Performance of Functionally Graded Thermoelectric Materials and Devices: A Review

Cramer, Corson L.; Wang, Hsin; Ma, Kaka

doi:10.1007/s11664-018-6402-7

Title: Performance of Functionally Graded Thermoelectric Materials and Devices: A Review

Abstract

Direct energy conversion using thermoelectric generators (TEGs) is a research area of growing interest because of its potential for increasing energy efficiency. Bulk thermoelectric modules are used widely in industry as Peltier cooling devices. Currently, only bismuth telluride modules are commercially available for power generation. Significant efforts have been put into exploring promising materials and techniques to improve the figure of merit (zT) at laboratory scale (5–20 g). A variety of techniques have been investigated to improve the output and useful temperature range for common industrial TEGs made from bulk polycrystalline materials including segmentation, geometric pinning, and property gradients. However, the improvement in zT at device level (500–1000 g and up) is exceptionally limited. In addition, the thermal degradation of TEGs occurs when cracks form due to thermal stresses that arise from transient heat sources, which consequently lead to a decreased lifetime. Functionally graded material (FGM) thermoelectrics in bulk and polycrystalline form have been developed to mitigate some of these issues by improving the temperature bandwidth, current output range, and lifetime. The present work provides a review of functionally graded TEGs, including their manufacturing, usage and current techniques for improving their performance. Furthermore, this article also provides a pathway tomore »« less

Authors:

Cramer, Corson L. ^[1];

^[1]; Ma, Kaka ^[2]

Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)
Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, CO (United States)

Publication Date:: Thu May 31 00:00:00 EDT 2018

Research Org.:: Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE

OSTI Identifier:: 1462893

Grant/Contract Number:: AC05-00OR22725

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Journal of Electronic Materials

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 47; Journal Issue: 9; Journal ID: ISSN 0361-5235

Publisher:: Springer

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 36 MATERIALS SCIENCE; Functionally Graded TEGs; thermal fatigue; polycrystalline TEGs; lifetime

Citation Formats


                    Cramer, Corson L., Wang, Hsin, and Ma, Kaka. Performance of Functionally Graded Thermoelectric Materials and Devices: A Review.  United States: N. p., 2018. 
Web.  doi:10.1007/s11664-018-6402-7.

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                    Cramer, Corson L., Wang, Hsin, & Ma, Kaka. Performance of Functionally Graded Thermoelectric Materials and Devices: A Review.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-018-6402-7

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                    Cramer, Corson L., Wang, Hsin, and Ma, Kaka. Thu .  
"Performance of Functionally Graded Thermoelectric Materials and Devices: A Review".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-018-6402-7.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1462893.

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@article{osti_1462893,

  title        = {Performance of Functionally Graded Thermoelectric Materials and Devices: A Review},

  author       = {Cramer, Corson L. and Wang, Hsin and Ma, Kaka},

  abstractNote = {Direct energy conversion using thermoelectric generators (TEGs) is a research area of growing interest because of its potential for increasing energy efficiency. Bulk thermoelectric modules are used widely in industry as Peltier cooling devices. Currently, only bismuth telluride modules are commercially available for power generation. Significant efforts have been put into exploring promising materials and techniques to improve the figure of merit (zT) at laboratory scale (5–20 g). A variety of techniques have been investigated to improve the output and useful temperature range for common industrial TEGs made from bulk polycrystalline materials including segmentation, geometric pinning, and property gradients. However, the improvement in zT at device level (500–1000 g and up) is exceptionally limited. In addition, the thermal degradation of TEGs occurs when cracks form due to thermal stresses that arise from transient heat sources, which consequently lead to a decreased lifetime. Functionally graded material (FGM) thermoelectrics in bulk and polycrystalline form have been developed to mitigate some of these issues by improving the temperature bandwidth, current output range, and lifetime. The present work provides a review of functionally graded TEGs, including their manufacturing, usage and current techniques for improving their performance. Furthermore, this article also provides a pathway to additional research and approaches for improving the efficiency and temperature range, as well as reducing the property degradation of bulk polycrystalline TEGs.},

  doi          = {10.1007/s11664-018-6402-7},

  journal      = {Journal of Electronic Materials},

  number       = 9,

  volume       = 47,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Thu May 31 00:00:00 EDT 2018},

  month        = {Thu May 31 00:00:00 EDT 2018}

}

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Mechanical Aspects of Structural Optimization in a Bi-Te Thermoelectric Module for Power Generation
journal, January 2004

Nakatani, Yujiro; Takaku, Reki; Hino, Takehisa
MRS Proceedings, Vol. 842
DOI: 10.1557/PROC-842-S4.7

Works referencing / citing this record:

Compositionally Graded Organic–Inorganic Nanocomposites for Enhanced Thermoelectric Performance
journal, October 2019

Ou, Canlin; Zhang, Lu; Jing, Qingshen
Advanced Electronic Materials, Vol. 6, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1002/aelm.201900720

Stress Concentration and Damage Factor Due to Central Elliptical Hole in Functionally Graded Panels Subjected to Uniform Tensile Traction
journal, January 2019

Wang, Wenshuai; Yuan, Hongting; Li, Xing
Materials, Vol. 12, Issue 3
DOI: 10.3390/ma12030422

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Title: Performance of Functionally Graded Thermoelectric Materials and Devices: A Review

Abstract

Citation Formats

FGM activities in Japan journal, January 1997

Why are Clathrates Good Candidates for Thermoelectric Materials? journal, February 2000

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Experimental prototype and simulation optimization of micro-radial milliwatt-power radioisotope thermoelectric generator journal, October 2017

Functionally Graded Thermoelectric Materials with Arbitrary Property Gradations: A One-Dimensional Semianalytical Study journal, September 2014

Recent Developments in Bulk Thermoelectric Materials journal, March 2006

Stability of Skutterudite Thermoelectric Materials journal, November 2013

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Thermal and stress analyses in thermoelectric generator with tapered and rectangular pin configurations journal, November 2016

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Study on the interfacial stability of p-type Ti/Ce Fe Co4Sb12 thermoelectric joints at high temperature journal, June 2016

On fabrication of functionally graded thermoelectric materials by spark plasma sintering journal, November 2014

Performance enhancement of heat pipes assisted thermoelectric generator for automobile exhaust heat recovery journal, February 2018

Use of multi-stage cascades to improve performance of thermoelectric heat pumps journal, July 1998

A novel functionally graded material in the ZrB2–SiC and ZrO2 system by spark plasma sintering journal, December 2008

Thermal Shock Resistance and Thermoelectric Properties of Boron Doped Iron Disilicides [ホウ素添加鉄けい化物の熱衝撃性と熱電特性] journal, January 1999

High performance n-type PbTe-based materials for thermoelectric applications journal, June 2005

An Introduction to System-Level, Steady-State and Transient Modeling and Optimization of High-Power-Density Thermoelectric Generator Devices Made of Segmented Thermoelectric Elements journal, December 2010

Power generation from nanostructured PbTe-based thermoelectrics: comprehensive development from materials to modules journal, January 2016

Techniques for Mitigating Thermal Fatigue Degradation, Controlling Efficiency, and Extending Lifetime in a ZnO Thermoelectric Using Grain Size Gradient FGMs journal, October 2017

Modification of Shock Resistance for Cutting Tools Using Functionally Graded Concept in Multilayer Coating journal, March 2015

Hardness-Grain-Size Relations in Ceramics journal, October 1994

Functionally Graded (PbTe) 1– x (SnTe) x Thermoelectrics journal, December 2017

On Thermal Shock Behavior of Functionally Graded Materials journal, April 2007

Hall–Petch relation and boundary strengthening journal, October 2004

Innovative design of a thermoelectric generator of extended legs with tapering and segmented pin configuration: Thermal performance analysis journal, August 2017

Continuous in situ functionally graded silicon nitride materials journal, May 2009

Energy Conversion Efficiency of an Exponentially Graded Thermoelectric Material journal, November 2013

Dynamic modeling and optimal control strategy of waste heat recovery Organic Rankine Cycles journal, June 2011

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Approach to the Practical Use of Thermoelectric Power Generation journal, May 2009

A local selection criterion for the composition of graded thermoelectric generators journal, January 1998

Multistage thermoelectric microcoolers journal, June 2004

Performance assessment of multi-stage thermoelectric generators on hypersonic vehicles at a large temperature difference journal, February 2018

Influence of pin material configurations on thermoelectric generator performance journal, December 2016

Selection and Evaluation of Thermal Interface Materials for Reduction of the Thermal Contact Resistance of Thermoelectric Generators journal, May 2014

Thermoelectric Efficiency and Compatibility journal, October 2003

Cracking and thermal shock resistance of a Bi2Te3 based thermoelectric material journal, February 2016

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Advancement of Tooling for Spark Plasma Sintering journal, March 2015

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Bismuth telluride compounds with high thermoelectric figures of merit journal, January 2003

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Technology and Investigation of Ohmic Contacts to Thermoelectric Materials journal, April 2016

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FGM activities in Japan
journal, January 1997

Why are Clathrates Good Candidates for Thermoelectric Materials?
journal, February 2000

High-Performance Three-Stage Cascade Thermoelectric Devices with 20% Efficiency
journal, January 2015

Modeling and Analysis of Thermoelectric Modules
journal, January 2007

Thermal Cycling, Mechanical Degradation, and the Effective Figure of Merit of a Thermoelectric Module
journal, December 2012

Microstructure and thermal shock behavior of ZrB2–SiC–graphite composite
journal, January 2009

High efficiency segmented thermoelectric unicouple for operation between 973 and 300 K
journal, May 2003

Conversion efficiency of skutterudite-based thermoelectric modules
journal, January 2014

Experimental study of the effects of the thermal contact resistance on the performance of thermoelectric generator
journal, February 2018

Complex thermoelectric materials
journal, February 2008

Multiple-Filled Skutterudites: High Thermoelectric Figure of Merit through Separately Optimizing Electrical and Thermal Transports
journal, May 2011

Unified Theory of Thermal Shock Fracture Initiation and Crack Propagation in Brittle Ceramics
journal, November 1969

Powder metallurgical processing of functionally graded p-Pb_1−xSn_xTe materials for thermoelectric applications
journal, April 2007

Recent progress of half-Heusler for moderate temperature thermoelectric applications
journal, October 2013

New Directions for Low-Dimensional Thermoelectric Materials
journal, April 2007

Segmented thermoelectric generator: Influence of pin shape configuration on the device performance
journal, September 2016

Thermoelectrics Handbook: Macro to Nano
book, January 2017

A strategy to optimize the thermoelectric performance in a spark plasma sintering process
journal, March 2016

Theoretical analysis and design optimization of thermoelectric generator
journal, December 2017

An extended hardness limit in bulk nanoceramics
journal, May 2014

Optimization of a thermoelectric heat pump through cascading
journal, February 1968

Thermoelectric efficiency in graded indium-doped PbTe crystals
journal, August 2002

Low Resistance Ohmic Contacts to Bi[sub 2]Te[sub 3] Using Ni and Co Metallization
journal, January 2010

Experimental prototype and simulation optimization of micro-radial milliwatt-power radioisotope thermoelectric generator
journal, October 2017

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journal, September 2014

Recent Developments in Bulk Thermoelectric Materials
journal, March 2006

Stability of Skutterudite Thermoelectric Materials
journal, November 2013

Key issues in development of thermoelectric power generators: High figure-of-merit materials and their highly conducting interfaces with metallic interconnects
journal, April 2016

Thermal and stress analyses in thermoelectric generator with tapered and rectangular pin configurations
journal, November 2016

Compatibility factor for the power output of a thermogenerator
journal, November 2007

Study on the interfacial stability of p-type Ti/Ce Fe Co4Sb12 thermoelectric joints at high temperature
journal, June 2016

On fabrication of functionally graded thermoelectric materials by spark plasma sintering
journal, November 2014

Performance enhancement of heat pipes assisted thermoelectric generator for automobile exhaust heat recovery
journal, February 2018

Use of multi-stage cascades to improve performance of thermoelectric heat pumps
journal, July 1998

A novel functionally graded material in the ZrB2–SiC and ZrO2 system by spark plasma sintering
journal, December 2008

Thermal Shock Resistance and Thermoelectric Properties of Boron Doped Iron Disilicides [ホウ素添加鉄けい化物の熱衝撃性と熱電特性]
journal, January 1999

High performance n-type PbTe-based materials for thermoelectric applications
journal, June 2005

An Introduction to System-Level, Steady-State and Transient Modeling and Optimization of High-Power-Density Thermoelectric Generator Devices Made of Segmented Thermoelectric Elements
journal, December 2010

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journal, January 2016

Techniques for Mitigating Thermal Fatigue Degradation, Controlling Efficiency, and Extending Lifetime in a ZnO Thermoelectric Using Grain Size Gradient FGMs
journal, October 2017

Modification of Shock Resistance for Cutting Tools Using Functionally Graded Concept in Multilayer Coating
journal, March 2015

Hardness-Grain-Size Relations in Ceramics
journal, October 1994

Functionally Graded (PbTe) _{1– x} (SnTe) _x Thermoelectrics
journal, December 2017

On Thermal Shock Behavior of Functionally Graded Materials
journal, April 2007

Hall–Petch relation and boundary strengthening
journal, October 2004

Innovative design of a thermoelectric generator of extended legs with tapering and segmented pin configuration: Thermal performance analysis
journal, August 2017

Continuous in situ functionally graded silicon nitride materials
journal, May 2009

Energy Conversion Efficiency of an Exponentially Graded Thermoelectric Material
journal, November 2013

Dynamic modeling and optimal control strategy of waste heat recovery Organic Rankine Cycles
journal, June 2011

Fabrication and characterization of nickel contacts for magnesium silicide based thermoelectric generators
journal, May 2015

Approach to the Practical Use of Thermoelectric Power Generation
journal, May 2009

A local selection criterion for the composition of graded thermoelectric generators
journal, January 1998

Multistage thermoelectric microcoolers
journal, June 2004

Performance assessment of multi-stage thermoelectric generators on hypersonic vehicles at a large temperature difference
journal, February 2018

Influence of pin material configurations on thermoelectric generator performance
journal, December 2016

Selection and Evaluation of Thermal Interface Materials for Reduction of the Thermal Contact Resistance of Thermoelectric Generators
journal, May 2014

Thermoelectric Efficiency and Compatibility
journal, October 2003

Cracking and thermal shock resistance of a Bi2Te3 based thermoelectric material
journal, February 2016

In-situ formed graphene nanoribbon induced toughening and thermal shock resistance of spark plasma sintered carbon nanotube reinforced titanium carbide composite
journal, August 2017

Efficiency of a Sandwiched Thermoelectric Material with a Graded Interlayer and Temperature-Dependent Properties
journal, February 2016

Zintl phases for thermoelectric devices
journal, January 2007

Application of the compatibility factor to the design of segmented and cascaded thermoelectric generators
journal, March 2004

Nominal power density analysis of thermoelectric pins with non-constant cross sections
journal, June 2015

Enhanced Thermal Stress Resistance of Structural Ceramics with Thermal Conductivity Gradient
journal, January 1978

Continuous functionally graded material to improve the thermoelectric properties of ZnO
journal, December 2017

Advancement of Tooling for Spark Plasma Sintering
journal, March 2015

Influence of thermal cycles on thermoelectric uni-leg modules made of Ca ₃ Co ₄ O ₉ /Ca _0.95 Sm _0.05 MnO ₃ oxides
journal, October 2014

Functionally graded materials for sensor and energy applications
journal, December 2003

Bismuth telluride compounds with high thermoelectric figures of merit
journal, January 2003

Towards high efficiency segmented thermoelectric unicouples: Towards high efficiency segmented thermoelectric unicouples
journal, November 2013

Simulation of SPS Process for Fabrication of Thermoelectric Materials with Predicted Properties
journal, December 2017

Enhancing the maximum coefficient of performance of thermoelectric cooling modules using internally cascaded thermoelectric couples
journal, January 2009

Thermodynamics and thermal stress analysis of thermoelectric power generator: Influence of pin geometry on device performance
journal, January 2013

Energetics and diffusion of gold in bismuth telluride-based thermoelectric compounds
journal, February 2014

Technology and Investigation of Ohmic Contacts to Thermoelectric Materials
journal, April 2016

Efficiency Study of a Commercial Thermoelectric Power Generator (TEG) Under Thermal Cycling
journal, November 2009

Types of Functionally Graded Materials and Their Areas of Application
book, February 2017

Recent developments in thermoelectric materials
journal, February 2003

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journal, March 2009

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journal, December 2014