Experimental challenges to stiffness as a transport paradigm

Luce, Timothy C.; Burrell, Keith H.; Holland, Christopher; Marinoni, Alessandro; Petty, Craig C.; Smith, Sterling P.; Austin, Max E.; Grierson, Brian A.; Zeng, Lei

doi:10.1088/1741-4326/aa9af7

Title: Experimental challenges to stiffness as a transport paradigm

Abstract

Two power scans were carried out in H-mode plasmas in DIII-D; one employed standard co-current neutral beam injection (NBI), while the other used a mixture of co-current and counter-current NBI to scan power while holding the torque to a low fixed value. Analysis of the ion and electron heat transport, ion toroidal angular momentum transport, and thermal deuterium transport from these scans are presented. Invariance of the gradients or gradient scalelengths, as might be expected from stiff transport, was not generally observed. When invariance was seen, it was not accompanied by a strong increase in transport, except in the case of the absolute deuterium ion transport. Conduction in the ion channel is the dominant energy loss mechanism. The variation of the ion heat transport with applied power is similar for the co-injection and fixed torque scans, indicating that ExB shearing is not determining the plasma response to additional power. There is however, a quantitative difference in the transport between the two scans, indicating ExB shearing does play a role in the transport. Comparison of these results with a previous experiment that directly probed stiffness at a single radius leads to the following conclusion: while local stiffness as formally defined maymore »« less

Authors:

Luce, Timothy C. ^[1]; Burrell, Keith H. ^[1]; Holland, Christopher ^[2]; Marinoni, Alessandro ^[3]; Petty, Craig C. ^[1]; Smith, Sterling P. ^[1]; Austin, Max E. ^[4]; Grierson, Brian A. ^[5]; Zeng, Lei ^[6]

General Atomics, San Diego, CA (United States)
Univ. of California, San Diego, CA (United States)
Massachusetts Inst. of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA (United States)
Univ. of Texas, Austin, TX (United States)
Princeton Plasma Physics Lab. (PPPL), Princeton, NJ (United States)
Univ. of California, Los Angeles, CA (United States)

Publication Date:: Thu Jan 04 00:00:00 EST 2018

Research Org.:: General Atomics, San Diego, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Nuclear Energy (NE)

OSTI Identifier:: 1417186

Grant/Contract Number:: FC02-04ER54698; FG03-97ER54415; AC02-09CH11466; FG02-08ER54984

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Nuclear Fusion

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 58; Journal Issue: 2; Journal ID: ISSN 0029-5515

Publisher:: IOP Science

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY; transport; stiffness; tokamak

Citation Formats


                    Luce, Timothy C., Burrell, Keith H., Holland, Christopher, Marinoni, Alessandro, Petty, Craig C., Smith, Sterling P., Austin, Max E., Grierson, Brian A., and Zeng, Lei. Experimental challenges to stiffness as a transport paradigm.  United States: N. p., 2018. 
Web.  doi:10.1088/1741-4326/aa9af7.

Copy to clipboard


                    Luce, Timothy C., Burrell, Keith H., Holland, Christopher, Marinoni, Alessandro, Petty, Craig C., Smith, Sterling P., Austin, Max E., Grierson, Brian A., & Zeng, Lei. Experimental challenges to stiffness as a transport paradigm.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/aa9af7

Copy to clipboard


                    Luce, Timothy C., Burrell, Keith H., Holland, Christopher, Marinoni, Alessandro, Petty, Craig C., Smith, Sterling P., Austin, Max E., Grierson, Brian A., and Zeng, Lei. Thu .  
"Experimental challenges to stiffness as a transport paradigm".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/aa9af7.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1417186.

Copy to clipboard


                    
@article{osti_1417186,

  title        = {Experimental challenges to stiffness as a transport paradigm},

  author       = {Luce, Timothy C. and Burrell, Keith H. and Holland, Christopher and Marinoni, Alessandro and Petty, Craig C. and Smith, Sterling P. and Austin, Max E. and Grierson, Brian A. and Zeng, Lei},

  abstractNote = {Two power scans were carried out in H-mode plasmas in DIII-D; one employed standard co-current neutral beam injection (NBI), while the other used a mixture of co-current and counter-current NBI to scan power while holding the torque to a low fixed value. Analysis of the ion and electron heat transport, ion toroidal angular momentum transport, and thermal deuterium transport from these scans are presented. Invariance of the gradients or gradient scalelengths, as might be expected from stiff transport, was not generally observed. When invariance was seen, it was not accompanied by a strong increase in transport, except in the case of the absolute deuterium ion transport. Conduction in the ion channel is the dominant energy loss mechanism. The variation of the ion heat transport with applied power is similar for the co-injection and fixed torque scans, indicating that ExB shearing is not determining the plasma response to additional power. There is however, a quantitative difference in the transport between the two scans, indicating ExB shearing does play a role in the transport. Comparison of these results with a previous experiment that directly probed stiffness at a single radius leads to the following conclusion: while local stiffness as formally defined may hold, invariance of the gradients or normalized scalelengths does not follow from stiff transport in more practical scaling experiments, such as the power scans discussed here. Lastly, possible reasons for the lack of correspondence between the local picture and the global expectations are discussed.},

  doi          = {10.1088/1741-4326/aa9af7},

  journal      = {Nuclear Fusion},

  number       = 2,

  volume       = 58,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Thu Jan 04 00:00:00 EST 2018},

  month        = {Thu Jan 04 00:00:00 EST 2018}

}

Copy to clipboard

Journal Article:

Free Publicly Available Full Text

Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Publisher's Version of Record

https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/aa9af7

Other availability

Search WorldCat to find libraries that may hold this journal

Citation Metrics:

Cited by: 11 works

Citation information provided by
Web of Science

Save / Share:

Export Metadata

Save to My Library

Works referenced in this record:

Maximum entropy Tokamak configurations
journal, October 1990

Minardi, E.; Lampis, G.
Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 32, Issue 10
DOI: 10.1088/0741-3335/32/10/005

Anomalous pinch flux in tokamaks driven by the longitudinal adiabatic invariant
journal, August 1995

Nycander, J.; Yankov, V. V.
Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 2, Issue 8
DOI: 10.1063/1.871186

The linear threshold of the ion‐temperature‐gradient‐driven mode
journal, February 1993

Guo, S. C.; Romanelli, F.
Physics of Fluids B: Plasma Physics, Vol. 5, Issue 2
DOI: 10.1063/1.860537

Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first‐principles simulations with kinetic effects
journal, June 1995

Kotschenreuther, M.; Dorland, W.; Beer, M. A.
Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 2, Issue 6
DOI: 10.1063/1.871261

A gyro-Landau-fluid transport model
journal, July 1997

Waltz, R. E.; Staebler, G. M.; Dorland, W.
Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 4, Issue 7
DOI: 10.1063/1.872228

Electron profile stiffness and critical gradient studies
journal, August 2012

DeBoo, J. C.; Petty, C. C.; White, A. E.
Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 19, Issue 8
DOI: 10.1063/1.4750061

Real‐time, vibration‐compensated CO ₂ interferometer operation on the DIII‐D tokamak
journal, July 1988

Carlstrom, T. N.; Ahlgren, D. R.; Crosbie, J.
Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 59, Issue 7
DOI: 10.1063/1.1139726

Electron cyclotron emission radiometer upgrade on the DIII-D tokamak
journal, March 2003

Austin, M. E.; Lohr, J.
Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 74, Issue 3
DOI: 10.1063/1.1530387

Characterization of cross-section correction to charge exchange recombination spectroscopy rotation measurements using co- and counter-neutral-beam views
journal, October 2008

Solomon, W. M.; Burrell, K. H.; Feder, R.
Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 79, Issue 10
DOI: 10.1063/1.2957841

2D tomography with bolometry in DIII‐D ^a)
journal, February 1995

Leonard, A. W.; Meyer, W. H.; Geer, B.
Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 66, Issue 2
DOI: 10.1063/1.1146006

Simultaneous measurement of q and Er profiles using the motional Stark effect in high-performance DIII-D plasmas (invited)
journal, January 1999

Rice, B. W.; Nilson, D. G.; Burrell, K. H.
Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 70, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1063/1.1149317

Current relaxation time scales in toroidal plasmas
journal, February 1989

Mikkelsen, D. R.
Physics of Fluids B: Plasma Physics, Vol. 1, Issue 2
DOI: 10.1063/1.859146

Experimental constraints on transport from dimensionless parameter scaling studies
journal, May 1998

Petty, C. C.; Luce, T. C.; Baker, D. R.
Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 5, Issue 5
DOI: 10.1063/1.872838

Survey of theories of anomalous transport
journal, May 1994

Conner, J. W.; Wilson, H. R.
Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 36, Issue 5
DOI: 10.1088/0741-3335/36/5/002

Chapter 2: Plasma confinement and transport
journal, December 1999

Transport, ITER Physics Expert Group on Confin; Database, ITER Physics Expert Group on Confin; Editors, ITER Physics Basis
Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 39, Issue 12
DOI: 10.1088/0029-5515/39/12/302

Energy confinement scaling in Tokamaks: some implications of recent experiments with Ohmic and strong auxiliary heating
journal, January 1984

Goldston, Robert J.
Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 26, Issue 1A
DOI: 10.1088/0741-3335/26/1A/308

Scalings for tokamak energy confinement
journal, October 1990

Yushmanov, P. N.; Takizuka, T.; Riedel, K. S.
Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 30, Issue 10
DOI: 10.1088/0029-5515/30/10/001

Improved confinement in JET high β plasmas with an ITER-like wall
journal, April 2015

Challis, C. D.; Garcia, J.; Beurskens, M.
Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 55, Issue 5
DOI: 10.1088/0029-5515/55/5/053031

ITER predictions using the GYRO verified and experimentally validated trapped gyro-Landau fluid transport model
journal, June 2011

Kinsey, J. E.; Staebler, G. M.; Candy, J.
Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 51, Issue 8
DOI: 10.1088/0029-5515/51/8/083001

Critical gradient formula for toroidal electron temperature gradient modes
journal, September 2001

Jenko, F.; Dorland, W.; Hammett, G. W.
Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 8, Issue 9
DOI: 10.1063/1.1391261

Gyro-Landau fluid equations for trapped and passing particles
journal, October 2005

Staebler, G. M.; Kinsey, J. E.; Waltz, R. E.
Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 12, Issue 10
DOI: 10.1063/1.2044587

Particle transport in tokamak plasmas, theory and experiment
journal, November 2009

Angioni, C.; Fable, E.; Greenwald, M.
Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 51, Issue 12
DOI: 10.1088/0741-3335/51/12/124017

Neoclassical conductivity and bootstrap current formulas for general axisymmetric equilibria and arbitrary collisionality regime
journal, July 1999

Sauter, O.; Angioni, C.; Lin-Liu, Y. R.
Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 6, Issue 7
DOI: 10.1063/1.873240

The neo-classical transport theory of a plasma with multiple ion species
journal, August 1973

Connor, J. W.
Plasma Physics, Vol. 15, Issue 8
DOI: 10.1088/0032-1028/15/8/003

Overview of toroidal momentum transport
journal, August 2011

Peeters, A. G.; Angioni, C.; Bortolon, A.
Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 51, Issue 9
DOI: 10.1088/0029-5515/51/9/094027

Decay of poloidal rotation in a tokamak plasma
journal, January 1973

Stix, Thomas H.
Physics of Fluids, Vol. 16, Issue 8
DOI: 10.1063/1.1694506

High resolution main-ion charge exchange spectroscopy in the DIII-D H-mode pedestal
journal, September 2016

Grierson, B. A.; Burrell, K. H.; Chrystal, C.
Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 87, Issue 11
DOI: 10.1063/1.4960604

A Key to Improved Ion Core Confinement in the JET Tokamak: Ion Stiffness Mitigation due to Combined Plasma Rotation and Low Magnetic Shear
journal, September 2011

Mantica, P.; Angioni, C.; Challis, C.
Physical Review Letters, Vol. 107, Issue 13
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.107.135004

Nonlinear Stabilization of Tokamak Microturbulence by Fast Ions
journal, October 2013

Citrin, J.; Jenko, F.; Mantica, P.
Physical Review Letters, Vol. 111, Issue 15
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.155001

Dependence of Heat and Particle Transport on the Ratio of the Ion and Electron Temperatures
journal, November 1999

Petty, C. C.; Wade, M. R.; Kinsey, J. E.
Physical Review Letters, Vol. 83, Issue 18
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.83.3661

Scaling of heat transport with beta in the DIII-D tokamak
journal, August 1998

Petty, C. C.; Luce, T. C.; DeBoo, J. C.
Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 38, Issue 8
DOI: 10.1088/0029-5515/38/8/306

The beta scaling of energy confinement in ELMy H-modes in JET
journal, April 2004

McDonald, D. C.; Cordey, J. G.; Petty, C. C.
Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 46, Issue 5A
DOI: 10.1088/0741-3335/46/5A/023

The tokamak Monte Carlo fast ion module NUBEAM in the National Transport Code Collaboration library
journal, June 2004

Pankin, Alexei; McCune, Douglas; Andre, Robert
Computer Physics Communications, Vol. 159, Issue 3
DOI: 10.1016/j.cpc.2003.11.002

Heating of toroidal plasmas by neutral injection
journal, April 1972

Stix, T. H.
Plasma Physics, Vol. 14, Issue 4
DOI: 10.1088/0032-1028/14/4/002

Optimization of Steady-State Beam-Driven Tokamak Reactors
journal, September 1983

Mikkelsen, David R.; Singer, Clifford E.
Nuclear Technology - Fusion, Vol. 4, Issue 2P1
DOI: 10.13182/FST83-A22816

New techniques for calculating heat and particle source rates due to neutral beam injection in axisymmetric tokamaks
journal, September 1981

Goldston, R. J.; McCune, D. C.; Towner, H. H.
Journal of Computational Physics, Vol. 43, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1016/0021-9991(81)90111-X

Works referencing / citing this record:

Heat transport driven by the ion temperature gradient and electron temperature gradient instabilities in ASDEX Upgrade H-modes
journal, August 2019

Ryter, F.; Angioni, C.; Dunne, M.
Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 59, Issue 9
DOI: 10.1088/1741-4326/ab3061

Similar Records in DOE PAGES and OSTI.GOV collections:

DIII-D research towards resolving key issues for ITER and steady-state tokamaks

Journal Article Hill, D. N. - Nuclear Fusion

The DIII-D research program is addressing key ITER research needs and developing the physics basis for future steady-state tokamaks. Pellet pacing edge-localized mode (ELM) control in the ITER configuration reduces ELM energy loss in proportion to 1/f_pellet by inducing ELMs at up to 12× the natural ELM rate. Complete suppression of ELMs with resonant magnetic perturbations has been extended to the q₉₅ expected for ITER baseline scenario discharges, and long-duration ELM-free QH-mode discharges have been produced with ITER-relevant co-current neutral-beam injection (NBI) using external n = 3 coils to generate sufficient counter-I_p torque. ITER baseline discharges at β_N ~ 2 and scaled NBI torque have been maintained in stationary conditions for more than four resistive times using electron cyclotron current drive (ECCD) for tearing mode suppression and disruption avoidance; active tracking with steerable launchers and feedback control catch these modes at small amplitude, reducing the ECCD power required to suppress them. Massive high-Z gas injection into disruption-induced 300–600 kA 20MeV runaway electron (RE) beams yield dissipation rates ~10more »« less
https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104001

Full Text Available
Stationary QH-mode plasmas with high and wide pedestal at low rotation on DIII-D

Journal Article Chen, Xi ; Burrell, K. H. ; Osborne, T. H. ; ... - Nuclear Fusion

A stationary, quiescent H-mode (QH-mode) regime with a wide pedestal and improved confinement at low rotation has been discovered on DIII-D with reactor relevant edge parameters and no ELMs. As the injected neutral beam torque is ramped down and the edge ExB rotation shear reduces, the transition from standard QH to the wide pedestal QH-mode occurs. And at the transition, the coherent edge harmonic oscillations (EHO) that usually regulate the standard QH edge cease and broadband edge MHD modes appear along with a rapid increase in the pedestal pressure height (by ≤60%) and width (by ≤50%). We posit that themore »« less
Cited by 7
https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/57/2/022007

Full Text Available
The Center for Momentum Transport and Flow Organization in Plasmas - Final Scientific Report

Technical Report Munsat, Tobin

Overview of University of Colorado Efforts: The University of Colorado group has focused on two primary fronts during the grant period: development of a variety of multi-point diagnostic and/or imaging analysis techniques, and momentum-transport related experiments on a variety of devices (NSTX at PPPL, CSDX at UCSD, LAPD at UCLA, DIII-D at GA). Experimental work has taken advantage of several diagnostic instruments, including fast-framing cameras for imaging of electron density fluctuations (either directly or using injected gas puffs), ECEI for imaging of electron temperature fluctuations, and multi-tipped Langmuir and magnetic probes for corroborating measurements of Reynolds and Maxwell stresses. Modemore »« less
https://doi.org/10.2172/1251615

Full Text Available
Turbulent particle transport as a function of toroidal rotation in DIII-D H-mode plasmas

Journal Article Wang, Xin ; Mordijck, Saskia ; Zeng, Lei ; ... - Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion

In this paper we show how changes in toroidal rotation, by controlling the injected torque, affect particle transport and confinement. The toroidal rotation is altered using the co- and counter neutral beam injection (NBI) in low collisionality H-mode plasmas on DIII-D with dominant electron cyclotron heating (ECH). We find that there is no correlation between the toroidal rotation shear and the inverse density gradient, which is observed on AUG whenmore »« less
Cited by 9
https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/58/4/045026

Full Text Available
Electron temperature critical gradient and transport stiffness in DIII-D

Journal Article Smith, Sterling P. ; Petty, Clinton C. ; White, Anne E. ; ... - Nuclear Fusion

The electron energy flux has been probed as a function of electron temperature gradient on the DIII-D tokamak, in a continuing effort to validate turbulent transport models. In the scan of gradient, a critical electron temperature gradient has been found in the electron heat fluxes and stiffness at various radii in L-mode plasmas. The TGLF reduced turbulent transport model [G.M. Staebler et al, Phys. Plasmas 14, 055909 (2007)] and full gyrokinetic GYRO model [J. Candy and R.E. Waltz, J. Comput. Phys. 186, 545 (2003)] recover the general trend of increasing electron energy flux with increasing electron temperature gradient scale length,more »« less
Cited by 17
https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083011

Full Text Available

Similar Records

Title: Experimental challenges to stiffness as a transport paradigm

Abstract

Citation Formats

Maximum entropy Tokamak configurations journal, October 1990

Anomalous pinch flux in tokamaks driven by the longitudinal adiabatic invariant journal, August 1995

The linear threshold of the ion‐temperature‐gradient‐driven mode journal, February 1993

Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first‐principles simulations with kinetic effects journal, June 1995

A gyro-Landau-fluid transport model journal, July 1997

Electron profile stiffness and critical gradient studies journal, August 2012

Real‐time, vibration‐compensated CO 2 interferometer operation on the DIII‐D tokamak journal, July 1988

Electron cyclotron emission radiometer upgrade on the DIII-D tokamak journal, March 2003

Characterization of cross-section correction to charge exchange recombination spectroscopy rotation measurements using co- and counter-neutral-beam views journal, October 2008

2D tomography with bolometry in DIII‐D a) journal, February 1995

Simultaneous measurement of q and Er profiles using the motional Stark effect in high-performance DIII-D plasmas (invited) journal, January 1999

Current relaxation time scales in toroidal plasmas journal, February 1989

Experimental constraints on transport from dimensionless parameter scaling studies journal, May 1998

Survey of theories of anomalous transport journal, May 1994

Chapter 2: Plasma confinement and transport journal, December 1999

Energy confinement scaling in Tokamaks: some implications of recent experiments with Ohmic and strong auxiliary heating journal, January 1984

Scalings for tokamak energy confinement journal, October 1990

Improved confinement in JET high β plasmas with an ITER-like wall journal, April 2015

ITER predictions using the GYRO verified and experimentally validated trapped gyro-Landau fluid transport model journal, June 2011

Critical gradient formula for toroidal electron temperature gradient modes journal, September 2001

Gyro-Landau fluid equations for trapped and passing particles journal, October 2005

Particle transport in tokamak plasmas, theory and experiment journal, November 2009

Neoclassical conductivity and bootstrap current formulas for general axisymmetric equilibria and arbitrary collisionality regime journal, July 1999

The neo-classical transport theory of a plasma with multiple ion species journal, August 1973

Overview of toroidal momentum transport journal, August 2011

Decay of poloidal rotation in a tokamak plasma journal, January 1973

High resolution main-ion charge exchange spectroscopy in the DIII-D H-mode pedestal journal, September 2016

A Key to Improved Ion Core Confinement in the JET Tokamak: Ion Stiffness Mitigation due to Combined Plasma Rotation and Low Magnetic Shear journal, September 2011

Nonlinear Stabilization of Tokamak Microturbulence by Fast Ions journal, October 2013

Dependence of Heat and Particle Transport on the Ratio of the Ion and Electron Temperatures journal, November 1999

Scaling of heat transport with beta in the DIII-D tokamak journal, August 1998

The beta scaling of energy confinement in ELMy H-modes in JET journal, April 2004

The tokamak Monte Carlo fast ion module NUBEAM in the National Transport Code Collaboration library journal, June 2004

Heating of toroidal plasmas by neutral injection journal, April 1972

Optimization of Steady-State Beam-Driven Tokamak Reactors journal, September 1983

New techniques for calculating heat and particle source rates due to neutral beam injection in axisymmetric tokamaks journal, September 1981

Heat transport driven by the ion temperature gradient and electron temperature gradient instabilities in ASDEX Upgrade H-modes journal, August 2019

Maximum entropy Tokamak configurations
journal, October 1990

Anomalous pinch flux in tokamaks driven by the longitudinal adiabatic invariant
journal, August 1995

The linear threshold of the ion‐temperature‐gradient‐driven mode
journal, February 1993

Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first‐principles simulations with kinetic effects
journal, June 1995

A gyro-Landau-fluid transport model
journal, July 1997

Electron profile stiffness and critical gradient studies
journal, August 2012

Real‐time, vibration‐compensated CO ₂ interferometer operation on the DIII‐D tokamak
journal, July 1988

Electron cyclotron emission radiometer upgrade on the DIII-D tokamak
journal, March 2003

Characterization of cross-section correction to charge exchange recombination spectroscopy rotation measurements using co- and counter-neutral-beam views
journal, October 2008

2D tomography with bolometry in DIII‐D ^a)
journal, February 1995

Simultaneous measurement of q and Er profiles using the motional Stark effect in high-performance DIII-D plasmas (invited)
journal, January 1999

Current relaxation time scales in toroidal plasmas
journal, February 1989

Experimental constraints on transport from dimensionless parameter scaling studies
journal, May 1998

Survey of theories of anomalous transport
journal, May 1994

Chapter 2: Plasma confinement and transport
journal, December 1999

Energy confinement scaling in Tokamaks: some implications of recent experiments with Ohmic and strong auxiliary heating
journal, January 1984

Scalings for tokamak energy confinement
journal, October 1990

Improved confinement in JET high β plasmas with an ITER-like wall
journal, April 2015

ITER predictions using the GYRO verified and experimentally validated trapped gyro-Landau fluid transport model
journal, June 2011

Critical gradient formula for toroidal electron temperature gradient modes
journal, September 2001

Gyro-Landau fluid equations for trapped and passing particles
journal, October 2005

Particle transport in tokamak plasmas, theory and experiment
journal, November 2009

Neoclassical conductivity and bootstrap current formulas for general axisymmetric equilibria and arbitrary collisionality regime
journal, July 1999

The neo-classical transport theory of a plasma with multiple ion species
journal, August 1973

Overview of toroidal momentum transport
journal, August 2011

Decay of poloidal rotation in a tokamak plasma
journal, January 1973

High resolution main-ion charge exchange spectroscopy in the DIII-D H-mode pedestal
journal, September 2016

A Key to Improved Ion Core Confinement in the JET Tokamak: Ion Stiffness Mitigation due to Combined Plasma Rotation and Low Magnetic Shear
journal, September 2011

Nonlinear Stabilization of Tokamak Microturbulence by Fast Ions
journal, October 2013

Dependence of Heat and Particle Transport on the Ratio of the Ion and Electron Temperatures
journal, November 1999

Scaling of heat transport with beta in the DIII-D tokamak
journal, August 1998

The beta scaling of energy confinement in ELMy H-modes in JET
journal, April 2004

The tokamak Monte Carlo fast ion module NUBEAM in the National Transport Code Collaboration library
journal, June 2004

Heating of toroidal plasmas by neutral injection
journal, April 1972

Optimization of Steady-State Beam-Driven Tokamak Reactors
journal, September 1983

New techniques for calculating heat and particle source rates due to neutral beam injection in axisymmetric tokamaks
journal, September 1981

Heat transport driven by the ion temperature gradient and electron temperature gradient instabilities in ASDEX Upgrade H-modes
journal, August 2019