Additively manufactured hierarchical stainless steels with high strength and ductility

Wang, Y. Morris; Voisin, Thomas; McKeown, Joseph T.; Ye, Jianchao; Calta, Nicholas P.; Li, Zan; Zeng, Zhi; Zhang, Yin; Chen, Wen; Roehling, Tien Tran; Ott, Ryan T.; Santala, Melissa K.; Depond, Philip J.; Matthews, Manyalibo J.; Hamza, Alex V.; Zhu, Ting

doi:10.1038/nmat5021

Title: Additively manufactured hierarchical stainless steels with high strength and ductility

Abstract

Many traditional approaches for strengthening steels typically come at the expense of useful ductility, a dilemma known as strength–ductility trade-off. New metallurgical processing might offer the possibility of overcoming this. Here we report that austenitic 316L stainless steels additively manufactured via a laser powder-bed-fusion technique exhibit a combination of yield strength and tensile ductility that surpasses that of conventional 316L steels. High strength is attributed to solidification-enabled cellular structures, low-angle grain boundaries, and dislocations formed during manufacturing, while high uniform elongation correlates to a steady and progressive work-hardening mechanism regulated by a hierarchically heterogeneous microstructure, with length scales spanning nearly six orders of magnitude. In addition, solute segregation along cellular walls and low-angle grain boundaries can enhance dislocation pinning and promote twinning. This work demonstrates the potential of additive manufacturing to create alloys with unique microstructures and high performance for structural applications.

Authors:

^[1]; Voisin, Thomas ^[1]; McKeown, Joseph T. ^[1]; Ye, Jianchao ^[1]; Calta, Nicholas P. ^[1]; Li, Zan ^[1]; Zeng, Zhi ^[2];

^[2]; Chen, Wen ^[3]; Roehling, Tien Tran ^[1]; Ott, Ryan T. ^[4]; Santala, Melissa K. ^[5]; Depond, Philip J. ^[1]; Matthews, Manyalibo J. ^[1]; Hamza, Alex V. ^[1]; Zhu, Ting ^[2]

Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States). Materials Science Division
Georgia Inst. of Technology, Atlanta, GA (United States). Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering
Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States). Materials Engineering Division
Ames Lab., Ames, IA (United States). Division of Materials Sciences and Engineering
Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR (United States). School of Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering

Publication Date:: Mon Oct 30 00:00:00 EDT 2017

Research Org.:: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE

OSTI Identifier:: 1418906

Report Number(s):: LLNL-JRNL-736774
Journal ID: ISSN 1476-1122

Grant/Contract Number:: AC52-07NA27344

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Nature Materials

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 17; Journal Issue: 1; Journal ID: ISSN 1476-1122

Publisher:: Nature Publishing Group

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 36 MATERIALS SCIENCE; Mechanical properties; Mechanical engineering

Citation Formats


                    Wang, Y. Morris, Voisin, Thomas, McKeown, Joseph T., Ye, Jianchao, Calta, Nicholas P., Li, Zan, Zeng, Zhi, Zhang, Yin, Chen, Wen, Roehling, Tien Tran, Ott, Ryan T., Santala, Melissa K., Depond, Philip J., Matthews, Manyalibo J., Hamza, Alex V., and Zhu, Ting. Additively manufactured hierarchical stainless steels with high strength and ductility.  United States: N. p., 2017. 
Web.  doi:10.1038/nmat5021.

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                    Wang, Y. Morris, Voisin, Thomas, McKeown, Joseph T., Ye, Jianchao, Calta, Nicholas P., Li, Zan, Zeng, Zhi, Zhang, Yin, Chen, Wen, Roehling, Tien Tran, Ott, Ryan T., Santala, Melissa K., Depond, Philip J., Matthews, Manyalibo J., Hamza, Alex V., & Zhu, Ting. Additively manufactured hierarchical stainless steels with high strength and ductility.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat5021

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                    Wang, Y. Morris, Voisin, Thomas, McKeown, Joseph T., Ye, Jianchao, Calta, Nicholas P., Li, Zan, Zeng, Zhi, Zhang, Yin, Chen, Wen, Roehling, Tien Tran, Ott, Ryan T., Santala, Melissa K., Depond, Philip J., Matthews, Manyalibo J., Hamza, Alex V., and Zhu, Ting. Mon .  
"Additively manufactured hierarchical stainless steels with high strength and ductility".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat5021.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1418906.

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@article{osti_1418906,

  title        = {Additively manufactured hierarchical stainless steels with high strength and ductility},

  author       = {Wang, Y. Morris and Voisin, Thomas and McKeown, Joseph T. and Ye, Jianchao and Calta, Nicholas P. and Li, Zan and Zeng, Zhi and Zhang, Yin and Chen, Wen and Roehling, Tien Tran and Ott, Ryan T. and Santala, Melissa K. and Depond, Philip J. and Matthews, Manyalibo J. and Hamza, Alex V. and Zhu, Ting},

  abstractNote = {Many traditional approaches for strengthening steels typically come at the expense of useful ductility, a dilemma known as strength–ductility trade-off. New metallurgical processing might offer the possibility of overcoming this. Here we report that austenitic 316L stainless steels additively manufactured via a laser powder-bed-fusion technique exhibit a combination of yield strength and tensile ductility that surpasses that of conventional 316L steels. High strength is attributed to solidification-enabled cellular structures, low-angle grain boundaries, and dislocations formed during manufacturing, while high uniform elongation correlates to a steady and progressive work-hardening mechanism regulated by a hierarchically heterogeneous microstructure, with length scales spanning nearly six orders of magnitude. In addition, solute segregation along cellular walls and low-angle grain boundaries can enhance dislocation pinning and promote twinning. This work demonstrates the potential of additive manufacturing to create alloys with unique microstructures and high performance for structural applications.},

  doi          = {10.1038/nmat5021},

  journal      = {Nature Materials},

  number       = 1,

  volume       = 17,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Mon Oct 30 00:00:00 EDT 2017},

  month        = {Mon Oct 30 00:00:00 EDT 2017}

}

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Ideal maximum strengths and defect-induced softening in nanocrystalline-nanotwinned metals
journal, September 2019

Ke, Xing; Ye, Jianchao; Pan, Zhiliang
Nature Materials, Vol. 18, Issue 11
DOI: 10.1038/s41563-019-0484-3

A comprehensive study on microstructure and tensile behaviour of a selectively laser melted stainless steel
journal, May 2018

Qiu, Chunlei; Kindi, Mohammed Al; Aladawi, Aiman Salim
Scientific Reports, Vol. 8, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26136-7

Achieving superelasticity in additively manufactured NiTi in compression without post-process heat treatment
journal, January 2019

Shayesteh Moghaddam, Narges; Saedi, Soheil; Amerinatanzi, Amirhesam
Scientific Reports, Vol. 9, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36641-4

Texture evolution in stainless steel processed by selective laser melting and annealing
journal, June 2018

Fergani, O.; Brotan, V.; Bambach, M.
Materials Science and Technology, Vol. 34, Issue 18
DOI: 10.1080/02670836.2018.1523518

High-speed Synchrotron X-ray Imaging of Laser Powder Bed Fusion Process
journal, March 2019

Parab, Niranjan D.; Zhao, Cang; Cunningham, Ross
Synchrotron Radiation News, Vol. 32, Issue 2
DOI: 10.1080/08940886.2019.1582280

Effects of pulsed laser surface treatments on microstructural characteristics and hardness of CrCoNi medium-entropy alloy
journal, August 2019

Chai, Linjiang; Xiang, Kang; Xia, Jiying
Philosophical Magazine, Vol. 99, Issue 24
DOI: 10.1080/14786435.2019.1649499

Atomic-scale study of precipitates (NbC and Cu-rich phase) at the twin boundary in the long time ageing austenitic stainless steel
journal, April 2020

San, Xingyuan; Zhang, Dan; Guo, Xinshuang
Philosophical Magazine, Vol. 100, Issue 14
DOI: 10.1080/14786435.2020.1748244

Response of solidification cellular structures in additively manufactured 316 stainless steel to heavy ion irradiation: an in situ study
journal, April 2019

Shang, Z.; Fan, C.; Xue, S.
Materials Research Letters, Vol. 7, Issue 7
DOI: 10.1080/21663831.2019.1604442

Selective laser melting enabling the hierarchically heterogeneous microstructure and excellent mechanical properties in an interstitial solute strengthened high entropy alloy
journal, August 2019

Zhu, Z. G.; An, X. H.; Lu, W. J.
Materials Research Letters, Vol. 7, Issue 11
DOI: 10.1080/21663831.2019.1650131

The origin of high-density dislocations in additively manufactured metals
journal, April 2020

Wang, Ge; Ouyang, Heng; Fan, Chen
Materials Research Letters, Vol. 8, Issue 8
DOI: 10.1080/21663831.2020.1751739

Surface treatment and corrosion behavior of 316L stainless steel fabricated by selective laser melting
journal, August 2019

Lv, Shasha; Tao, Huimin; Hong, Yuanjian
Materials Research Express, Vol. 6, Issue 10
DOI: 10.1088/2053-1591/ab3570

Subgrain-controlled grain growth in the laser-melted 316 L promoting strength at high temperatures
journal, May 2018

Saeidi, Kamran; Akhtar, Farid
Royal Society Open Science, Vol. 5, Issue 5
DOI: 10.1098/rsos.172394

A processing diagram for high-density Ti-6Al-4V by selective laser melting
journal, November 2018

Wang, Yinmin (Morris); Kamath, Chandrika; Voisin, Thomas
Rapid Prototyping Journal, Vol. 24, Issue 9
DOI: 10.1108/rpj-11-2017-0228

Fatigue-resistant high-performance elastocaloric materials made by additive manufacturing
journal, November 2019

Hou, Huilong; Simsek, Emrah; Ma, Tao
Science, Vol. 366, Issue 6469
DOI: 10.1126/science.aax7616

Additive Manufacturing of High-Entropy Alloys: A Review
journal, December 2018

Chen, Shuying; Tong, Yang; Liaw, Peter
Entropy, Vol. 20, Issue 12
DOI: 10.3390/e20120937

Effect of SLM Build Parameters on the Compressive Properties of 304L Stainless Steel
journal, June 2019

Fashanu, Okanmisope; Buchely, Mario F.; Spratt, Myranda
Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing, Vol. 3, Issue 2
DOI: 10.3390/jmmp3020043

A Short Review on the Microstructure, Transformation Behavior and Functional Properties of NiTi Shape Memory Alloys Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting
journal, September 2018

Wang, Xiebin; Kustov, Sergey; Van Humbeeck, Jan
Materials, Vol. 11, Issue 9
DOI: 10.3390/ma11091683

The Use of Selective Laser Melting to Increase the Performance of AlSi9Cu3Fe Alloy
journal, October 2018

Fousova, Michaela; Dvorsky, Drahomir; Vronka, Marek
Materials, Vol. 11, Issue 10
DOI: 10.3390/ma11101918

Comparison between Mechanical Properties and Structures of a Rolled and a 3D-Printed Stainless Steel
journal, November 2019

Natali, Stefano; Brotzu, Andrea; Pilone, Daniela
Materials, Vol. 12, Issue 23
DOI: 10.3390/ma12233867

Microstructure, Solidification Texture, and Thermal Stability of 316 L Stainless Steel Manufactured by Laser Powder Bed Fusion
journal, August 2018

Krakhmalev, Pavel; Fredriksson, Gunnel; Svensson, Krister
Metals, Vol. 8, Issue 8
DOI: 10.3390/met8080643

Advanced Mechanical Strength in Post Heat Treated SLM 2507 at Room and High Temperature Promoted by Hard/Ductile Sigma Precipitates
journal, February 2019

Saeidi, Kamran; Alvi, Sajid; Lofaj, Frantisek
Metals, Vol. 9, Issue 2
DOI: 10.3390/met9020199

Effect of Fe Addition on Heat-Resistant Aluminum Alloys Produced by Selective Laser Melting
journal, April 2019

Yamasaki, Shigeto; Okuhira, Tomo; Mitsuhara, Masatoshi
Metals, Vol. 9, Issue 4
DOI: 10.3390/met9040468

Corrosion Behavior of Selectively Laser Melted CoCrFeMnNi High Entropy Alloy
journal, September 2019

Ren, Jie; Mahajan, Chaitanya; Liu, Liang
Metals, Vol. 9, Issue 10
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Developing New Materials for Electron Beam Melting: Experiences and Challenges
journal, December 2018

Koptyug, Andrey; Bäckström, Mikael; Botero Vega, Carlos Alberto
Materials Science Forum, Vol. 941
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Strong and ductile reduced activation ferritic/martensitic steel additively manufactured by selective laser melting
text, January 2019

Jiang, M. G.; Chen, Z. W.; Tong, J. D.
Taylor & Francis
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.8306054

Superior tensile properties of 1%C-CoCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloy additively manufactured by selective laser melting
text, January 2019

Park, Jeong Min; Choe, Jungho; Kim, Jung Gi
Taylor & Francis
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.8863436

Enhancing Fatigue Strength of Selective Laser Melting-Fabricated Inconel 718 by Tailoring Heat Treatment Route
journal, July 2018

Wan, Hong-Yuan; Zhou, Zhong-Jiao; Li, Chang-Peng
Advanced Engineering Materials, Vol. 20, Issue 10
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Design of next‐generation alloys for additive manufacturing
journal, March 2019

Konda Gokuldoss, Prashanth
Material Design & Processing Communications, Vol. 1, Issue 4
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Interface dominated cooperative nanoprecipitation in interstitial alloys
journal, October 2018

Wang, Hongcai; Zhang, Xie; Yan, Dingshun
Nature Communications, Vol. 9, Issue 1
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Strong and ductile reduced activation ferritic/martensitic steel additively manufactured by selective laser melting
journal, May 2019

Jiang, M. G.; Chen, Z. W.; Tong, J. D.
Materials Research Letters, Vol. 7, Issue 10
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Grain Size Effects in Selective Laser Melted Fe-Co-2V
journal, September 2019

Everhart, Wesley; Newkirk, Joseph
Applied Sciences, Vol. 9, Issue 18
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A versatile and membrane-less electrochemical reactor for the electrolysis of water and brine
text, January 2019

Hashemi, S. Mohammad H.; Karnakov, Petr; Hadikhani, Pooria
ETH Zurich
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Atomic-scale study of precipitates (NbC and Cu-rich phase) at the twin boundary in the long time ageing austenitic stainless steel
text, January 2020

San, Xingyuan; Zhang, Dan; Guo, Xinshuang
Taylor & Francis
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The origin of high-density dislocations in additively manufactured metals
text, January 2020

Wang, Ge; Ouyang, Heng; Fan, Chen
Taylor & Francis
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The Hardness of Additively Manufactured Alloys
journal, October 2018

Zuback, J. S.; DebRoy, T.
Materials, Vol. 11, Issue 11
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Strong and ductile reduced activation ferritic/martensitic steel additively manufactured by selective laser melting
text, January 2019

Jiang, M. G.; Chen, Z. W.; Tong, J. D.
Figshare
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Superior tensile properties of 1%C-CoCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloy additively manufactured by selective laser melting
text, January 2019

Park, Jeong Min; Choe, Jungho; Kim, Jung Gi
Taylor & Francis
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.8863436.v1

Selective laser melting enabling the hierarchically heterogeneous microstructure and excellent mechanical properties in an interstitial solute strengthened high entropy alloy
text, January 2019

Zhu, Z. G.; An, X. H.; Lu, W. J.
Taylor & Francis
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.9247094.v1

Atomic-scale study of precipitates (NbC and Cu-rich phase) at the twin boundary in the long time ageing austenitic stainless steel
text, January 2020

San, Xingyuan; Zhang, Dan; Guo, Xinshuang
Taylor & Francis
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.12090621.v1

Controlling solid-liquid interfacial energy anisotropy through the isotropic liquid
preprint, January 2018

Wang, Lei; Hoyt, Jeff; Wang, Nan
arXiv
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Fatigue-resistant high-performance elastocaloric materials via additive manufacturing
text, January 2019

Hou, Huilong; Simsek, Emrah; Ma, Tao
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.1908.07900

Selective laser melting enabling the hierarchically heterogeneous microstructure and excellent mechanical properties in an interstitial solute strengthened high entropy alloy
text, January 2019

Zhu, Z. G.; An, X. H.; Lu, W. J.
Taylor & Francis
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.9247094

Interface dominated cooperative nanoprecipitation in interstitial alloys
journal, October 2018

Wang, Hongcai; Zhang, Xie; Yan, Dingshun
Nature Communications, Vol. 9, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06474-w

Enhanced strength–ductility synergy in ultrafine-grained eutectic high-entropy alloys by inheriting microstructural lamellae
journal, January 2019

Shi, Peijian; Ren, Weili; Zheng, Tianxiang
Nature Communications, Vol. 10, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08460-2

Scale law of complex deformation transitions of nanotwins in stainless steel
journal, March 2019

Chen, A. Y.; Zhu, L. L.; Sun, L. G.
Nature Communications, Vol. 10, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09360-1

Microscale residual stresses in additively manufactured stainless steel
journal, September 2019

Chen, Wen; Voisin, Thomas; Zhang, Yin
Nature Communications, Vol. 10, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12265-8

The role of side-branching in microstructure development in laser powder-bed fusion
journal, February 2020

Pham, Minh-Son; Dovgyy, Bogdan; Hooper, Paul A.
Nature Communications, Vol. 11, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14453-3

A comprehensive study on microstructure and tensile behaviour of a selectively laser melted stainless steel
journal, May 2018

Qiu, Chunlei; Kindi, Mohammed Al; Aladawi, Aiman Salim
Scientific Reports, Vol. 8, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26136-7

Achieving superelasticity in additively manufactured NiTi in compression without post-process heat treatment
journal, January 2019

Shayesteh Moghaddam, Narges; Saedi, Soheil; Amerinatanzi, Amirhesam
Scientific Reports, Vol. 9, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36641-4

A Short Review on the Microstructure, Transformation Behavior and Functional Properties of NiTi Shape Memory Alloys Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting
journal, September 2018

Wang, Xiebin; Kustov, Sergey; Van Humbeeck, Jan
Materials, Vol. 11, Issue 9
DOI: 10.3390/ma11091683

The Hardness of Additively Manufactured Alloys
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Zuback, J. S.; DebRoy, T.
Materials, Vol. 11, Issue 11
DOI: 10.3390/ma11112070

Comparison between Mechanical Properties and Structures of a Rolled and a 3D-Printed Stainless Steel
journal, November 2019

Natali, Stefano; Brotzu, Andrea; Pilone, Daniela
Materials, Vol. 12, Issue 23
DOI: 10.3390/ma12233867

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Title: Additively manufactured hierarchical stainless steels with high strength and ductility

Abstract

Citation Formats

Jamming transition in emulsions and granular materials journal, July 2005

Brittle intermetallic compound makes ultrastrong low-density steel with large ductility journal, February 2015

Observation of keyhole-mode laser melting in laser powder-bed fusion additive manufacturing journal, December 2014

In situ neutron diffraction during tensile deformation of a ferrite-cementite steel journal, February 2003

Deformation mechanisms of twinning-induced plasticity steels: In situ synchrotron characterization and modeling journal, March 2010

316L Austenite Stainless Steels Strengthened by Means of Nano-scale Twins journal, April 2010

TEM studies of dislocation substructure in 316 austenitic stainless steel strained after annealing in various environments journal, June 1998

Strength and ductility of 316L austenitic stainless steel strengthened by nano-scale twin bundles journal, February 2012

Advances in the Hopkinson bar testing of irradiated/non-irradiated nuclear materials and large specimens journal, May 2014

Investigation of crystal growth mechanism during selective laser melting and mechanical property characterization of 316L stainless steel parts journal, June 2016

Additive manufacturing of metals journal, September 2016

Defective twin boundaries in nanotwinned metals journal, May 2013

Density of additively-manufactured, 316L SS parts using laser powder-bed fusion at powers up to 400 W journal, May 2014

Microstructure and Corrosion Resistance of Laser Additively Manufactured 316L Stainless Steel journal, February 2016

Grain-boundary relaxation and its effect on plasticity in nanocrystalline Fe journal, April 2006

Bone-like crack resistance in hierarchical metastable nanolaminate steels journal, March 2017

Formation of metastable cellular microstructures in selective laser melted alloys journal, June 2017

Microstructures and mechanical behavior of Inconel 718 fabricated by selective laser melting journal, March 2012

Granular flow down an inclined plane: Bagnold scaling and rheology journal, October 2001

Large-scale 3D random polycrystals for the finite element method: Generation, meshing and remeshing journal, April 2011

Microstructure and mechanical behavior of laser additive manufactured AISI 316 stainless steel stringers journal, March 2014

Microstructure and strength of selectively laser melted AlSi10Mg journal, September 2016

Diagrams for laser materials processing journal, July 1992

Austenitic stainless steel strengthened by the in situ formation of oxide nanoinclusions journal, January 2015

Deformation-induced long-range internal stresses and lattice plane misorientations and the role of geometrically necessary dislocations journal, September 2006

Controlling factors in tensile deformation of nanocrystalline cobalt and nickel journal, January 2012

Inverse Temperature Dependence of Toughness in an Ultrafine Grain-Structure Steel journal, May 2008

Tensile properties of a nanocrystalline 316L austenitic stainless steel journal, May 2005

On the Hall-Petch relationship and substructural evolution in type 316L stainless steel journal, November 1995

Study of mechanical properties of AISI 316 stainless steel processed by “selective laser melting”, following different manufacturing strategies journal, April 2010

Revealing Extraordinary Intrinsic Tensile Plasticity in Gradient Nano-Grained Copper journal, February 2011

Characterization of stainless steel parts by Laser Metal Deposition Shaping journal, March 2014

Evading the strength–ductility trade-off dilemma in steel through gradient hierarchical nanotwins journal, April 2014

Ultrastrong steel via minimal lattice misfit and high-density nanoprecipitation journal, April 2017

Strain localization in ductile single crystals journal, October 1977

Metal Fabrication by Additive Manufacturing Using Laser and Electron Beam Melting Technologies journal, January 2012

Multiprocess 3D printing for increasing component functionality journal, September 2016

Formation of ultrafine grained microstructure in the austenitic stainless steel and its impact on tensile properties journal, March 2011

Designing metallic glass matrix composites with high toughness and tensile ductility journal, February 2008

Gradient plasticity in gradient nano-grained metals journal, September 2016

Enhanced fatigue properties of nanostructured austenitic SUS 316L stainless steel journal, October 2011

Inelastic constitutive relations for solids: An internal-variable theory and its application to metal plasticity journal, November 1971

Heterogeneous lamella structure unites ultrafine-grain strength with coarse-grain ductility journal, November 2015

High tensile ductility in a nanostructured metal journal, October 2002

Hardened austenite steel with columnar sub-grain structure formed by laser melting journal, February 2015

Metastable high-entropy dual-phase alloys overcome the strength–ductility trade-off journal, May 2016

Intragranular cellular segregation network structure strengthening 316L stainless steel prepared by selective laser melting journal, March 2016

Crystallographic texture evolution in bulk deformation processing of FCC metals journal, January 1992

A fracture-resistant high-entropy alloy for cryogenic applications journal, September 2014

Selective laser melting of stainless steel 316L with low porosity and high build rates journal, August 2016

Normalised model-based processing diagrams for additive layer manufacture of engineering alloys journal, April 2016

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Additive Manufacturing of Nickel Superalloys: Opportunities for Innovation and Challenges Related to Qualification journal, June 2018

Macro- and Micromechanical Behavior of 316LN Lattice Structures Manufactured by Electron Beam Melting journal, November 2019

Three-Dimensional Additively Manufactured Microstructures and Their Mechanical Properties journal, October 2019

General Investigations on Manufacturing Quality of Permalloy via Selective Laser Melting for 3D Printing of Customized Magnetic Shields journal, January 2020

Three-dimensional Analysis and Reconstruction of Additively Manufactured Materials in the Cloud-Based BisQue Infrastructure journal, March 2019

An online surface height measurement method for GTAW-based additive manufacturing journal, December 2019

Jamming transition in emulsions and granular materials
journal, July 2005

Brittle intermetallic compound makes ultrastrong low-density steel with large ductility
journal, February 2015

Observation of keyhole-mode laser melting in laser powder-bed fusion additive manufacturing
journal, December 2014

In situ neutron diffraction during tensile deformation of a ferrite-cementite steel
journal, February 2003

Deformation mechanisms of twinning-induced plasticity steels: In situ synchrotron characterization and modeling
journal, March 2010

316L Austenite Stainless Steels Strengthened by Means of Nano-scale Twins
journal, April 2010

TEM studies of dislocation substructure in 316 austenitic stainless steel strained after annealing in various environments
journal, June 1998

Strength and ductility of 316L austenitic stainless steel strengthened by nano-scale twin bundles
journal, February 2012

Advances in the Hopkinson bar testing of irradiated/non-irradiated nuclear materials and large specimens
journal, May 2014

Investigation of crystal growth mechanism during selective laser melting and mechanical property characterization of 316L stainless steel parts
journal, June 2016

Additive manufacturing of metals
journal, September 2016

Defective twin boundaries in nanotwinned metals
journal, May 2013

Density of additively-manufactured, 316L SS parts using laser powder-bed fusion at powers up to 400 W
journal, May 2014

Microstructure and Corrosion Resistance of Laser Additively Manufactured 316L Stainless Steel
journal, February 2016

Grain-boundary relaxation and its effect on plasticity in nanocrystalline Fe
journal, April 2006

Bone-like crack resistance in hierarchical metastable nanolaminate steels
journal, March 2017

Formation of metastable cellular microstructures in selective laser melted alloys
journal, June 2017

Microstructures and mechanical behavior of Inconel 718 fabricated by selective laser melting
journal, March 2012

Granular flow down an inclined plane: Bagnold scaling and rheology
journal, October 2001

Large-scale 3D random polycrystals for the finite element method: Generation, meshing and remeshing
journal, April 2011

Microstructure and mechanical behavior of laser additive manufactured AISI 316 stainless steel stringers
journal, March 2014

Microstructure and strength of selectively laser melted AlSi10Mg
journal, September 2016

Diagrams for laser materials processing
journal, July 1992

Austenitic stainless steel strengthened by the in situ formation of oxide nanoinclusions
journal, January 2015

Deformation-induced long-range internal stresses and lattice plane misorientations and the role of geometrically necessary dislocations
journal, September 2006

Controlling factors in tensile deformation of nanocrystalline cobalt and nickel
journal, January 2012

Inverse Temperature Dependence of Toughness in an Ultrafine Grain-Structure Steel
journal, May 2008

Tensile properties of a nanocrystalline 316L austenitic stainless steel
journal, May 2005

On the Hall-Petch relationship and substructural evolution in type 316L stainless steel
journal, November 1995

Study of mechanical properties of AISI 316 stainless steel processed by “selective laser melting”, following different manufacturing strategies
journal, April 2010

Revealing Extraordinary Intrinsic Tensile Plasticity in Gradient Nano-Grained Copper
journal, February 2011

Characterization of stainless steel parts by Laser Metal Deposition Shaping
journal, March 2014

Evading the strength–ductility trade-off dilemma in steel through gradient hierarchical nanotwins
journal, April 2014

Ultrastrong steel via minimal lattice misfit and high-density nanoprecipitation
journal, April 2017

Strain localization in ductile single crystals
journal, October 1977

Metal Fabrication by Additive Manufacturing Using Laser and Electron Beam Melting Technologies
journal, January 2012

Multiprocess 3D printing for increasing component functionality
journal, September 2016

Formation of ultrafine grained microstructure in the austenitic stainless steel and its impact on tensile properties
journal, March 2011

Designing metallic glass matrix composites with high toughness and tensile ductility
journal, February 2008

Gradient plasticity in gradient nano-grained metals
journal, September 2016

Enhanced fatigue properties of nanostructured austenitic SUS 316L stainless steel
journal, October 2011

Inelastic constitutive relations for solids: An internal-variable theory and its application to metal plasticity
journal, November 1971

Heterogeneous lamella structure unites ultrafine-grain strength with coarse-grain ductility
journal, November 2015

High tensile ductility in a nanostructured metal
journal, October 2002

Hardened austenite steel with columnar sub-grain structure formed by laser melting
journal, February 2015

Metastable high-entropy dual-phase alloys overcome the strength–ductility trade-off
journal, May 2016

Intragranular cellular segregation network structure strengthening 316L stainless steel prepared by selective laser melting
journal, March 2016

Crystallographic texture evolution in bulk deformation processing of FCC metals
journal, January 1992

A fracture-resistant high-entropy alloy for cryogenic applications
journal, September 2014

Selective laser melting of stainless steel 316L with low porosity and high build rates
journal, August 2016

Normalised model-based processing diagrams for additive layer manufacture of engineering alloys
journal, April 2016

Self-consistent modelling of the plastic deformation of f.c.c. polycrystals and its implications for diffraction measurements of internal stresses
journal, May 1998

Microstructure and mechanical properties of a novel β titanium metallic composite by selective laser melting
journal, April 2014

A new parallel method for molecular dynamics simulation of macromolecular systems
journal, February 1996

Strengthening austenitic steels by using nanotwinned austenitic grains
journal, June 2012

Creep-Resistant, Al2O3-Forming Austenitic Stainless Steels
journal, April 2007

Tensile Characteristics of Nitrogen Enhanced Powder Injection Moulded 316L Stainless Steel
journal, January 1996

Laser powder-bed fusion additive manufacturing: Physics of complex melt flow and formation mechanisms of pores, spatter, and denudation zones
journal, April 2016

Effect of partial solution nitriding on mechanical properties and corrosion resistance in a type 316L austenitic stainless steel plate
journal, July 2007

Mechanical properties of alloy Ti–6Al–4V and of stainless steel 316L processed by selective laser melting: influence of out-of-equilibrium microstructures
journal, April 2014

Model for collisions in granular gases
journal, May 1996

Mechanical behavior of additive manufactured, powder-bed laser-fused materials
journal, January 2016

Densification behavior, microstructure evolution, and wear performance of selective laser melting processed commercially pure titanium
journal, May 2012

Strain rate sensitivity of nanocrystalline and ultrafine-grained steel obtained by mechanical attrition
journal, June 2008

Ultrastrong Medium-Entropy Single-Phase Alloys Designed via Severe Lattice Distortion
journal, December 2018

3D Nanoprinting of Perovskites
journal, September 2019

Enabling the 3D Printing of Metal Components in µ‐Gravity
journal, August 2019

Anisotropy in impact toughness of powder bed fused AISI 304L stainless steel
journal, April 2019

The third Sandia Fracture Challenge: deterministic and probabilistic modeling of ductile fracture of additively-manufactured material
journal, March 2019

A comparison of adiabatic shear bands in wrought and additively manufactured 316L stainless steel using nanoindentation and electron backscatter diffraction
journal, September 2019

Characterization of the Effects of Internal Pores on Tensile Properties of Additively Manufactured Austenitic Stainless Steel 316L
journal, December 2018

Additive Manufacturing of Nickel Superalloys: Opportunities for Innovation and Challenges Related to Qualification
journal, June 2018

Macro- and Micromechanical Behavior of 316LN Lattice Structures Manufactured by Electron Beam Melting
journal, November 2019

Three-Dimensional Additively Manufactured Microstructures and Their Mechanical Properties
journal, October 2019

General Investigations on Manufacturing Quality of Permalloy via Selective Laser Melting for 3D Printing of Customized Magnetic Shields
journal, January 2020

Three-dimensional Analysis and Reconstruction of Additively Manufactured Materials in the Cloud-Based BisQue Infrastructure
journal, March 2019

An online surface height measurement method for GTAW-based additive manufacturing
journal, December 2019

Simultaneously enhanced strength and ductility for 3D-printed stainless steel 316L by selective laser melting
journal, April 2018

Enhanced strength–ductility synergy in ultrafine-grained eutectic high-entropy alloys by inheriting microstructural lamellae
journal, January 2019

Scale law of complex deformation transitions of nanotwins in stainless steel
journal, March 2019