Nuclear Reactions in the Crusts of Accreting Neutron Stars

Lau, Rita; Beard, Mary; Gupta, Sanjib S.; Schatz, H.; Afanasjev, A. V.; Brown, Edward F.; Deibel, A. T.; Gasques, Leandro R.; Hitt, George Wesley; Hix, William Raphael; Keek, Laurens; Moller, Peter; Shternin, Peter S.; Steiner, Andrew W.; Wiescher, Michael; Xu, Yi

doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aabfe0

Title: Nuclear Reactions in the Crusts of Accreting Neutron Stars

Abstract

X-ray observations of transiently accreting neutron stars during quiescence provide information about the structure of neutron star crusts and the properties of dense matter. Interpretation of the observational data requires an understanding of the nuclear reactions that heat and cool the crust during accretion and define its non-equilibrium composition. We identify here in detail the typical nuclear reaction sequences down to a depth in the inner crust where the mass density is rho = 2 times 10^12 g cm-3 using a full nuclear reaction network for a range of initial compositions. The reaction sequences differ substantially from previous work. We find a robust reduction of crust impurity at the transition to the inner crust regardless of initial composition, though shell effects can delay the formation of a pure crust somewhat to densities beyond rho = 2 times 10^12 g cm^-3. This naturally explains the small inner crust impurity inferred from observations of a broad range of systems. The exception are initial compositions with A > 102 nuclei, where the inner crust remains impure with an impurity parameter of Qimp≈20 owing to the N=82 shell closure. In agreement with previous work, we find that nuclear heating is relatively robust and independentmore »« less

Authors:

Lau, Rita ^[1]; Beard, Mary ^[2]; Gupta, Sanjib S. ^[3];

^[4]; Afanasjev, A. V. ^[5]; Brown, Edward F. ^[4];

^[6]; Gasques, Leandro R. ^[7]; Hitt, George Wesley ^[8];

^[9]; Keek, Laurens ^[10]; Moller, Peter ^[11]; Shternin, Peter S. ^[12];

^[13]; Wiescher, Michael ^[2]; Xu, Yi ^[14]

Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, MI (United States); Univ. of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN (United States); Technological and Higher Education Institute of Hong Kong (Hong Kong)
Univ. of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN (United States)
Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Punjab (India)
Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, MI (United States); Univ. of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN (United States)
Mississippi State Univ., Mississippi State, MS (United States)
Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, MI (United States); Univ. of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN (United States); Indiana Univ., Bloomington, IN (United States)
Instituto de Fisica da Univ. de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo (Brazil)
Coastal Carolina Univ., Conway, SC (United States)
Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States); Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (United States)
Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, MI (United States); Univ. of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN (United States); Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD (United States)
Univ. of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN (United States); Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)
Ioffe Institute, Saint Petersburg (Russia)
Univ. of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN (United States); Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States); Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (United States)
Extreme Light Infrastructure-Nuclear Physics, Ilfov (Romania)

Publication Date:: Thu May 24 00:00:00 EDT 2018

Research Org.:: Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States); Mississippi State Univ., Mississippi State, MS (United States); Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Nuclear Physics (NP); USDOE National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA)

OSTI Identifier:: 1454393

Alternate Identifier(s):: OSTI ID: 1459442; OSTI ID: 1463562

Report Number(s):: LA-UR-18-22864
Journal ID: ISSN 1538-4357; TRN: US1901006

Grant/Contract Number:: AC05-00OR22725; SC0013037; AC52-06NA25396

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: The Astrophysical Journal (Online)

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Name: The Astrophysical Journal (Online); Journal Volume: 859; Journal Issue: 1; Journal ID: ISSN 1538-4357

Publisher:: Institute of Physics (IOP)

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS; dense matter; nuclear reactions; nucleosynthesis; abundances; stars: neutron; X-rays: binaries; 73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS; dense matter – nuclear reactions, nucleosynthesis, abundances – stars: neutron – X-rays: binaries; Atomic and Nuclear Physics; Astronomy and Astrophysics

Citation Formats


                    Lau, Rita, Beard, Mary, Gupta, Sanjib S., Schatz, H., Afanasjev, A. V., Brown, Edward F., Deibel, A. T., Gasques, Leandro R., Hitt, George Wesley, Hix, William Raphael, Keek, Laurens, Moller, Peter, Shternin, Peter S., Steiner, Andrew W., Wiescher, Michael, and Xu, Yi. Nuclear Reactions in the Crusts of Accreting Neutron Stars.  United States: N. p., 2018. 
Web.  doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aabfe0.

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                    Lau, Rita, Beard, Mary, Gupta, Sanjib S., Schatz, H., Afanasjev, A. V., Brown, Edward F., Deibel, A. T., Gasques, Leandro R., Hitt, George Wesley, Hix, William Raphael, Keek, Laurens, Moller, Peter, Shternin, Peter S., Steiner, Andrew W., Wiescher, Michael, & Xu, Yi. Nuclear Reactions in the Crusts of Accreting Neutron Stars.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aabfe0

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                    Lau, Rita, Beard, Mary, Gupta, Sanjib S., Schatz, H., Afanasjev, A. V., Brown, Edward F., Deibel, A. T., Gasques, Leandro R., Hitt, George Wesley, Hix, William Raphael, Keek, Laurens, Moller, Peter, Shternin, Peter S., Steiner, Andrew W., Wiescher, Michael, and Xu, Yi. Thu .  
"Nuclear Reactions in the Crusts of Accreting Neutron Stars".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aabfe0.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1454393.

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@article{osti_1454393,

  title        = {Nuclear Reactions in the Crusts of Accreting Neutron Stars},

  author       = {Lau, Rita and Beard, Mary and Gupta, Sanjib S. and Schatz, H. and Afanasjev, A. V. and Brown, Edward F. and Deibel, A. T. and Gasques, Leandro R. and Hitt, George Wesley and Hix, William Raphael and Keek, Laurens and Moller, Peter and Shternin, Peter S. and Steiner, Andrew W. and Wiescher, Michael and Xu, Yi},

  abstractNote = {X-ray observations of transiently accreting neutron stars during quiescence provide information about the structure of neutron star crusts and the properties of dense matter. Interpretation of the observational data requires an understanding of the nuclear reactions that heat and cool the crust during accretion and define its non-equilibrium composition. We identify here in detail the typical nuclear reaction sequences down to a depth in the inner crust where the mass density is rho = 2 times 10^12 g cm-3 using a full nuclear reaction network for a range of initial compositions. The reaction sequences differ substantially from previous work. We find a robust reduction of crust impurity at the transition to the inner crust regardless of initial composition, though shell effects can delay the formation of a pure crust somewhat to densities beyond rho = 2 times 10^12 g cm^-3. This naturally explains the small inner crust impurity inferred from observations of a broad range of systems. The exception are initial compositions with A > 102 nuclei, where the inner crust remains impure with an impurity parameter of Qimp≈20 owing to the N=82 shell closure. In agreement with previous work, we find that nuclear heating is relatively robust and independent of initial composition, while cooling via nuclear Urca cycles in the outer crust depends strongly on initial composition. This work forms a basis for future studies of the sensitivity of crust models to nuclear physics and provides profiles of composition for realistic crust models.},

  doi          = {10.3847/1538-4357/aabfe0},

  journal      = {The Astrophysical Journal (Online)},

  number       = 1,

  volume       = 859,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Thu May 24 00:00:00 EDT 2018},

  month        = {Thu May 24 00:00:00 EDT 2018}

}

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Figures / Tables:

Figure 1: Column density as a function of mass density for extreme burst ashes. The change in slope around $ρ$ = 6 x 10₁₁ g cm^-3 indicates the change of the dominant pressure source from electrons to neutrons.

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Works referencing / citing this record:

Continued cooling of the accretion-heated neutron star crust in the X-ray transient IGR J17480–2446 located in the globular cluster Terzan 5
journal, May 2019

Ootes, L. S.; Vats, S.; Page, D.
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 487, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stz1406

Nuclear physics of the outer layers of accreting neutron stars
journal, July 2018

Meisel, Zach; Deibel, Alex; Keek, Laurens
Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics, Vol. 45, Issue 9
DOI: 10.1088/1361-6471/aad171

Long-term temperature evolution of neutron stars undergoing episodic accretion outbursts
journal, September 2019

Ootes, L. S.; Wijnands, R.; Page, D.
Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 630
DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201936035

Quiescent X-ray variability in the neutron star Be/X-ray transient GRO J1750−27
journal, September 2019

Rouco Escorial, A.; Wijnands, R.; Ootes, L. S.
Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 630
DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201834327

Spallation-altered Accreted Compositions for X-Ray Bursts: Impact on Ignition Conditions and Burst Ashes
journal, December 2019

Randhawa, J. S.; Meisel, Z.; Giuliani, S. A.
The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 887, Issue 1
DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab4f71

Crust of accreting neutron stars within simplified reaction network
journal, October 2019

Shchechilin, N. N.; Chugunov, A. I.
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 490, Issue 3
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Neutron transfer reactions in accreting neutron stars
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Chugunov, A. I.
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Crust-cooling Models Are Insensitive to the Crust–Core Transition Pressure for Realistic Equations of State
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Lalit, Sudhanva; Meisel, Zach; Brown, Edward F.
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Thermal evolution and quiescent emission of transiently accreting neutron stars
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Potekhin, A. Y.; Chugunov, A. I.; Chabrier, G.
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Continued cooling of the accretion-heated neutron star crust in the X-ray transient IGR J17480-2446 located in the globular cluster Terzan 5
text, January 2018

Ootes, L. S.; Vats, S.; Page, D.
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.1805.00610

Nuclear Physics of the Outer Layers of Accreting Neutron Stars
text, January 2018

Meisel, Zach; Deibel, Alex; Keek, Laurens
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.1807.01150

Quiescent X-ray variability in the neutron star Be/X-ray transient GRO J1750-27
text, January 2018

Escorial, A. Rouco; Wijnands, R.; Ootes, L. S.
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.1809.10264

Spallation-altered accreted compositions for X-ray bursts: Impact on ignition conditions and burst ashes
text, January 2019

Randhawa, J. S.; Meisel, Z.; Giuliani, S. A.
arXiv
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Crust of accreting neutron stars within simplified reaction network
text, January 2019

Shchechilin, Nikolay N.; Chugunov, Andrey I.
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.1910.03932

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Title: Nuclear Reactions in the Crusts of Accreting Neutron Stars

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Neutron star crust cooling in the Terzan 5 X-ray transient Swift J174805.3–244637 journal, June 2015

Long Type I X‐Ray Bursts and Neutron Star Interior Physics journal, July 2006

Beta decay of Na 3 1 , 3 2 and Mg 31 : Study of the N =20 shell closure journal, June 1993

Constraints on Bygone Nucleosynthesis of Accreting Neutron Stars journal, March 2017

Calculation of Gamow-Teller β-strength functions in the rubidium region in the RPA approximation with Nilsson-model wave functions journal, April 1984

Potential cooling of an accretion-heated neutron star crust in the low-mass X-ray binary 1RXS J180408.9−342058 journal, January 2017

Neutron drip line: Single-particle degrees of freedom and pairing properties as sources of theoretical uncertainties journal, January 2015

Large collection of astrophysical S factors and their compact representation journal, May 2012

Collapse of the N = 28 Shell Closure in S 42 i journal, July 2007

Nonequilibrium shells of neutron stars and their role in sustaining x-ray emission and nucleosynthesis journal, February 1979

Mapping Crustal Heating with the Cooling Light Curves of Quasi-Persistent Transients journal, May 2009

Rapid Neutrino Cooling in the Neutron Star MXB 1659-29 journal, April 2018

Measurements of Fusion Reactions of Low-Intensity Radioactive Carbon Beams on C 12 and their Implications for the Understanding of X-Ray Bursts journal, May 2014

Shell and shape evolution at N = 28 : The Mg 40 ground state journal, April 2014

β decay and isomeric properties of neutron-rich Ca and Sc isotopes journal, July 2010

Lower limit on the heat capacity of the neutron star core journal, February 2017

Dependence of X-Ray Burst Models on Nuclear Reaction Rates journal, October 2016

Databases and tools for nuclear astrophysics applications: BRUSsels Nuclear LIBrary (BRUSLIB), Nuclear Astrophysics Compilation of REactions II (NACRE II) and Nuclear NETwork GENerator (NETGEN)
journal, January 2013

The Rapid Proton Process Ashes from Stable Nuclear Burning on an Accreting Neutron Star
journal, October 1999

Strong neutrino cooling by cycles of electron capture and β− decay in neutron star crusts
journal, December 2013

Nuclear Heating and Melted Layers in the Inner Crust of an Accreting Neutron Star
journal, March 2000

Models for Type I X‐Ray Bursts with Improved Nuclear Physics
journal, March 2004

Compressible liquid drop nuclear model and mass formula
journal, July 1977

Dependence of X-Ray Burst Models on Nuclear Masses
journal, August 2017

Multi-Instrument X-Ray Observations of Thermonuclear Bursts with Short Recurrence Times
journal, June 2010

Intruder Configurations in the $A = 33$ Isobars: ${}^{33}{Mg}$ and ${}^{33}{Al}$
journal, October 2008

Late-time Cooling of Neutron Star Transients and the Physics of the Inner Crust
journal, April 2017

Deformations of accreting neutron star crusts and gravitational wave emission: Crustal quadrupole moments
journal, December 2000

Physics of Neutron Star Crusts
journal, December 2008

Thermonuclear Bursts with Short Recurrence Times from Neutron Stars Explained by Opacity-driven Convection
journal, June 2017

Quiescent thermal emission from neutron stars in low-mass X-ray binaries
journal, April 2015

Multi-Zone Models of Superbursts from Accreting Neutron Stars
journal, December 2011

Discovery of X-ray burst triplets in EXO 0748-676
journal, January 2007

Gravitational Radiation and Rotation of Accreting Neutron Stars
journal, July 1998

A Signature of Chemical Separation in the Cooling Light Curves of Transiently Accreting Neutron Stars
journal, February 2014

Nuclear Properties for Astrophysical and Radioactive-Ion-Beam Applications
journal, July 1997

β-Decay schemes of very neutron-rich sodium isotopes and their descendants
journal, September 1984

Thermal conductivity and phase separation of the crust of accreting neutron stars
journal, February 2009

X-ray binaries
journal, October 2006

Neutron star matter at sub-nuclear densities
journal, June 1973

Comment on “Intruder Configurations in the $A = 33$ Isobars: ${}^{33}{Mg}$ and ${}^{33}{Al}$ ”
journal, March 2010

The limits of the nuclear landscape
journal, June 2012

Nuclear composition and heating in accreting neutron-star crusts
journal, June 2003

Nuclear magic numbers: New features far from stability
journal, October 2008

Hydrodynamic Models of type i X-Ray Bursts: Metallicity Effects
journal, June 2010

Models of Type I X-Ray Bursts from GS 1826-24: A Probe of rp-Process Hydrogen Burning
journal, November 2007

Influence of shell-quenching far from stability on the astrophysical r-process
journal, July 1995

Daily multiwavelength Swift monitoring of the neutron star low-mass X-ray binary Cen X-4: evidence for accretion and reprocessing during quiescence
journal, October 2013

Neutron star crust cooling in KS 1731−260: the influence of accretion outburst variability on the crustal temperature evolution
journal, July 2016

Charting the Temperature of the Hot Neutron Star in a Soft X-Ray Transient
journal, February 2001

Nuclear Ground-State Masses and Deformations
journal, March 1995

Models of crustal heating in accreting neutron stars
journal, January 2008

Evidence for crust cooling in the transiently accreting 11-Hz X-ray pulsar in the globular cluster Terzan 5: Crust cooling of the Terzan 5 X-ray pulsar
journal, October 2011

Heating in the Accreted Neutron Star Ocean: Implications for Superburst Ignition
journal, June 2007

Photodisintegration-triggered Nuclear Energy Release in Superbursts
journal, February 2003

The Spin Distribution of Fast-spinning Neutron Stars in Low-mass X-Ray Binaries: Evidence for Two Subpopulations
journal, November 2017

CONTINUED NEUTRON STAR CRUST COOLING OF THE 11 Hz X-RAY PULSAR IN TERZAN 5: A CHALLENGE TO HEATING AND COOLING MODELS?
journal, September 2013

Astrophysical S factors for fusion reactions involving C, O, Ne, and Mg isotopes
journal, September 2010

Discovery of 40Mg and 42Al suggests neutron drip-line slant towards heavier isotopes
journal, October 2007

Constraining the properties of neutron star crusts with the transient low-mass X-ray binary Aql X-1
journal, January 2016

Crustal Heating and Quiescent Emission from Transiently Accreting Neutron Stars
journal, September 1998

A Strongly Heated Neutron star in the Transient z Source maxi J0556-332
journal, October 2014

Structure of 55Ti from relativistic one-neutron knockout
journal, May 2009

A superburst candidate in EXO 1745−248 as a challenge to thermonuclear ignition models: Superburst in the NS EXO 1745−248
journal, September 2012

Crustal Emission and the Quiescent Spectrum of the Neutron Star in KS 1731−260
journal, November 2002

Isomers in ${}^{128}{Pd}$ and ${}^{126}{Pd}$ : Evidence for a Robust Shell Closure at the Neutron Magic Number 82 in Exotic Palladium Isotopes
journal, October 2013

Neutron star cooling after deep crustal heating in the X-ray transient KS 1731-260
journal, November 2007

Carbon production on accreting neutron stars in a new regime of stable nuclear burning
journal, November 2015

A catalogue of low-mass X-ray binaries in the Galaxy, LMC, and SMC (Fourth edition)
journal, April 2007

Explosive hydrogen burning
journal, January 1981

Compositionally Driven Convection in the Oceans of Accreting Neutron Stars
journal, March 2011

Explosive Hydrogen Burning during Type I X‐Ray Bursts
journal, January 2008

Isotopic r-process abundances and nuclear structure far from stability - Implications for the r-process mechanism
journal, January 1993

Thermonuclear Stability of Material Accreting onto a Neutron Star
journal, December 2003

The Thermal State of ks 1731−260 After 14.5 Years in Quiescence
journal, December 2016

Cooling of the quasi-persistent neutron star X-ray transients KS 1731-260 and MXB 1659-29
journal, October 2006

Neutron star crust cooling in the Terzan 5 X-ray transient Swift J174805.3–244637
journal, June 2015

Long Type I X‐Ray Bursts and Neutron Star Interior Physics
journal, July 2006

Beta decay of ${}^{31, 32}{Na}$ and ${}^{31}{Mg}$ : Study of the N =20 shell closure
journal, June 1993

Constraints on Bygone Nucleosynthesis of Accreting Neutron Stars
journal, March 2017

Calculation of Gamow-Teller β-strength functions in the rubidium region in the RPA approximation with Nilsson-model wave functions
journal, April 1984

Potential cooling of an accretion-heated neutron star crust in the low-mass X-ray binary 1RXS J180408.9−342058
journal, January 2017

Neutron drip line: Single-particle degrees of freedom and pairing properties as sources of theoretical uncertainties
journal, January 2015

Large collection of astrophysical $S$ factors and their compact representation
journal, May 2012

Collapse of the $N = 28$ Shell Closure in ${}^{42}S i$
journal, July 2007

Nonequilibrium shells of neutron stars and their role in sustaining x-ray emission and nucleosynthesis
journal, February 1979

Mapping Crustal Heating with the Cooling Light Curves of Quasi-Persistent Transients
journal, May 2009

Rapid Neutrino Cooling in the Neutron Star MXB 1659-29
journal, April 2018

Measurements of Fusion Reactions of Low-Intensity Radioactive Carbon Beams on ${}^{12}C$ and their Implications for the Understanding of X-Ray Bursts
journal, May 2014

Shell and shape evolution at $N = 28$ : The ${}^{40}{Mg}$ ground state
journal, April 2014

$β$ decay and isomeric properties of neutron-rich Ca and Sc isotopes
journal, July 2010

Lower limit on the heat capacity of the neutron star core
journal, February 2017

Dependence of X-Ray Burst Models on Nuclear Reaction Rates
journal, October 2016

Probing the Crust of the Neutron star in exo 0748-676
journal, July 2014

A Strong Shallow heat Source in the Accreting Neutron star maxi J0556-332
journal, August 2015

Urca Cooling Pairs in the Neutron star Ocean and Their Effect on Superbursts
journal, October 2016

$N = 82$ Shell Quenching of the Classical $r$ -Process “Waiting-Point” Nucleus ${}^{130}{C d}$
journal, October 2003