Gate Tuning of Electronic Phase Transitions in Two-Dimensional NbSe2

Xi, Xiaoxiang; Berger, Helmuth; Forró, László; Shan, Jie; Mak, Kin Fai

doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.106801

Title: Gate Tuning of Electronic Phase Transitions in Two-Dimensional ${NbSe}_{2}$

Abstract

Recent experimental advances in atomically thin transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) metals have unveiled a range of interesting phenomena including the coexistence of charge-density-wave (CDW) order and superconductivity down to the monolayer limit. The atomic thickness of two-dimensional (2D) TMD metals also opens up the possibility for control of these electronic phase transitions by electrostatic gating. We demonstrate reversible tuning of superconductivity and CDW order in model 2D TMD metal ${NbSe}_{2}$ by an ionic liquid gate. A variation up to $~ 50 %$ in the superconducting transition temperature has been observed. Both superconductivity and CDW order can be strengthened (weakened) by increasing (reducing) the carrier density in 2D ${NbSe}_{2}$ . The doping dependence of these phase transitions can be understood as driven by a varying electron-phonon coupling strength induced by the gate-modulated carrier density and the electronic density of states near the Fermi surface.

Authors:

Xi, Xiaoxiang ^[1]; Berger, Helmuth ^[2]; Forró, László ^[2]; Shan, Jie ^[1]; Mak, Kin Fai ^[1]

Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA (United States). Dept. of Physics. Center for 2-Dimensional and Layered Materials
Swiss Federal Inst. of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL) (Switzerland). Inst. of Condensed Matter Physics

Publication Date:: Mon Aug 29 00:00:00 EDT 2016

Research Org.:: Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA (United States); Swiss Federal Inst. of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL) (Switzerland)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES); National Science Foundation (NSF); US Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR); Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF)

OSTI Identifier:: 1418619

Alternate Identifier(s):: OSTI ID: 1310836

Grant/Contract Number:: SC0012635; SC0013883; DMR-1645901; DMR-1410407; FA9550-16-1-0249

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Physical Review Letters

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 117; Journal Issue: 10; Journal ID: ISSN 0031-9007

Publisher:: American Physical Society (APS)

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND SUPERFLUIDITY; charge density waves; magnetotransport; 2-dimensional systems; transition-metal dichalcogenide

Citation Formats


                    Xi, Xiaoxiang, Berger, Helmuth, Forró, László, Shan, Jie, and Mak, Kin Fai. Gate Tuning of Electronic Phase Transitions in Two-Dimensional NbSe2.  United States: N. p., 2016. 
Web.  doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.106801.

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                    Xi, Xiaoxiang, Berger, Helmuth, Forró, László, Shan, Jie, & Mak, Kin Fai. Gate Tuning of Electronic Phase Transitions in Two-Dimensional NbSe2.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.106801

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                    Xi, Xiaoxiang, Berger, Helmuth, Forró, László, Shan, Jie, and Mak, Kin Fai. Mon .  
"Gate Tuning of Electronic Phase Transitions in Two-Dimensional NbSe2".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.106801.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1418619.

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@article{osti_1418619,

  title        = {Gate Tuning of Electronic Phase Transitions in Two-Dimensional NbSe2},

  author       = {Xi, Xiaoxiang and Berger, Helmuth and Forró, László and Shan, Jie and Mak, Kin Fai},

  abstractNote = {Recent experimental advances in atomically thin transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) metals have unveiled a range of interesting phenomena including the coexistence of charge-density-wave (CDW) order and superconductivity down to the monolayer limit. The atomic thickness of two-dimensional (2D) TMD metals also opens up the possibility for control of these electronic phase transitions by electrostatic gating. We demonstrate reversible tuning of superconductivity and CDW order in model 2D TMD metal NbSe2 by an ionic liquid gate. A variation up to ~50% in the superconducting transition temperature has been observed. Both superconductivity and CDW order can be strengthened (weakened) by increasing (reducing) the carrier density in 2D NbSe2. The doping dependence of these phase transitions can be understood as driven by a varying electron-phonon coupling strength induced by the gate-modulated carrier density and the electronic density of states near the Fermi surface.},

  doi          = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.106801},

  journal      = {Physical Review Letters},

  number       = 10,

  volume       = 117,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Mon Aug 29 00:00:00 EDT 2016},

  month        = {Mon Aug 29 00:00:00 EDT 2016}

}

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Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, Vol. 124
DOI: 10.6028/jres.124.035

Phase slip lines in superconducting few-layer NbSe2 crystals
text, January 2019

Paradiso, Nicola; Strunk, Christoph; Nguyen, Anh-Tuan
Universität Regensburg
DOI: 10.5283/epub.40595

Air tightness of hBN encapsulation and its impact on Raman spectroscopy of van der Waals materials
text, January 2019

Holler, Johannes; Bauriedl, Lorenz; Korn, Tobias
Universität Regensburg
DOI: 10.5283/epub.41683

Half-metallicity in honeycomb-kagome-lattice Mg3C2 monolayer with carrier doping
text, January 2017

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DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.1712.08985

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Title: Gate Tuning of Electronic Phase Transitions in Two-Dimensional NbSe 2

Abstract

Citation Formats

Superconductivity in two-dimensional NbSe 2 field effect transistors journal, November 2013

Transition temperature of strong-coupled superconductors reanalyzed journal, August 1975

MAGNETORESISTANCE AND HALL EFFECT OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL 2 H - NbSe 2 journal, January 2005

Superconductivity in Ultrathin Nb Se 2 Layers journal, January 1972

Evidence for two-dimensional Ising superconductivity in gated MoS2 journal, November 2015

Electrical modulation of superconducting critical temperature in liquid-gated thin niobium films journal, July 2014

Gate-induced superconductivity in atomically thin MoS2 crystals journal, January 2016

Charge-density waves and superlattices in the metallic layered transition metal dichalcogenides journal, December 2001

Strong enhancement of superconductivity at high pressures within the charge-density-wave states of 2 H − TaS 2 and 2 H − TaSe 2 journal, May 2016

Ambipolar Nernst Effect in N b S e 2 journal, August 2003

Emerging Photoluminescence in Monolayer MoS2 journal, April 2010

Strongly enhanced charge-density-wave order in monolayer NbSe2 journal, July 2015

Ising pairing in superconducting NbSe2 atomic layers journal, November 2015

Pressure Induced Effects on the Fermi Surface of Superconducting 2 H − NbSe 2 journal, September 2005

A high-mobility electronic system at an electrolyte-gated oxide surface journal, March 2015

Nature of the quantum metal in a two-dimensional crystalline superconductor journal, December 2015

Mechanism for the large conductance modulation in electrolyte-gated thin gold films journal, August 2014

Superconducting Dome in a Gate-Tuned Band Insulator journal, November 2012

Electrostatic modification of novel materials journal, November 2006

Quality Heterostructures from Two-Dimensional Crystals Unstable in Air by Their Assembly in Inert Atmosphere journal, July 2015

Charge density waves and superconductivity in 2H-TaSe2 journal, May 1996

Geometric interpretation of the weak-field Hall conductivity in two-dimensional metals with arbitrary Fermi surface journal, January 1991

Superconductor–insulator transition in La2 − xSr x CuO4 at the pair quantum resistance journal, April 2011

Changes in Superconducting Critical Temperature Produced by Electrostatic Charging journal, September 1960

Gaps and kinks in the electronic structure of the superconductor 2 H -NbSe 2 from angle-resolved photoemission at 1 K journal, June 2012

Electrically Tunable Resistance of a Metal journal, April 2006

Gate-tunable phase transitions in thin flakes of 1T-TaS2 journal, January 2015

Electric field effect on superconductivity in atomically thin flakes of NbSe 2 journal, November 2009

Electric-field-induced superconductivity in an insulator journal, October 2008

Electrostatic and electrochemical tuning of superconductivity in two-dimensional NbSe 2 crystals journal, May 2016

Phase Diagram of Electrostatically Doped SrTiO3 journal, April 2011

Possibility of Vortex-Antivortex Pair Dissociation in Two-Dimensional Superconductors journal, April 1979

Atomically Thin MoS2 A New Direct-Gap Semiconductor journal, September 2010

Controlling many-body states by the electric-field effect in a two-dimensional material journal, December 2015

Pressure effect on the charge-density-wave formation in 2 H − N b Se 2 and correlation between structural instabilities and superconductivity in unstable solids journal, February 1977

Effect of electrolyte gating on the superconducting properties of thin 2H-NbSe 2 platelets journal, November 2013

Controlling charge-density-wave states in nano-thick crystals of 1T-TaS2 journal, December 2014

Characterization of collective ground states in single-layer NbSe2 journal, November 2015

Anisotropic electrodynamics of layered metal 2 H − NbSe 2 journal, September 2001

Electrostatic Control of the Evolution from a Superconducting Phase to an Insulating Phase in Ultrathin YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 − x Films journal, July 2011

The influence of fluctuation pairing of electrons on the conductivity of normal metal journal, February 1968

Superconducting Density of States and Vortex Cores of 2H- NbS 2 journal, October 2008

Superconductivity protected by spin–valley locking in ion-gated MoS2 journal, December 2015

Effect of dimensionality on the charge-density wave in few-layer 2 H -NbSe 2 journal, December 2009

Electrical Transport Properties in 2 H -NbS 2 , -NbSe 2 , -TaS 2 and -TaSe 2 journal, January 1982

Strain-stabilized superconductivity journal, January 2021

Charge-density waves and superlattices in the metallic layered transition metal dichalcogenides journal, March 1975

Controlling many-body states by the electric-field effect in a two-dimensional material journal, June 2016

Electrical Modulation of Superconducting Critical Temperature in Liquid-Gated Thin Niobium Films text, January 2014

A high-mobility electronic system at an electrolyte-gated oxide surface text, January 2014

Quality heterostructures from two dimensional crystals unstable in air by their assembly in inert atmosphere text, January 2015

Characterization of collective ground states in single-layer NbSe2 text, January 2015

Strongly enhanced charge-density-wave order in monolayer NbSe$_2$ text, January 2015

Nature of the Quantum Metal in a Two-Dimensional Crystalline Superconductor text, January 2015

Electric Field Effect in Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenides journal, December 2016

2D Layered Material-Based van der Waals Heterostructures for Optoelectronics journal, January 2018

Continuous Low-Bias Switching of Superconductivity in a MoS 2 Transistor journal, May 2018

Gate‐Tunable Electrical Transport in Thin 2M‐WS 2 Flakes journal, July 2019

Theoretical Explanation of Electric Field‐Induced Superconductive Critical Temperature Shifts in Indium Thin Films journal, January 2020

Moiré‐Potential‐Induced Band Structure Engineering in Graphene and Silicene journal, September 2019

Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenides: An Overview book, January 2019

A Model of Competing Orders and Its Application to a Novel Junction journal, May 2019

High-performance multilayer WSe2 field-effect transistors with carrier type control journal, July 2017

Ultrahigh conductivity in Weyl semimetal NbAs nanobelts journal, March 2019

Electron quantum metamaterials in van der Waals heterostructures journal, November 2018

Disorder-induced multifractal superconductivity in monolayer niobium dichalcogenides journal, July 2019

Superconductivity and magnetotransport of single-crystalline NbSe 2 nanoplates grown by chemical vapour deposition journal, January 2017

Large-area niobium disulfide thin films as transparent electrodes for devices based on two-dimensional materials journal, January 2018

Half-metallicity in a honeycomb–kagome-lattice Mg 3 C 2 monolayer with carrier doping journal, January 2018

An electrically driven structural phase transition in single Ag 2 Te nanowire devices journal, January 2019

Multifunctional inorganic nanomaterials for energy applications journal, January 2020

Thermal diodes, regulators, and switches: Physical mechanisms and potential applications journal, December 2017

Gate-tunable superconductivity at SrTiO 3 surface realized by Al layer evaporation journal, December 2018

Two-dimensional hole transport in ion-gated diamond surfaces: A brief review (Review article) journal, November 2019

Full superconducting dome of strong Ising protection in gated monolayer WS 2 journal, March 2018

Retro-normal reflection and specular Andreev reflection in a transition metal dichalcogenides superconducting heterojunction journal, November 2019

Dimensional reduction and ionic gating induced enhancement of superconductivity in atomically thin crystals of 2H-TaSe 2 journal, November 2018

Title: Gate Tuning of Electronic Phase Transitions in Two-Dimensional ${NbSe}_{2}$

Superconductivity in two-dimensional NbSe ₂ field effect transistors
journal, November 2013

Transition temperature of strong-coupled superconductors reanalyzed
journal, August 1975

MAGNETORESISTANCE AND HALL EFFECT OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL 2 H - NbSe ₂
journal, January 2005

Superconductivity in Ultrathin Nb ${Se}_{2}$ Layers
journal, January 1972

Evidence for two-dimensional Ising superconductivity in gated MoS2
journal, November 2015

Electrical modulation of superconducting critical temperature in liquid-gated thin niobium films
journal, July 2014

Gate-induced superconductivity in atomically thin MoS2 crystals
journal, January 2016

Charge-density waves and superlattices in the metallic layered transition metal dichalcogenides
journal, December 2001

Strong enhancement of superconductivity at high pressures within the charge-density-wave states of $2 H − {TaS}_{2}$ and $2 H − {TaSe}_{2}$
journal, May 2016

Ambipolar Nernst Effect in ${N b S e}_{2}$
journal, August 2003

Emerging Photoluminescence in Monolayer MoS₂
journal, April 2010

Strongly enhanced charge-density-wave order in monolayer NbSe₂
journal, July 2015

Ising pairing in superconducting NbSe2 atomic layers
journal, November 2015

Pressure Induced Effects on the Fermi Surface of Superconducting $2 H − {NbSe}_{2}$
journal, September 2005

A high-mobility electronic system at an electrolyte-gated oxide surface
journal, March 2015

Nature of the quantum metal in a two-dimensional crystalline superconductor
journal, December 2015

Mechanism for the large conductance modulation in electrolyte-gated thin gold films
journal, August 2014

Superconducting Dome in a Gate-Tuned Band Insulator
journal, November 2012

Electrostatic modification of novel materials
journal, November 2006

Quality Heterostructures from Two-Dimensional Crystals Unstable in Air by Their Assembly in Inert Atmosphere
journal, July 2015

Charge density waves and superconductivity in 2H-TaSe2
journal, May 1996

Geometric interpretation of the weak-field Hall conductivity in two-dimensional metals with arbitrary Fermi surface
journal, January 1991

Superconductor–insulator transition in La2 − xSr x CuO4 at the pair quantum resistance
journal, April 2011

Changes in Superconducting Critical Temperature Produced by Electrostatic Charging
journal, September 1960

Gaps and kinks in the electronic structure of the superconductor $2 H$ -NbSe $_{2}$ from angle-resolved photoemission at 1 K
journal, June 2012

Electrically Tunable Resistance of a Metal
journal, April 2006

Gate-tunable phase transitions in thin flakes of 1T-TaS2
journal, January 2015

Electric field effect on superconductivity in atomically thin flakes of ${NbSe}_{2}$
journal, November 2009

Electric-field-induced superconductivity in an insulator
journal, October 2008

Electrostatic and electrochemical tuning of superconductivity in two-dimensional NbSe ₂ crystals
journal, May 2016

Phase Diagram of Electrostatically Doped ${SrTiO}_{3}$
journal, April 2011

Possibility of Vortex-Antivortex Pair Dissociation in Two-Dimensional Superconductors
journal, April 1979

Atomically Thin ${MoS}_{2}$ A New Direct-Gap Semiconductor
journal, September 2010

Controlling many-body states by the electric-field effect in a two-dimensional material
journal, December 2015

Pressure effect on the charge-density-wave formation in $2 H - N b {Se}_{2}$ and correlation between structural instabilities and superconductivity in unstable solids
journal, February 1977

Effect of electrolyte gating on the superconducting properties of thin 2H-NbSe ₂ platelets
journal, November 2013

Controlling charge-density-wave states in nano-thick crystals of 1T-TaS2
journal, December 2014

Characterization of collective ground states in single-layer NbSe2
journal, November 2015

Anisotropic electrodynamics of layered metal $2 H - {NbSe}_{2}$
journal, September 2001

Electrostatic Control of the Evolution from a Superconducting Phase to an Insulating Phase in Ultrathin ${YBa}_{2} {Cu}_{3} O_{7 - x}$ Films
journal, July 2011

The influence of fluctuation pairing of electrons on the conductivity of normal metal
journal, February 1968

Superconducting Density of States and Vortex Cores of 2H- ${NbS}_{2}$
journal, October 2008

Superconductivity protected by spin–valley locking in ion-gated MoS2
journal, December 2015

Effect of dimensionality on the charge-density wave in few-layer $2 {H -NbSe}_{2}$
journal, December 2009

Electrical Transport Properties in 2 H -NbS ₂ , -NbSe ₂ , -TaS ₂ and -TaSe ₂
journal, January 1982

Strain-stabilized superconductivity
journal, January 2021

Charge-density waves and superlattices in the metallic layered transition metal dichalcogenides
journal, March 1975

Controlling many-body states by the electric-field effect in a two-dimensional material
journal, June 2016

Electrical Modulation of Superconducting Critical Temperature in Liquid-Gated Thin Niobium Films
text, January 2014

A high-mobility electronic system at an electrolyte-gated oxide surface
text, January 2014

Quality heterostructures from two dimensional crystals unstable in air by their assembly in inert atmosphere
text, January 2015

Characterization of collective ground states in single-layer NbSe2
text, January 2015

Strongly enhanced charge-density-wave order in monolayer NbSe$_2$
text, January 2015

Nature of the Quantum Metal in a Two-Dimensional Crystalline Superconductor
text, January 2015

Electric Field Effect in Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenides
journal, December 2016

2D Layered Material-Based van der Waals Heterostructures for Optoelectronics
journal, January 2018

Continuous Low-Bias Switching of Superconductivity in a MoS ₂ Transistor
journal, May 2018

Gate‐Tunable Electrical Transport in Thin 2M‐WS ₂ Flakes
journal, July 2019

Theoretical Explanation of Electric Field‐Induced Superconductive Critical Temperature Shifts in Indium Thin Films
journal, January 2020

Moiré‐Potential‐Induced Band Structure Engineering in Graphene and Silicene
journal, September 2019

Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenides: An Overview
book, January 2019

A Model of Competing Orders and Its Application to a Novel Junction
journal, May 2019

High-performance multilayer WSe2 field-effect transistors with carrier type control
journal, July 2017

Ultrahigh conductivity in Weyl semimetal NbAs nanobelts
journal, March 2019

Electron quantum metamaterials in van der Waals heterostructures
journal, November 2018

Disorder-induced multifractal superconductivity in monolayer niobium dichalcogenides
journal, July 2019

Superconductivity and magnetotransport of single-crystalline NbSe ₂ nanoplates grown by chemical vapour deposition
journal, January 2017

Large-area niobium disulfide thin films as transparent electrodes for devices based on two-dimensional materials
journal, January 2018

Half-metallicity in a honeycomb–kagome-lattice Mg ₃ C ₂ monolayer with carrier doping
journal, January 2018

An electrically driven structural phase transition in single Ag ₂ Te nanowire devices
journal, January 2019

Multifunctional inorganic nanomaterials for energy applications
journal, January 2020

Thermal diodes, regulators, and switches: Physical mechanisms and potential applications
journal, December 2017

Gate-tunable superconductivity at SrTiO 3 surface realized by Al layer evaporation
journal, December 2018

Two-dimensional hole transport in ion-gated diamond surfaces: A brief review (Review article)
journal, November 2019

Full superconducting dome of strong Ising protection in gated monolayer WS ₂
journal, March 2018

Retro-normal reflection and specular Andreev reflection in a transition metal dichalcogenides superconducting heterojunction
journal, November 2019

Dimensional reduction and ionic gating induced enhancement of superconductivity in atomically thin crystals of 2H-TaSe ₂
journal, November 2018

Engineering nodal topological phases in Ising superconductors by magnetic superstructures
journal, January 2020

Giant enhancement of superconductivity in few layers MoTe ₂
journal, October 2019