Title: Verification and validation of a rapid heat transfer calculation methodology for transient melt pool solidification conditions in powder bed metal additive manufacturing

Abstract

A fundamental understanding of spatial and temporal thermal distributions is crucial for predicting solidification and solid-state microstructural development in parts made by additive manufacturing. While sophisticated numerical techniques that are based on finite element or finite volume methods are useful for gaining insight into these phenomena at the length scale of the melt pool (100 - 500 µm), they are ill-suited for predicting engineering trends over full part cross-sections (> 10 x 10 cm) or many layers over long process times (> many days) due to the necessity of fully resolving the heat source characteristics. On the other hand, it is extremely difficult to resolve the highly dynamic nature of the process using purely in-situ characterization techniques. This article proposes a pragmatic alternative based on a semi-analytical approach to predicting the transient heat conduction during powder bed metal additive manufacturing process. The model calculations were theoretically verified for selective laser melting of AlSi10Mg and electron beam melting of IN718 powders for simple cross-sectional geometries and the transient results are compared to steady state predictions from the Rosenthal equation. It is shown that the transient effects of the scan strategy create significant variations in the melt pool geometry and solid-liquid interfacemore » velocity, especially as the thermal diffusivity of the material decreases and the pre-heat of the process increases. With positive verification of the strategy, the model was then experimentally validated to simulate two point-melt scan strategies during electron beam melting of IN718, one intended to produce a columnar and one an equiaxed grain structure. Lastly, through comparison of the solidification conditions (i.e. transient and spatial variations of thermal gradient and liquid-solid interface velocity) predicted by the model to phenomenological CET theory, the model accurately predicted the experimental grain structures.« less

Authors:

Plotkowski, A. ^[1]; Kirka, M. M. ^[2]; Babu, S. S. ^[3]

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+ Show Author Affiliations

1. Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (United States). Dept. of Mechanical,Aerospace and Biomedical Engineering
2. Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States). Manufacturing Demonstration Facility; Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States). Materials Science & Technology Division
3. Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (United States). Dept. of Mechanical,Aerospace and Biomedical Engineering; Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States). Manufacturing Demonstration Facility; Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States). Energy and Transportation Science Division

Publication Date:

Mon Oct 16 00:00:00 EDT 2017

Research Org.:

Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:

USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Energy Efficiency Office. Advanced Manufacturing Office

OSTI Identifier:

1408593

Alternate Identifier(s):

OSTI ID: 1496477

Grant/Contract Number:  

AC05-00OR22725

Resource Type:

Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:

Additive Manufacturing

Additional Journal Information:

Journal Volume: 18; Journal Issue: C; Journal ID: ISSN 2214-8604

Publisher:

Elsevier

Country of Publication:

United States

Language:

English

Subject:

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE; 42 ENGINEERING; 97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING; Additive manufacturing; Heat transfer; Heat conduction; Modeling; Grain structure; Process-structure relationships; SLM; EBM