Dimensionless numbers in additive manufacturing
Abstract
In this paper, the effects of many process variables and alloy properties on the structure and properties of additively manufactured parts are examined using four dimensionless numbers. The structure and properties of components made from 316 Stainless steel, Ti-6Al-4V, and Inconel 718 powders for various dimensionless heat inputs, Peclet numbers, Marangoni numbers, and Fourier numbers are studied. Temperature fields, cooling rates, solidification parameters, lack of fusion defects, and thermal strains are examined using a well-tested three-dimensional transient heat transfer and fluid flow model. The results show that lack of fusion defects in the fabricated parts can be minimized by strengthening interlayer bonding using high values of dimensionless heat input. The formation of harmful intermetallics such as laves phases in Inconel 718 can be suppressed using low heat input that results in a small molten pool, a steep temperature gradient, and a fast cooling rate. Improved interlayer bonding can be achieved at high Marangoni numbers, which results in vigorous circulation of liquid metal, larger pool dimensions, and greater depth of penetration. Finally, a high Fourier number ensures rapid cooling, low thermal distortion, and a high ratio of temperature gradient to the solidification growth rate with a greater tendency of plane frontmore »
- Authors:
-
[1];
- Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA (United States). Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering
- Publication Date:
- Research Org.:
- Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA (United States)
- Sponsoring Org.:
- USDOE Office of Nuclear Energy (NE); American Welding Society (United States)
- OSTI Identifier:
- 1465327
- Alternate Identifier(s):
- OSTI ID: 1361777
- Grant/Contract Number:
- NE0008280; 179466
- Resource Type:
- Accepted Manuscript
- Journal Name:
- Journal of Applied Physics
- Additional Journal Information:
- Journal Volume: 121; Journal Issue: 6; Journal ID: ISSN 0021-8979
- Publisher:
- American Institute of Physics (AIP)
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
- Subject:
- 36 MATERIALS SCIENCE; solidification; thermal properties; melt deposition; powders; fluid flows; thermomechanical effects; liquid metals; welding; microstructural properties
Citation Formats
Mukherjee, T., Manvatkar, V., De, A., and DebRoy, T. Dimensionless numbers in additive manufacturing. United States: N. p., 2017.
Web. doi:10.1063/1.4976006.
Mukherjee, T., Manvatkar, V., De, A., & DebRoy, T. Dimensionless numbers in additive manufacturing. United States. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4976006
Mukherjee, T., Manvatkar, V., De, A., and DebRoy, T. Mon .
"Dimensionless numbers in additive manufacturing". United States. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4976006. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1465327.
@article{osti_1465327,
title = {Dimensionless numbers in additive manufacturing},
author = {Mukherjee, T. and Manvatkar, V. and De, A. and DebRoy, T.},
abstractNote = {In this paper, the effects of many process variables and alloy properties on the structure and properties of additively manufactured parts are examined using four dimensionless numbers. The structure and properties of components made from 316 Stainless steel, Ti-6Al-4V, and Inconel 718 powders for various dimensionless heat inputs, Peclet numbers, Marangoni numbers, and Fourier numbers are studied. Temperature fields, cooling rates, solidification parameters, lack of fusion defects, and thermal strains are examined using a well-tested three-dimensional transient heat transfer and fluid flow model. The results show that lack of fusion defects in the fabricated parts can be minimized by strengthening interlayer bonding using high values of dimensionless heat input. The formation of harmful intermetallics such as laves phases in Inconel 718 can be suppressed using low heat input that results in a small molten pool, a steep temperature gradient, and a fast cooling rate. Improved interlayer bonding can be achieved at high Marangoni numbers, which results in vigorous circulation of liquid metal, larger pool dimensions, and greater depth of penetration. Finally, a high Fourier number ensures rapid cooling, low thermal distortion, and a high ratio of temperature gradient to the solidification growth rate with a greater tendency of plane front solidification.},
doi = {10.1063/1.4976006},
journal = {Journal of Applied Physics},
number = 6,
volume = 121,
place = {United States},
year = {Mon Feb 13 00:00:00 EST 2017},
month = {Mon Feb 13 00:00:00 EST 2017}
}
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