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Title: Scalable fabrication of perovskite solar cells

Abstract

Perovskite materials use earth-abundant elements, have low formation energies for deposition and are compatible with roll-to-roll and other high-volume manufacturing techniques. These features make perovskite solar cells (PSCs) suitable for terawatt-scale energy production with low production costs and low capital expenditure. Demonstrations of performance comparable to that of other thin-film photovoltaics (PVs) and improvements in laboratory-scale cell stability have recently made scale up of this PV technology an intense area of research focus. Here, we review recent progress and challenges in scaling up PSCs and related efforts to enable the terawatt-scale manufacturing and deployment of this PV technology. We discuss common device and module architectures, scalable deposition methods and progress in the scalable deposition of perovskite and charge-transport layers. We also provide an overview of device and module stability, module-level characterization techniques and techno-economic analyses of perovskite PV modules.

Authors:
 [1];  [1];  [1];  [1];  [1];  [1];  [1]
  1. National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)
Publication Date:
Research Org.:
National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Renewable Power Office. Solar Energy Technologies Office; USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), NREL Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD)
OSTI Identifier:
1430821
Report Number(s):
NREL/JA-5900-70427
Journal ID: ISSN 2058-8437; TRN: US1802503
Grant/Contract Number:  
AC36-08GO28308
Resource Type:
Accepted Manuscript
Journal Name:
Nature Reviews. Materials
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Volume: 3; Journal Issue: 4; Journal ID: ISSN 2058-8437
Publisher:
Nature Publishing Group
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
14 SOLAR ENERGY; 36 MATERIALS SCIENCE; materials chemistry; solar cells; perovskites

Citation Formats

Li, Zhen, Klein, Talysa R., Kim, Dong Hoe, Yang, Mengjin, Berry, Joseph J., van Hest, Maikel F.A.M., and Zhu, Kai. Scalable fabrication of perovskite solar cells. United States: N. p., 2018. Web. doi:10.1038/natrevmats.2018.17.
Li, Zhen, Klein, Talysa R., Kim, Dong Hoe, Yang, Mengjin, Berry, Joseph J., van Hest, Maikel F.A.M., & Zhu, Kai. Scalable fabrication of perovskite solar cells. United States. https://doi.org/10.1038/natrevmats.2018.17
Li, Zhen, Klein, Talysa R., Kim, Dong Hoe, Yang, Mengjin, Berry, Joseph J., van Hest, Maikel F.A.M., and Zhu, Kai. Tue . "Scalable fabrication of perovskite solar cells". United States. https://doi.org/10.1038/natrevmats.2018.17. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1430821.
@article{osti_1430821,
title = {Scalable fabrication of perovskite solar cells},
author = {Li, Zhen and Klein, Talysa R. and Kim, Dong Hoe and Yang, Mengjin and Berry, Joseph J. and van Hest, Maikel F.A.M. and Zhu, Kai},
abstractNote = {Perovskite materials use earth-abundant elements, have low formation energies for deposition and are compatible with roll-to-roll and other high-volume manufacturing techniques. These features make perovskite solar cells (PSCs) suitable for terawatt-scale energy production with low production costs and low capital expenditure. Demonstrations of performance comparable to that of other thin-film photovoltaics (PVs) and improvements in laboratory-scale cell stability have recently made scale up of this PV technology an intense area of research focus. Here, we review recent progress and challenges in scaling up PSCs and related efforts to enable the terawatt-scale manufacturing and deployment of this PV technology. We discuss common device and module architectures, scalable deposition methods and progress in the scalable deposition of perovskite and charge-transport layers. We also provide an overview of device and module stability, module-level characterization techniques and techno-economic analyses of perovskite PV modules.},
doi = {10.1038/natrevmats.2018.17},
journal = {Nature Reviews. Materials},
number = 4,
volume = 3,
place = {United States},
year = {Tue Mar 27 00:00:00 EDT 2018},
month = {Tue Mar 27 00:00:00 EDT 2018}
}

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Free Publicly Available Full Text
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Cited by: 579 works
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Figures / Tables:

Figure 1 Figure 1: (a) Efficiency progress of perovskite solar cells with different device areas. (b) Effect of device area on the efficiency of different types of solar cells.3, 4, 13, 63, 207, 228, 229

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Control of Crystal Growth toward Scalable Fabrication of Perovskite Solar Cells
journal, December 2018

  • Lee, Jin‐Wook; Lee, Do‐Kyoung; Jeong, Dong‐Nyuk
  • Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 29, Issue 47
  • DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201807047

Water‐Soluble Triazolium Ionic‐Liquid‐Induced Surface Self‐Assembly to Enhance the Stability and Efficiency of Perovskite Solar Cells
journal, February 2019

  • Wang, Shuangjie; Li, Zhen; Zhang, Yuanyuan
  • Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 29, Issue 15
  • DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201900417

Revealing the Dynamics of Hybrid Metal Halide Perovskite Formation via Multimodal In Situ Probes
journal, December 2019

  • Song, Tze‐Bin; Yuan, Zhenghao; Mori, Megumi
  • Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 30, Issue 6
  • DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201908337

High‐Performance Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells Enabled by Low‐Temperature ALD‐Assisted Surface Passivation
journal, October 2018

  • Jin, Teng‐Yu; Li, Wei; Li, Yan‐Qing
  • Advanced Optical Materials, Vol. 6, Issue 24
  • DOI: 10.1002/adom.201801153

Dry Mechanochemical Synthesis of Highly Luminescent, Blue and Green Hybrid Perovskite Solids
journal, December 2019

  • Martínez‐Sarti, Laura; Palazon, Francisco; Sessolo, Michele
  • Advanced Optical Materials, Vol. 8, Issue 4
  • DOI: 10.1002/adom.201901494

Negligible‐Pb‐Waste and Upscalable Perovskite Deposition Technology for High‐Operational‐Stability Perovskite Solar Modules
journal, February 2019

  • Jiang, Yan; Remeika, Mikas; Hu, Zhanhao
  • Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 9, Issue 13
  • DOI: 10.1002/aenm.201803047

Self-Assembled 2D Perovskite Layers for Efficient Printable Solar Cells
journal, December 2018

  • Zuo, Chuantian; Scully, Andrew D.; Vak, Doojin
  • Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 9, Issue 4
  • DOI: 10.1002/aenm.201803258

A Purified, Solvent‐Intercalated Precursor Complex for Wide‐Process‐Window Fabrication of Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells and Modules
journal, July 2019

  • Ozaki, Masashi; Shimazaki, Ai; Jung, Mina
  • Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 58, Issue 28
  • DOI: 10.1002/anie.201902235

Synthesis and Charge-Transporting Properties of Dibenzothiphene Dioxide-Based Polysiloxanes
journal, October 2018

  • Liu, Yuchao; Liu, Junteng; Yan, Shouke
  • Chemistry - An Asian Journal, Vol. 13, Issue 21
  • DOI: 10.1002/asia.201801099

Caesium for Perovskite Solar Cells: An Overview
journal, June 2018

  • Bella, Federico; Renzi, Polyssena; Cavallo, Carmen
  • Chemistry - A European Journal, Vol. 24, Issue 47
  • DOI: 10.1002/chem.201801096

Promoting the Hole Extraction with Co 3 O 4 Nanomaterials for Efficient Carbon‐Based CsPbI 2 Br Perovskite Solar Cells
journal, January 2019


A bridge for charge carriers
journal, November 2019


Insights into operational stability and processing of halide perovskite active layers
journal, January 2019

  • Schelhas, Laura T.; Li, Zhen; Christians, Jeffrey A.
  • Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 12, Issue 4
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Tin–lead halide perovskites with improved thermal and air stability for efficient all-perovskite tandem solar cells
journal, January 2018

  • Leijtens, Tomas; Prasanna, Rohit; Bush, Kevin A.
  • Sustainable Energy & Fuels, Vol. 2, Issue 11
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Scalable slot-die coating of high performance perovskite solar cells
journal, January 2018

  • Whitaker, James B.; Kim, Dong Hoe; Larson, Bryon W.
  • Sustainable Energy & Fuels, Vol. 2, Issue 11
  • DOI: 10.1039/c8se00368h

Oxide rupture-induced conductivity in liquid metal nanoparticles by laser and thermal sintering
journal, January 2019

  • Liu, Shanliangzi; Reed, Serrae N.; Higgins, Matthew J.
  • Nanoscale, Vol. 11, Issue 38
  • DOI: 10.1039/c9nr03903a

The synergistic effect of cooperating solvent vapor annealing for high-efficiency planar inverted perovskite solar cells
journal, January 2019

  • Yi, Ahra; Chae, Sangmin; Lee, Hanbin
  • Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 7, Issue 48
  • DOI: 10.1039/c9ta08791e

Br-containing alkyl ammonium salt-enabled scalable fabrication of high-quality perovskite films for efficient and stable perovskite modules
journal, January 2019

  • Xu, Zhongyuan; Chen, Ruihao; Wu, Yazhuo
  • Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 7, Issue 47
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Nucleation and crystal growth control for scalable solution-processed organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells
journal, January 2020

  • Hu, Hanlin; Singh, Mriganka; Wan, Xuejuan
  • Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 8, Issue 4
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Understanding the impact of C 60 at the interface of perovskite solar cells via drift-diffusion modeling
journal, March 2019

  • Golubev, Timofey; Liu, Dianyi; Lunt, Richard
  • AIP Advances, Vol. 9, Issue 3
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Meniscus fabrication of halide perovskite thin films at high throughput for large area and low-cost solar panels
journal, June 2019

  • Dai, Xuezeng; Deng, Yehao; Van Brackle, Charles H.
  • International Journal of Extreme Manufacturing, Vol. 1, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.1088/2631-7990/ab263e

Surface Treatment on Nickel Oxide to Enhance the Efficiency of Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells
journal, November 2019

  • Wang, Kaijie; Tian, Ye; Jiang, Heng
  • International Journal of Photoenergy, Vol. 2019
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Recent Advances in Rational Electrode Designs for High-Performance Alkaline Rechargeable Batteries
journal, January 2019

  • Huang, Meng; Li, Ming; Niu, Chaojiang
  • Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 29, Issue 11
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Improving Charge Transport via Intermediate‐Controlled Crystal Growth in 2D Perovskite Solar Cells
journal, April 2019

  • Gao, Liguo; Zhang, Fei; Xiao, Chuanxiao
  • Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 29, Issue 47
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Photoresponsive Transistors Based on Lead‐Free Perovskite and Carbon Nanotubes
journal, October 2019

  • Liu, Zhen; Dai, Shilei; Wang, Yan
  • Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 30, Issue 3
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Insight into the Interfacial Elastic Contact in Stacking Perovskite Solar Cells
journal, February 2019

  • Shao, Yingying; Zhang, Chunyang; Wang, Shi
  • Advanced Materials Interfaces, Vol. 6, Issue 7
  • DOI: 10.1002/admi.201900157

Alkali Chlorides for the Suppression of the Interfacial Recombination in Inverted Planar Perovskite Solar Cells
journal, March 2019

  • Chen, Wei; Zhou, Yecheng; Chen, Guocong
  • Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 9, Issue 19
  • DOI: 10.1002/aenm.201803872

Additive Engineering for Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells
journal, October 2019


Lead‐Free Semiconductors: Soft Chemistry, Dimensionality Control, and Manganese‐Doping of Germanium Halide Perovskites
journal, January 2019


Chalcogenide Materials and Derivatives for Photovoltaic Applications
journal, September 2019

  • Buffiere, Marie; Dhawale, Dattatray S.; El-Mellouhi, Fedwa
  • Energy Technology, Vol. 7, Issue 11
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Engineering Halide Perovskite Crystals through Precursor Chemistry
journal, October 2019


Ethanol–water-assisted room temperature synthesis of CsPbBr3/SiO2 nanocomposites with high stability in ethanol
journal, November 2018


Strain engineering in perovskite solar cells and its impacts on carrier dynamics
journal, February 2019


Phosphomolybdic acid as an efficient hole injection material in perovskite optoelectronic devices
journal, January 2019

  • Fallah Hamidabadi, Vahid; Momblona, Cristina; Pérez-Del-Rey, Daniel
  • Dalton Transactions, Vol. 48, Issue 1
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Stable perovskite solar cells using tin acetylacetonate based electron transporting layers
journal, January 2019

  • Abuhelaiqa, Mousa; Paek, Sanghyun; Lee, Yonghui
  • Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 12, Issue 6
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Novel approaches and scalability prospects of copper based hole transporting materials for planar perovskite solar cells
journal, January 2019

  • Bidikoudi, Maria; Kymakis, Emmanuel
  • Journal of Materials Chemistry C, Vol. 7, Issue 44
  • DOI: 10.1039/c9tc04009a

Reconfigurable electronic devices enabled by laser-sintered liquid metal nanoparticles
journal, February 2019

  • Liu, Shanliangzi; Yuen, Michelle C.; Kramer-Bottiglio, Rebecca
  • Flexible and Printed Electronics, Vol. 4, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1088/2058-8585/aafa3b

Advances in modelling and simulation of halide perovskites for solar cell applications
journal, January 2019


Bilateral alkylamine for suppressing charge recombination and improving stability in blade-coated perovskite solar cells
text, January 2019

  • J., Huang,; X., Xiao,; J., Zhao,
  • The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
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Environmental Profile of the Manufacturing Process of Perovskite Photovoltaics: Harmonization of Life Cycle Assessment Studies
journal, September 2019

  • Maranghi, Simone; Parisi, Maria Laura; Basosi, Riccardo
  • Energies, Vol. 12, Issue 19
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Synergistic Coassembly of Highly Wettable and Uniform Hole‐Extraction Monolayers for Scaling‐up Perovskite Solar Cells
journal, December 2019

  • Li, Erpeng; Bi, Enbing; Wu, Yongzhen
  • Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 30, Issue 7
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Rapid Aqueous Spray Fabrication of Robust NiO x : A Simple and Scalable Platform for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells
journal, March 2019

  • Scheideler, William J.; Rolston, Nicholas; Zhao, Oliver
  • Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 9, Issue 19
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Strategic advantages of reactive polyiodide melts for scalable perovskite photovoltaics
journal, November 2018


Probing the origins of photodegradation in organic–inorganic metal halide perovskites with time-resolved mass spectrometry
journal, January 2018

  • Song, Zhaoning; Wang, Changlei; Phillips, Adam B.
  • Sustainable Energy & Fuels, Vol. 2, Issue 11
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Designing a new family of oxonium-cation based structurally diverse organic–inorganic hybrid iodoantimonate crystals
journal, January 2019

  • Parmar, Swati; Pal, Shiv; Biswas, Abhijit
  • Chemical Communications, Vol. 55, Issue 52
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A mixed solvent for rapid fabrication of large-area methylammonium lead iodide layers by one-step coating at room temperature
journal, January 2019

  • Liu, Qiuju; Zhao, Yanan; Ma, Yinxing
  • Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 7, Issue 31
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Ambient blade coating of mixed cation, mixed halide perovskites without dripping: in situ investigation and highly efficient solar cells
journal, January 2020

  • Tang, Ming-Chun; Fan, Yuanyuan; Barrit, Dounya
  • Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 8, Issue 3
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Tailoring solvent coordination for high-speed, room-temperature blading of perovskite photovoltaic films
journal, December 2019

  • Deng, Yehao; Van Brackle, Charles H.; Dai, Xuezeng
  • Science Advances, Vol. 5, Issue 12
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Solution‐Processable Perovskite Solar Cells toward Commercialization: Progress and Challenges
journal, April 2019

  • Wang, Peng; Wu, Yihui; Cai, Bing
  • Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 29, Issue 47
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Functional Oxides for Photoneuromorphic Engineering: Toward a Solar Brain
journal, June 2019


Gas-solid reaction based over one-micrometer thick stable perovskite films for efficient solar cells and modules
journal, September 2018


Doping strategies for small molecule organic hole-transport materials: impacts on perovskite solar cell performance and stability
journal, January 2019

  • Schloemer, Tracy H.; Christians, Jeffrey A.; Luther, Joseph M.
  • Chemical Science, Vol. 10, Issue 7
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Bridging the Green Gap: Metal–Organic Framework Heteromultilayers Assembled from Porphyrinic Linkers Identified by Using Computational Screening
journal, April 2019

  • Haldar, Ritesh; Batra, Kamal; Marschner, Stefan Michael
  • Chemistry – A European Journal, Vol. 25, Issue 33
  • DOI: 10.1002/chem.201901585

Bilateral alkylamine for suppressing charge recombination and improving stability in blade-coated perovskite solar cells
journal, March 2019


Layered Germanium Hybrid Perovskite Bromides: Insights from Experiments and First‐Principles Calculations
journal, April 2019

  • Chang, Xueqing; Marongiu, Daniela; Sarritzu, Valerio
  • Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 29, Issue 31
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Single Crystal Perovskite Solar Cells: Development and Perspectives
journal, November 2019

  • Cheng, Xiao; Yang, Shuang; Cao, Bingqiang
  • Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 30, Issue 4
  • DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201905021

Interphases, Interfaces, and Surfaces of Active Materials in Rechargeable Batteries and Perovskite Solar Cells
journal, January 2020


Preparation and Characterization of Mixed Halide MAPbI 3− x Cl x Perovskite Thin Films by Three‐Source Vacuum Deposition
journal, September 2019

  • Babaei, Azin; Soltanpoor, Wiria; Tesa-Serrate, Maria A.
  • Energy Technology, Vol. 8, Issue 4
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Spiro‐Linked Molecular Hole‐Transport Materials for Highly Efficient Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells
journal, November 2019


Sacrificial additive-assisted film growth endows self-powered CsPbBr 3 photodetectors with ultra-low dark current and high sensitivity
journal, January 2020

  • Zhu, Weidong; Deng, Minyu; Chen, Dandan
  • Journal of Materials Chemistry C, Vol. 8, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1039/c9tc05403k

Recent progress towards roll-to-roll manufacturing of perovskite solar cells using slot-die processing
journal, January 2020

  • Li, Hengyue; Zuo, Chuantian; Scully, Andrew D.
  • Flexible and Printed Electronics, Vol. 5, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1088/2058-8585/ab639e

Enhanced Open-Circuit Voltage in Perovskite Solar Cells with Open-Cage [60]Fullerene Derivatives as Electron-Transporting Materials
journal, April 2019

  • Castro, Edison; Artigas, Albert; Pla-Quintana, Anna
  • Materials, Vol. 12, Issue 8
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Doping strategies for small molecule organic hole-transport materials: impacts on perovskite solar cell performance and stability
journal, January 2019

  • Schloemer, Tracy H.; Christians, Jeffrey A.; Luther, Joseph M.
  • Chemical Science, Vol. 10, Issue 7
  • DOI: 10.1039/c8sc05284k