate for grid scale storage.
- Authors:
-
[1];
[2];
- Sandia National Lab. (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States)
- Ceramatec Inc., Salt Lake City, UT (United States)
- Publication Date:
- Research Org.:
- Sandia National Lab. (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States)
- Sponsoring Org.:
- USDOE Office of Electricity (OE)
- OSTI Identifier:
- 1465804
- Alternate Identifier(s):
- OSTI ID: 1550403
- Report Number(s):
- SAND-2017-7034J
Journal ID: ISSN 0378-7753; 663094
- Grant/Contract Number:
- AC04-94AL85000
- Resource Type:
- Accepted Manuscript
- Journal Name:
- Journal of Power Sources
- Additional Journal Information:
- Journal Volume: 360; Journal Issue: C; Journal ID: ISSN 0378-7753
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
- Subject:
- 25 ENERGY STORAGE; Sodium battery; NaSICON; Ion conductor; Grid scale; Energy storage
Citation Formats
Small, Leo J., Eccleston, Alexis, Lamb, Joshua, Read, Andrew C., Robins, Matthew, Meaders, Thomas, Ingersoll, David, Clem, Paul G., Bhavaraju, Sai, and Spoerke, Erik David. Next generation molten NaI batteries for grid scale energy storage. United States: N. p., 2017.
Web. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.06.038.
Small, Leo J., Eccleston, Alexis, Lamb, Joshua, Read, Andrew C., Robins, Matthew, Meaders, Thomas, Ingersoll, David, Clem, Paul G., Bhavaraju, Sai, & Spoerke, Erik David. Next generation molten NaI batteries for grid scale energy storage. United States. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.06.038
Small, Leo J., Eccleston, Alexis, Lamb, Joshua, Read, Andrew C., Robins, Matthew, Meaders, Thomas, Ingersoll, David, Clem, Paul G., Bhavaraju, Sai, and Spoerke, Erik David. Thu .
"Next generation molten NaI batteries for grid scale energy storage". United States. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.06.038. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1465804.
@article{osti_1465804,
title = {Next generation molten NaI batteries for grid scale energy storage},
author = {Small, Leo J. and Eccleston, Alexis and Lamb, Joshua and Read, Andrew C. and Robins, Matthew and Meaders, Thomas and Ingersoll, David and Clem, Paul G. and Bhavaraju, Sai and Spoerke, Erik David},
abstractNote = {Robust, safe, and reliable grid-scale energy storage continues to be a priority for improved energy surety, expanded integration of renewable energy, and greater system agility required to meet modern dynamic and evolving electrical energy demands. We describe here a new sodium-based battery based on a molten sodium anode, a sodium iodide/aluminum chloride (NaI/AlCl3) cathode, and a high conductivity NaSICON (Na1+xZr2SixP3–xO12) ceramic separator. This NaI battery operates at intermediate temperatures (120–180 °C) and boasts an energy density of >150 Wh kg–1. The energy-dense NaI-AlCl3 ionic liquid catholyte avoids lifetime-limiting plating and intercalation reactions, and the use of earth-abundant elements minimizes materials costs and eliminates economic uncertainties associated with lithium metal. Moreover, the inherent safety of this system under internal mechanical failure is characterized by negligible heat or gas production and benign reaction products (Al, NaCl). Scalability in design is exemplified through evolution from 0.85 to 10 Ah (28 Wh) form factors, displaying lifetime average Coulombic efficiencies of 99.45% and energy efficiencies of 81.96% over dynamic testing lasting >3000 h. Here, this demonstration promises a safe, cost-effective, and long-lifetime technology as an attractive candidate for grid scale storage.},
doi = {10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.06.038},
journal = {Journal of Power Sources},
number = C,
volume = 360,
place = {United States},
year = {Thu Jun 29 00:00:00 EDT 2017},
month = {Thu Jun 29 00:00:00 EDT 2017}
}
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