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Title: Swift and NuSTAR observations of GW170817: Detection of a blue kilonova

Abstract

With the first direct detection of merging black holes in 2015, the era of gravitational wave (GW) astrophysics began. However, a complete picture of compact object mergers requires the detection of an electromagnetic (EM) counterpart. Here, we report ultraviolet (UV) and x-ray observations by Swift and the Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope ARray (NuSTAR) of the EM counterpart of the binary neutron star merger GW 170817. The bright, rapidly fading ultraviolet emission indicates a high mass (≈ 0.03 solar masses) wind-driven outflow with moderate electron fraction (Ye ≈ 0.27). Combined with the x-ray limits, we favor an observer viewing angle of ≈30° away from the orbital rotation axis, which avoids both obscuration from the heaviest elements in the orbital plane and a direct view of any ultra-relativistic, highly collimated ejecta (a γ-ray burst afterglow).

Authors:
 [1];  [2];  [3];  [4];  [4];  [5];  [5];  [5];  [6];  [6];  [6];  [7];  [8];  [9];  [10];  [11];  [2];  [4];  [12];  [12] more »;  [1];  [3];  [13];  [13];  [10];  [14];  [15];  [16];  [5];  [6];  [6];  [17];  [6];  [3];  [18];  [6];  [5];  [6];  [19];  [20];  [21];  [10];  [6];  [3];  [1];  [1];  [1];  [1];  [5];  [14];  [6];  [12];  [22];  [3];  [23];  [3];  [10];  [1];  [3] « less
+ Show Author Affiliations
  1. Univ. of Leicester (United Kingdom)
  2. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Greenbelt, MD (United States); Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD (United States)
  3. Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA (United States)
  4. Univ. College London, Dorking (United Kingdom)
  5. Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)
  6. California Inst. of Technology (CalTech), Pasadena, CA (United States)
  7. Tel Aviv Univ., Ramat Aviv (Israel)
  8. Simons Foundation, New York, NY (United States)
  9. Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology (CRESST) and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD (United States); Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD (United States)
  10. National Inst. for Astrophysics (INAF), Roma (Italy)
  11. Univ. of Warwick, Coventry (United Kingdom)
  12. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Greenbelt, MD (United States)
  13. National Inst. for Astrophysics (INAF), Palermo (Italy)
  14. National Inst. for Astrophysics (INAF), Catone (Italy); Space Science Data Center (SSDC), Rome (Italy)
  15. Univ. of Istanbul (Turkey)
  16. Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States); Southern Utah Univ., Cedar City, UT (United States)
  17. Space Science Data Center (SSDC), Rome (Italy)
  18. Clemson Univ., SC (United States)
  19. Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, MD (United States); National Science Foundation (NSF), Alexandria, VA (United States)
  20. Univ. of Warick, Coventry (United Kingdom)
  21. Univ. of Copenhagen (Denmark). The Niels Bohr Inst.
  22. Stockholm Univ. (Sweden)
  23. Aoyama Gakuin Univ., Kanagawa (Japan)
Publication Date:
Research Org.:
Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA)
OSTI Identifier:
1407906
Report Number(s):
LA-UR-17-28358
Journal ID: ISSN 0036-8075
Grant/Contract Number:  
AC52-06NA25396
Resource Type:
Accepted Manuscript
Journal Name:
Science
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Volume: 358; Journal Issue: 6370; Journal ID: ISSN 0036-8075
Publisher:
AAAS
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS; Swift; X-ray; kilonova; ultraviolet

Citation Formats

Evans, P. A., Cenko, S. B., Kennea, J. A., Emery, S. W. K., Kuin, N. P. M., Korobkin, O., Wollaeger, R. T., Fryer, C. L., Madsen, K. K., Harrison, F. A., Xu, Y., Nakar, E., Hotokezaka, K., Lien, A., Campana, S., Oates, S. R., Troja, E., Breeveld, A. A., Marshall, F. E., Barthelmy, S. D., Beardmore, A. P., Burrows, D. N., Cusumano, G., D’Aì, A., D’Avanzo, P., D’Elia, V., de Pasquale, M., Even, W. P., Fontes, C. J., Forster, K., Garcia, J., Giommi, P., Grefenstette, B., Gronwall, C., Hartmann, D. H., Heida, M., Hungerford, A. L., Kasliwal, M. M., Krimm, H. A., Levan, A. J., Malesani, D., Melandri, A., Miyasaka, H., Nousek, J. A., O’Brien, P. T., Osborne, J. P., Pagani, C., Page, K. L., Palmer, D. M., Perri, M., Pike, S., Racusin, J. L., Rosswog, S., Siegel, M. H., Sakamoto, T., Sbarufatti, B., Tagliaferri, G., Tanvir, N. R., and Tohuvavohu, A. Swift and NuSTAR observations of GW170817: Detection of a blue kilonova. United States: N. p., 2017. Web. doi:10.1126/science.aap9580.
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Evans, P. A., Cenko, S. B., Kennea, J. A., Emery, S. W. K., Kuin, N. P. M., Korobkin, O., Wollaeger, R. T., Fryer, C. L., Madsen, K. K., Harrison, F. A., Xu, Y., Nakar, E., Hotokezaka, K., Lien, A., Campana, S., Oates, S. R., Troja, E., Breeveld, A. A., Marshall, F. E., Barthelmy, S. D., Beardmore, A. P., Burrows, D. N., Cusumano, G., D’Aì, A., D’Avanzo, P., D’Elia, V., de Pasquale, M., Even, W. P., Fontes, C. J., Forster, K., Garcia, J., Giommi, P., Grefenstette, B., Gronwall, C., Hartmann, D. H., Heida, M., Hungerford, A. L., Kasliwal, M. M., Krimm, H. A., Levan, A. J., Malesani, D., Melandri, A., Miyasaka, H., Nousek, J. A., O’Brien, P. T., Osborne, J. P., Pagani, C., Page, K. L., Palmer, D. M., Perri, M., Pike, S., Racusin, J. L., Rosswog, S., Siegel, M. H., Sakamoto, T., Sbarufatti, B., Tagliaferri, G., Tanvir, N. R., & Tohuvavohu, A. Swift and NuSTAR observations of GW170817: Detection of a blue kilonova. United States. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aap9580
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Evans, P. A., Cenko, S. B., Kennea, J. A., Emery, S. W. K., Kuin, N. P. M., Korobkin, O., Wollaeger, R. T., Fryer, C. L., Madsen, K. K., Harrison, F. A., Xu, Y., Nakar, E., Hotokezaka, K., Lien, A., Campana, S., Oates, S. R., Troja, E., Breeveld, A. A., Marshall, F. E., Barthelmy, S. D., Beardmore, A. P., Burrows, D. N., Cusumano, G., D’Aì, A., D’Avanzo, P., D’Elia, V., de Pasquale, M., Even, W. P., Fontes, C. J., Forster, K., Garcia, J., Giommi, P., Grefenstette, B., Gronwall, C., Hartmann, D. H., Heida, M., Hungerford, A. L., Kasliwal, M. M., Krimm, H. A., Levan, A. J., Malesani, D., Melandri, A., Miyasaka, H., Nousek, J. A., O’Brien, P. T., Osborne, J. P., Pagani, C., Page, K. L., Palmer, D. M., Perri, M., Pike, S., Racusin, J. L., Rosswog, S., Siegel, M. H., Sakamoto, T., Sbarufatti, B., Tagliaferri, G., Tanvir, N. R., and Tohuvavohu, A. Mon . "Swift and NuSTAR observations of GW170817: Detection of a blue kilonova". United States. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aap9580. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1407906.
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@article{osti_1407906,
title = {Swift and NuSTAR observations of GW170817: Detection of a blue kilonova},
author = {Evans, P. A. and Cenko, S. B. and Kennea, J. A. and Emery, S. W. K. and Kuin, N. P. M. and Korobkin, O. and Wollaeger, R. T. and Fryer, C. L. and Madsen, K. K. and Harrison, F. A. and Xu, Y. and Nakar, E. and Hotokezaka, K. and Lien, A. and Campana, S. and Oates, S. R. and Troja, E. and Breeveld, A. A. and Marshall, F. E. and Barthelmy, S. D. and Beardmore, A. P. and Burrows, D. N. and Cusumano, G. and D’Aì, A. and D’Avanzo, P. and D’Elia, V. and de Pasquale, M. and Even, W. P. and Fontes, C. J. and Forster, K. and Garcia, J. and Giommi, P. and Grefenstette, B. and Gronwall, C. and Hartmann, D. H. and Heida, M. and Hungerford, A. L. and Kasliwal, M. M. and Krimm, H. A. and Levan, A. J. and Malesani, D. and Melandri, A. and Miyasaka, H. and Nousek, J. A. and O’Brien, P. T. and Osborne, J. P. and Pagani, C. and Page, K. L. and Palmer, D. M. and Perri, M. and Pike, S. and Racusin, J. L. and Rosswog, S. and Siegel, M. H. and Sakamoto, T. and Sbarufatti, B. and Tagliaferri, G. and Tanvir, N. R. and Tohuvavohu, A.},
abstractNote = {With the first direct detection of merging black holes in 2015, the era of gravitational wave (GW) astrophysics began. However, a complete picture of compact object mergers requires the detection of an electromagnetic (EM) counterpart. Here, we report ultraviolet (UV) and x-ray observations by Swift and the Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope ARray (NuSTAR) of the EM counterpart of the binary neutron star merger GW 170817. The bright, rapidly fading ultraviolet emission indicates a high mass (≈ 0.03 solar masses) wind-driven outflow with moderate electron fraction (Ye ≈ 0.27). Combined with the x-ray limits, we favor an observer viewing angle of ≈30° away from the orbital rotation axis, which avoids both obscuration from the heaviest elements in the orbital plane and a direct view of any ultra-relativistic, highly collimated ejecta (a γ-ray burst afterglow).},
doi = {10.1126/science.aap9580},
journal = {Science},
number = 6370,
volume = 358,
place = {United States},
year = {Mon Oct 16 00:00:00 EDT 2017},
month = {Mon Oct 16 00:00:00 EDT 2017}
}
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Multi-messenger Observations of a Binary Neutron Star Merger
text, January 2017

GW170817: Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Neutron Star Inspiral
other, January 2017

  • Abbott, B. P.; Abbott, R.; Abbott, T. D.
  • College Park : American Physical Society
  • DOI: 10.15488/4798

Gamma-ray burst afterglow broadband fitting based directly on hydrodynamics simulations
text, January 2011

An r-Process Kilonova Associated with the Short-Hard GRB 130603B
text, January 2013

A complete sample of bright Swift short Gamma-Ray Bursts
text, January 2014

Neutrino-driven winds from neutron star merger remnants
text, January 2014

The Third Swift Burst Alert Telescope Gamma-Ray Burst Catalog
text, January 2016

The X-ray counterpart to the gravitational wave event GW 170817
text, January 2017

Swope Supernova Survey 2017a (SSS17a), the Optical Counterpart to a Gravitational Wave Source
text, January 2017

GW170817: Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Neutron Star Inspiral
text, January 2017

A Deep Chandra X-ray Study of Neutron Star Coalescence GW170817
text, January 2017

The Physics of Gamma-Ray Bursts
text, January 2004

The Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) on the Swift MIDEX Mission
text, January 2005

Transient Events from Neutron Star Mergers
text, January 1998

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    Works referencing / citing this record:

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    An optimised gravitational wave follow-up strategy with the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder
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    A mildly relativistic wide-angle outflow in the neutron-star merger event GW170817
    journal, December 2017

    • Mooley, K. P.; Nakar, E.; Hotokezaka, K.
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    The first direct double neutron star merger detection: Implications for cosmic nucleosynthesis
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    Interpreting GRB170817A as a giant flare from a jet-less double neutron star merger
    journal, November 2018

    2900 Square Degree Search for the Optical Counterpart of Short Gamma-Ray Burst GRB 180523B with the Zwicky Transient Facility
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    • Coughlin, Michael W.; Ahumada, Tomás; Cenko, S. Bradley
    • Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, Vol. 131, Issue 998
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    Jet structure in the afterglow phase for gamma-ray bursts with a precessing jet
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    Observable features of GW170817 kilonova afterglow
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    • Kathirgamaraju, Adithan; Giannios, Dimitrios; Beniamini, Paz
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    Optimizing multitelescope observations of gravitational-wave counterparts
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    Distinguishing the nature of comparable-mass neutron star binary systems with multimessenger observations: GW170817 case study
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    A radio counterpart to a neutron star merger
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    GW170817 --the first observed neutron star merger and its kilonova: Implications for the astrophysical site of the r-process
    journal, November 2019

    Joint gravitational wave - gamma-ray burst detection rates in the aftermath of GW170817
    conference, January 2020

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    A Pulsar Wind Nebula Model Applied to Short GRB 050724
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    Fading of the X-Ray Afterglow of Neutron Star Merger GW170817/GRB 170817A at 260 Days
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    • Abbott, B. P.; Abbott, R.; Abbott, T. D.
    • Bristol : Institute of Physics Publishing
    • DOI: 10.15488/9841

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    journal, March 2018

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    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/aab095

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    journal, October 2018

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    journal, August 2019

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    journal, October 2017

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    journal, November 2018

    Constraining the time variation of Newton's constant G with gravitational-wave standard sirens and supernovae
    journal, October 2018

    Non-thermal afterglow of the binary neutron star merger GW170817: a more natural modelling of electron energy distribution leads to a qualitatively different new solution
    journal, February 2019

    • Lin, Haoxiang; Totani, Tomonori; Kiuchi, Kenta
    • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 485, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stz453

    Multi-messenger Observations of a Binary Neutron Star Merger
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    When Did the Remnant of GW170817 Collapse to a Black Hole?
    journal, May 2019

    • Gill, Ramandeep; Nathanail, Antonios; Rezzolla, Luciano
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 876, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab16da

    Census of the Local Universe (CLU) Narrow-Band Survey I: Galaxy Catalogs from Preliminary Fields
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    text, January 2017

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    text, January 2017

    Estimating the Contribution of Dynamical Ejecta in the Kilonova Associated with GW170817
    text, January 2017

    A Deep Chandra X-ray Study of Neutron Star Coalescence GW170817
    text, January 2017

    A long-lived remnant neutron star after GW170817 inferred from its associated kilonova
    text, January 2017

    A mildly relativistic wide-angle outflow in the neutron star merger GW170817
    text, January 2017

    A magnetar origin for the kilonova ejecta in GW170817
    text, January 2018

    Long-lived Remnants from Binary Neutron Star Mergers
    text, January 2018

    Fading of the X-ray Afterglow of Neutron Star Merger GW170817/GRB170817A at 260 days
    text, January 2018

    Super-Knee Cosmic Rays from Galactic Neutron Star Merger Remnants
    text, January 2018

    Neutron Star Mergers Are the Dominant Source of the r-process in the Early Evolution of Dwarf Galaxies
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    X-ray afterglows of Short gamma-ray bursts: Magnetar or Fireball?
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    Late-Time Afterglow from Double-Sided Structured Jets: Application to GRB 170817A
    text, January 2019

    From the microscopic to the macroscopic world: from nucleons to neutron stars
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    Short GRB 160821B: a reverse shock, a refreshed shock, and a well-sampled kilonova
    text, January 2019

    Gamma-rays from kilonova: a potential probe of r-process nucleosynthesis
    text, January 2019

    Full Transport Model of GW170817-Like Disk Produces a Blue Kilonova
    text, January 2019

    The origin of polarization in kilonovae and the case of the gravitational-wave counterpart AT 2017gfo
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    Science case for the Einstein telescope
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    • Maggiore, Michele; Broeck, Chris Van Den; Bartolo, Nicola
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    • DOI: 10.1088/1475-7516/2020/03/050

    Lensed or not lensed: determining lensing magnifications for binary neutron star mergers from a single detection
    journal, May 2020

    • Pang, Peter T. H.; Hannuksela, Otto A.; Dietrich, Tim
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    Standardizing kilonovae and their use as standard candles to measure the Hubble constant
    journal, April 2020

    A Brief Overview of Black Hole-Neutron Star Mergers
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    Short Duration Gamma-Ray Bursts and Their Outflows in Light of GW170817
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    The Rate of Short-Duration Gamma-Ray Bursts in the Local Universe
    journal, November 2018

    X-ray afterglows of Short gamma-ray bursts: Magnetar or Fireball?
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    A Summary of Multimessenger Science with Neutron Star Mergers
    preprint, January 2019

    Astro2020 Science White Paper: Radio Counterparts of Compact Object Mergers in the Era of Gravitational-Wave Astronomy
    preprint, January 2019

    Afterglow light curves of the non-relativistic ejecta mass in a stratified circumstellar medium
    text, January 2020

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