Developed turbulence and nonlinear amplification of magnetic fields in laboratory and astrophysical plasmas

Meinecke, Jena; Tzeferacos, Petros; Bell, Anthony; Bingham, Robert; Clarke, Robert; Churazov, Eugene; Crowston, Robert; Doyle, Hugo; Drake, R. Paul; Heathcote, Robert; Koenig, Michel; Kuramitsu, Yasuhiro; Kuranz, Carolyn; Lee, Dongwook; MacDonald, Michael; Murphy, Christopher; Notley, Margaret; Park, Hye-Sook; Pelka, Alexander; Ravasio, Alessandra; Reville, Brian; Sakawa, Youichi; Wan, Willow; Woolsey, Nigel; Yurchak, Roman; Miniati, Francesco; Schekochihin, Alexander; Lamb, Don; Gregori, Gianluca

doi:10.1073/pnas.1502079112

Title: Developed turbulence and nonlinear amplification of magnetic fields in laboratory and astrophysical plasmas

Abstract

The visible matter in the universe is turbulent and magnetized. Turbulence in galaxy clusters is produced by mergers and by jets of the central galaxies and believed responsible for the amplification of magnetic fields. We report on experiments looking at the collision of two laser-produced plasma clouds, mimicking, in the laboratory, a cluster merger event. By measuring the spectrum of the density fluctuations, we infer developed, Kolmogorov-like turbulence. From spectral line broadening, we estimate a level of turbulence consistent with turbulent heating balancing radiative cooling, as it likely does in galaxy clusters. We show that the magnetic field is amplified by turbulent motions, reaching a nonlinear regime that is a precursor to turbulent dynamo. Thus, our experiment provides a promising platform for understanding the structure of turbulence and the amplification of magnetic fields in the universe.

Authors:

Meinecke, Jena ^[1]; Tzeferacos, Petros ^[2]; Bell, Anthony ^[1]; Bingham, Robert ^[3]; Clarke, Robert ^[4]; Churazov, Eugene ^[5]; Crowston, Robert ^[6]; Doyle, Hugo ^[1];

^[7]; Heathcote, Robert ^[4]; Koenig, Michel ^[8]; Kuramitsu, Yasuhiro ^[9]; Kuranz, Carolyn ^[7]; Lee, Dongwook ^[10]; MacDonald, Michael ^[7]; Murphy, Christopher ^[6]; Notley, Margaret ^[4]; Park, Hye-Sook ^[11]; Pelka, Alexander ^[12]; Ravasio, Alessandra ^[8] more »

Univ. of Oxford (United Kingdom)
Univ. of Chicago, IL (United States)
Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), Oxford (United Kingdom). Rutherford Appleton Lab. (RAL); Univ. of Strathclyde, Glasgow (United Kingdom)
Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), Oxford (United Kingdom). Rutherford Appleton Lab. (RAL)
Max Planck Society, Garching (Germany). Max Planck Inst. for Astrophysics; Space Research Inst., Moscow (Russia)
Univ. of York (United Kingdom)
Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI (United States)
Univ. Paris Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau (France)
Osaka Univ. (Japan); National Central Univ., Taoyuan (Taiwan)
Univ. of California, Santa Cruz, CA (United States)
Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)
Univ. Paris Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau (France); Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, (Germany)
Queen's Univ., Belfast, Northern Ireland (United Kingdom)
Osaka Univ. (Japan)
ETH Zurich (Switzerland)
Univ. of Oxford (United Kingdom); Univ. of Chicago, IL (United States)

Publication Date:: Mon Jun 22 00:00:00 EDT 2015

Research Org.:: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE

OSTI Identifier:: 1414370

Report Number(s):: LLNL-JRNL-742436
Journal ID: ISSN 0027-8424

Grant/Contract Number:: AC52-07NA27344

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 112; Journal Issue: 27; Journal ID: ISSN 0027-8424

Publisher:: National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC (United States)

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 42 ENGINEERING; 79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS; 70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION; Galaxy clusters; laboratory analogues; lasers; magnetic fields; turbulence

Citation Formats


                    Meinecke, Jena, Tzeferacos, Petros, Bell, Anthony, Bingham, Robert, Clarke, Robert, Churazov, Eugene, Crowston, Robert, Doyle, Hugo, Drake, R. Paul, Heathcote, Robert, Koenig, Michel, Kuramitsu, Yasuhiro, Kuranz, Carolyn, Lee, Dongwook, MacDonald, Michael, Murphy, Christopher, Notley, Margaret, Park, Hye-Sook, Pelka, Alexander, Ravasio, Alessandra, Reville, Brian, Sakawa, Youichi, Wan, Willow, Woolsey, Nigel, Yurchak, Roman, Miniati, Francesco, Schekochihin, Alexander, Lamb, Don, and Gregori, Gianluca. Developed turbulence and nonlinear amplification of magnetic fields in laboratory and astrophysical plasmas.  United States: N. p., 2015. 
Web.  doi:10.1073/pnas.1502079112.

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                    Meinecke, Jena, Tzeferacos, Petros, Bell, Anthony, Bingham, Robert, Clarke, Robert, Churazov, Eugene, Crowston, Robert, Doyle, Hugo, Drake, R. Paul, Heathcote, Robert, Koenig, Michel, Kuramitsu, Yasuhiro, Kuranz, Carolyn, Lee, Dongwook, MacDonald, Michael, Murphy, Christopher, Notley, Margaret, Park, Hye-Sook, Pelka, Alexander, Ravasio, Alessandra, Reville, Brian, Sakawa, Youichi, Wan, Willow, Woolsey, Nigel, Yurchak, Roman, Miniati, Francesco, Schekochihin, Alexander, Lamb, Don, & Gregori, Gianluca. Developed turbulence and nonlinear amplification of magnetic fields in laboratory and astrophysical plasmas.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1502079112

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                    Meinecke, Jena, Tzeferacos, Petros, Bell, Anthony, Bingham, Robert, Clarke, Robert, Churazov, Eugene, Crowston, Robert, Doyle, Hugo, Drake, R. Paul, Heathcote, Robert, Koenig, Michel, Kuramitsu, Yasuhiro, Kuranz, Carolyn, Lee, Dongwook, MacDonald, Michael, Murphy, Christopher, Notley, Margaret, Park, Hye-Sook, Pelka, Alexander, Ravasio, Alessandra, Reville, Brian, Sakawa, Youichi, Wan, Willow, Woolsey, Nigel, Yurchak, Roman, Miniati, Francesco, Schekochihin, Alexander, Lamb, Don, and Gregori, Gianluca. Mon .  
"Developed turbulence and nonlinear amplification of magnetic fields in laboratory and astrophysical plasmas".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1502079112.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1414370.

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@article{osti_1414370,

  title        = {Developed turbulence and nonlinear amplification of magnetic fields in laboratory and astrophysical plasmas},

  author       = {Meinecke, Jena and Tzeferacos, Petros and Bell, Anthony and Bingham, Robert and Clarke, Robert and Churazov, Eugene and Crowston, Robert and Doyle, Hugo and Drake, R. Paul and Heathcote, Robert and Koenig, Michel and Kuramitsu, Yasuhiro and Kuranz, Carolyn and Lee, Dongwook and MacDonald, Michael and Murphy, Christopher and Notley, Margaret and Park, Hye-Sook and Pelka, Alexander and Ravasio, Alessandra and Reville, Brian and Sakawa, Youichi and Wan, Willow and Woolsey, Nigel and Yurchak, Roman and Miniati, Francesco and Schekochihin, Alexander and Lamb, Don and Gregori, Gianluca},

  abstractNote = {The visible matter in the universe is turbulent and magnetized. Turbulence in galaxy clusters is produced by mergers and by jets of the central galaxies and believed responsible for the amplification of magnetic fields. We report on experiments looking at the collision of two laser-produced plasma clouds, mimicking, in the laboratory, a cluster merger event. By measuring the spectrum of the density fluctuations, we infer developed, Kolmogorov-like turbulence. From spectral line broadening, we estimate a level of turbulence consistent with turbulent heating balancing radiative cooling, as it likely does in galaxy clusters. We show that the magnetic field is amplified by turbulent motions, reaching a nonlinear regime that is a precursor to turbulent dynamo. Thus, our experiment provides a promising platform for understanding the structure of turbulence and the amplification of magnetic fields in the universe.},

  doi          = {10.1073/pnas.1502079112},

  journal      = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},

  number       = 27,

  volume       = 112,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Mon Jun 22 00:00:00 EDT 2015},

  month        = {Mon Jun 22 00:00:00 EDT 2015}

}

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THE SMALL-SCALE DYNAMO AND NON-IDEAL MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMICS IN PRIMORDIAL STAR FORMATION

Journal Article Schober, Jennifer ; Federrath, Christoph ; Glover, Simon ; ... - Astrophysical Journal

We study the amplification of magnetic fields during the formation of primordial halos. The turbulence generated by gravitational infall motions during the formation of the first stars and galaxies can amplify magnetic fields very efficiently and on short timescales up to dynamically significant values. Using the Kazantsev theory, which describes the so-called small-scale dynamo-a magnetohydrodynamical process converting kinetic energy from turbulence into magnetic energy-we can then calculate the growth rate of the small-scale magnetic field. Our calculations are based on a detailed chemical network and we include non-ideal magnetohydrodynamical effects such as ambipolar diffusion and Ohmic dissipation. We follow themore »« less
https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/754/2/99
EVOLUTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF MAGNETIC FIELDS FROM ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI IN GALAXY CLUSTERS. I. THE EFFECT OF INJECTION ENERGY AND REDSHIFT

Journal Article Hao, Xu ; Hui, Li ; Shengtai, Li ; ... - Astrophysical Journal

We present a series of cosmological magnetohydrodynamic simulations that simultaneously follow the formation of a galaxy cluster and evolution of magnetic fields ejected by an active galactic nucleus (AGN). Specifically, we investigate the influence of both the epoch of the AGN (z {approx} 3-0.5) and the AGN energy ({approx}3 x 10{sup 57}- 2 x 10{sup 60} erg) on the final magnetic field distribution in a relatively massive cluster (M{sub vir} {approx} 10{sup 15} M{sub sun}). We find that as long as the AGN magnetic fields are ejected before the major mergers in the cluster formation history, magnetic fields can bemore »« less
https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/725/2/2152

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Title: Developed turbulence and nonlinear amplification of magnetic fields in laboratory and astrophysical plasmas

Abstract

Citation Formats

Extensible component-based architecture for FLASH, a massively parallel, multiphysics simulation code journal, October 2009

FLASH: An Adaptive Mesh Hydrodynamics Code for Modeling Astrophysical Thermonuclear Flashes journal, November 2000

HELIOS-CR – A 1-D radiation-magnetohydrodynamics code with inline atomic kinetics modeling journal, May 2006

The Matryoshka run: a Eulerian Refinement Strategy to Study the Statistics of Turbulence in Virialized Cosmic Structures journal, January 2014

Scaling of Magneto-Quantum-Radiative Hydrodynamic Equations: from Laser-Produced Plasmas to Astrophysics journal, October 2014

A solution accurate, efficient and stable unsplit staggered mesh scheme for three dimensional magnetohydrodynamics journal, June 2013

An approximate method for calculating Planck and Rosseland mean opacities in hot, dense plasmas journal, November 1987

The amplification of a weak applied magnetic field by turbulence in fluids of moderate conductivity journal, December 1961

Nonrelativistic Collisionless Shocks in Unmagnetized Electron-Ion Plasmas journal, June 2008

FLASH magnetohydrodynamic simulations of shock-generated magnetic field experiments journal, December 2012

Fluctuation dynamo and turbulent induction at low magnetic Prandtl numbers journal, August 2007

Probing turbulence in the Coma galaxy cluster journal, October 2004

Generation of scaled protogalactic seed magnetic fields in laser-produced shock waves journal, January 2012

Resistive Magnetic Field Generation at Cosmic dawn journal, February 2011

X-ray surface brightness and gas density fluctuations in the Coma cluster: X-ray surface brightness fluctuations in the Coma cluster journal, January 2012

Turbulence, magnetic fields, and plasma physics in clusters of galaxies journal, May 2006

Cluster Magnetic Fields from Large-Scale Structure and Galaxy Cluster Shocks journal, April 2006

On the thermal instability of galactic and cluster halos journal, August 1987

Turbulence and Magnetic Fields in the Large-Scale Structure of the Universe journal, May 2008

Turbulent amplification of magnetic fields in laboratory laser-produced shock waves journal, June 2014

Strong magnetic fields in normal galaxies at high redshift journal, July 2008

Magnetic fields from reionisation journal, November 2005

Cosmological magnetic fields: their generation, evolution and observation journal, June 2013

The Relation Between gas Density and Velocity Power Spectra in Galaxy Clusters: Qualitative Treatment and Cosmological Simulations journal, May 2014

Schlieren and Shadowgraph Techniques book, January 2001

Magnetic Fields in Clusters of Galaxies journal, September 2004

Collisionless shock experiments with lasers and observation of Weibel instabilitiesa) journal, May 2015

Similarity Criteria for the Laboratory Simulation of Supernova Hydrodynamics journal, June 1999

Design Considerations for Unmagnetized Collisionless-Shock Measurements in Homologous Flows journal, April 2012

Turbulence and star formation in molecular clouds journal, April 1981

On the universality of supersonic turbulence journal, September 2013

Studying astrophysical collisionless shocks with counterstreaming plasmas from high power lasers journal, March 2012

Properties of Cosmic Shock Waves in Large‐Scale Structure Formation journal, October 2000

Observation of magnetic field generation via the Weibel instability in interpenetrating plasma flows journal, January 2015

Modeling HEDLA magnetic field generation experiments on laser facilities journal, March 2013

FLASH MHD simulations of experiments that study shock-generated magnetic fields journal, December 2015

Generation of Magnetic Fields in the Radiation ERA journal, March 1970

Review paper A5. Data needs, priorities and accuracies for plasma spectroscopy journal, February 1978

Equation of state and phase diagram of dense hydrogen journal, January 1972

Turbulent heating in galaxy clusters brightest in X-rays journal, October 2014

Magnetic fields in galaxies and beyond journal, January 1997

SPECT3D – A multi-dimensional collisional-radiative code for generating diagnostic signatures based on hydrodynamics and PIC simulation output journal, May 2007

The reflexion coefficients of ionospheric regions. journal, February 1938

Cosmological Magnetic Field Generation by the Weibel Instability journal, December 2003

An HLLC Riemann solver for magneto-hydrodynamics journal, February 2005

Magnetic fields in clusters of galaxies journal, December 2004

Hydromagnetic Dynamo Models. journal, July 1955

Über den Ursprung der Magnetfelder auf Sternen und im interstellaren Raum journal, February 1950

Fluctuation dynamo and turbulent induction at low magnetic Prandtl numbers text, January 2007

Strong magnetic fields in normal galaxies at high redshifts text, January 2008

Resistive Magnetic Field Generation at Cosmic Dawn text, January 2010

A Solution Accurate, Efficient and Stable Unsplit Staggered Mesh Scheme for Three Dimensional Magnetohydrodynamics text, January 2013

The relation between gas density and velocity power spectra in galaxy clusters: qualitative treatment and cosmological simulations text, January 2014

Magnetic Field in Clusters of Galaxies text, January 2004

Magnetic fields from reionisation text, January 2005

Laboratory evidence of dynamo amplification of magnetic fields in a turbulent plasma journal, February 2018

Laboratory evidence of dynamo amplification of magnetic fields in a turbulent plasma text, January 2018

Analytical estimates of proton acceleration in laser-produced turbulent plasmas journal, November 2018

The dividends of investing in computational software design: A case study journal, November 2017

Analytical Estimates of Proton Acceleration in Laser-produced Turbulent Plasmas image, January 2018

Numerical simulation of turbulence and terahertz magnetosonic waves generation in collisionless plasmas journal, January 2018

Identifying the linear phase of the relativistic Kelvin-Helmholtz instability and measuring its growth rate via radiation journal, July 2017

Supersonic plasma turbulence in the laboratory journal, April 2019

Analytical Estimates of Proton Acceleration in Laser-produced Turbulent Plasmas image, January 2018

Magnetic turbulence in a table-top laser-plasma relevant to astrophysical scenarios journal, June 2017

Laboratory evidence of dynamo amplification of magnetic fields in a turbulent plasma text, January 2017

Magnetic Field Amplification in Galaxy Clusters and Its Simulation journal, November 2018

Magnetic turbulence in a table-top laser-plasma relevant to astrophysical scenarios journal, June 2017

Supersonic plasma turbulence in the laboratory journal, April 2019

Laboratory evidence of dynamo amplification of magnetic fields in a turbulent plasma text, January 2017

Evidence of a "current-mediated" turbulent regime in space and astrophysical plasmas preprint, January 2020

Extensible component-based architecture for FLASH, a massively parallel, multiphysics simulation code
journal, October 2009

FLASH: An Adaptive Mesh Hydrodynamics Code for Modeling Astrophysical Thermonuclear Flashes
journal, November 2000

HELIOS-CR – A 1-D radiation-magnetohydrodynamics code with inline atomic kinetics modeling
journal, May 2006

The Matryoshka run: a Eulerian Refinement Strategy to Study the Statistics of Turbulence in Virialized Cosmic Structures
journal, January 2014

Scaling of Magneto-Quantum-Radiative Hydrodynamic Equations: from Laser-Produced Plasmas to Astrophysics
journal, October 2014

A solution accurate, efficient and stable unsplit staggered mesh scheme for three dimensional magnetohydrodynamics
journal, June 2013

An approximate method for calculating Planck and Rosseland mean opacities in hot, dense plasmas
journal, November 1987

The amplification of a weak applied magnetic field by turbulence in fluids of moderate conductivity
journal, December 1961

Nonrelativistic Collisionless Shocks in Unmagnetized Electron-Ion Plasmas
journal, June 2008

FLASH magnetohydrodynamic simulations of shock-generated magnetic field experiments
journal, December 2012

Fluctuation dynamo and turbulent induction at low magnetic Prandtl numbers
journal, August 2007

Probing turbulence in the Coma galaxy cluster
journal, October 2004

Generation of scaled protogalactic seed magnetic fields in laser-produced shock waves
journal, January 2012

Resistive Magnetic Field Generation at Cosmic dawn
journal, February 2011

X-ray surface brightness and gas density fluctuations in the Coma cluster: X-ray surface brightness fluctuations in the Coma cluster
journal, January 2012

Turbulence, magnetic fields, and plasma physics in clusters of galaxies
journal, May 2006

Cluster Magnetic Fields from Large-Scale Structure and Galaxy Cluster Shocks
journal, April 2006

On the thermal instability of galactic and cluster halos
journal, August 1987

Turbulence and Magnetic Fields in the Large-Scale Structure of the Universe
journal, May 2008

Turbulent amplification of magnetic fields in laboratory laser-produced shock waves
journal, June 2014

Strong magnetic fields in normal galaxies at high redshift
journal, July 2008

Magnetic fields from reionisation
journal, November 2005

Cosmological magnetic fields: their generation, evolution and observation
journal, June 2013

The Relation Between gas Density and Velocity Power Spectra in Galaxy Clusters: Qualitative Treatment and Cosmological Simulations
journal, May 2014

Schlieren and Shadowgraph Techniques
book, January 2001

Magnetic Fields in Clusters of Galaxies
journal, September 2004

Collisionless shock experiments with lasers and observation of Weibel instabilitiesa)
journal, May 2015

Similarity Criteria for the Laboratory Simulation of Supernova Hydrodynamics
journal, June 1999

Design Considerations for Unmagnetized Collisionless-Shock Measurements in Homologous Flows
journal, April 2012

Turbulence and star formation in molecular clouds
journal, April 1981

On the universality of supersonic turbulence
journal, September 2013

Studying astrophysical collisionless shocks with counterstreaming plasmas from high power lasers
journal, March 2012

Properties of Cosmic Shock Waves in Large‐Scale Structure Formation
journal, October 2000

Observation of magnetic field generation via the Weibel instability in interpenetrating plasma flows
journal, January 2015

Modeling HEDLA magnetic field generation experiments on laser facilities
journal, March 2013

FLASH MHD simulations of experiments that study shock-generated magnetic fields
journal, December 2015

Generation of Magnetic Fields in the Radiation ERA
journal, March 1970

Review paper A5. Data needs, priorities and accuracies for plasma spectroscopy
journal, February 1978

Equation of state and phase diagram of dense hydrogen
journal, January 1972

Turbulent heating in galaxy clusters brightest in X-rays
journal, October 2014

Magnetic fields in galaxies and beyond
journal, January 1997

SPECT3D – A multi-dimensional collisional-radiative code for generating diagnostic signatures based on hydrodynamics and PIC simulation output
journal, May 2007

The reflexion coefficients of ionospheric regions.
journal, February 1938

Cosmological Magnetic Field Generation by the Weibel Instability
journal, December 2003

An HLLC Riemann solver for magneto-hydrodynamics
journal, February 2005

Magnetic fields in clusters of galaxies
journal, December 2004

Hydromagnetic Dynamo Models.
journal, July 1955

Über den Ursprung der Magnetfelder auf Sternen und im interstellaren Raum
journal, February 1950

Fluctuation dynamo and turbulent induction at low magnetic Prandtl numbers
text, January 2007

Strong magnetic fields in normal galaxies at high redshifts
text, January 2008

Resistive Magnetic Field Generation at Cosmic Dawn
text, January 2010

A Solution Accurate, Efficient and Stable Unsplit Staggered Mesh Scheme for Three Dimensional Magnetohydrodynamics
text, January 2013

The relation between gas density and velocity power spectra in galaxy clusters: qualitative treatment and cosmological simulations
text, January 2014

Magnetic Field in Clusters of Galaxies
text, January 2004

Magnetic fields from reionisation
text, January 2005

Laboratory evidence of dynamo amplification of magnetic fields in a turbulent plasma
journal, February 2018

Laboratory evidence of dynamo amplification of magnetic fields in a turbulent plasma
text, January 2018

Analytical estimates of proton acceleration in laser-produced turbulent plasmas
journal, November 2018

The dividends of investing in computational software design: A case study
journal, November 2017

Analytical Estimates of Proton Acceleration in Laser-produced Turbulent Plasmas
image, January 2018

Numerical simulation of turbulence and terahertz magnetosonic waves generation in collisionless plasmas
journal, January 2018

Identifying the linear phase of the relativistic Kelvin-Helmholtz instability and measuring its growth rate via radiation
journal, July 2017

Supersonic plasma turbulence in the laboratory
journal, April 2019

Analytical Estimates of Proton Acceleration in Laser-produced Turbulent Plasmas
image, January 2018

Magnetic turbulence in a table-top laser-plasma relevant to astrophysical scenarios
journal, June 2017

Laboratory evidence of dynamo amplification of magnetic fields in a turbulent plasma
text, January 2017

Magnetic Field Amplification in Galaxy Clusters and Its Simulation
journal, November 2018

Magnetic turbulence in a table-top laser-plasma relevant to astrophysical scenarios
journal, June 2017

Supersonic plasma turbulence in the laboratory
journal, April 2019

Laboratory evidence of dynamo amplification of magnetic fields in a turbulent plasma
text, January 2017

Evidence of a "current-mediated" turbulent regime in space and astrophysical plasmas
preprint, January 2020