Title: Periodic changes in effluent chemistry at cold-water geyser: Crystal geyser in Utah

Abstract

Crystal geyser is a CO₂-driven cold-water geyser which was originally drilled in the late 1930’s in Green River, Utah. By utilizing a suite of temporal groundwater sample datasets, in situ monitoring of temperature, pressure, pH and electrical conductivity from multiple field trips to Crystal geyser from 2007 to 2014, periodic trends in groundwater chemistry from the geyser effluent were identified. Based on chemical characteristics, the primary sourcing aquifers are characterized to be both the Entrada and Navajo Sandstones with a minor contribution from Paradox Formation brine. The single eruption cycle at Crystal geyser lasted over four days and was composed of four parts: Minor Eruption (mEP), Major Eruption (MEP), Aftershock Eruption (Ae) and Recharge (R). During the single eruption cycle, dissolved ionic species vary 0–44% even though the degree of changes for individual ions are different. Generally, Na⁺, K⁺, Cl^-and SO₄^2- regularly decrease at the onset and throughout the MEP. These species then increase in concentration during the mEP. In contrast, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Fe²⁺ and Sr²⁺ increase and decrease in concentration during the MEP and mEP, respectively. The geochemical inverse modeling with PHREEQC was conducted to characterize the contribution from three end-members (Entrada Sandstone, Navajo Sandstone and Paradox Formation brine)more » to the resulting Crystal geyser effluent. Results of the inverse modeling showed that, during the mEP, the Navajo, Entrada and brine supplied 62–65%, 36–33% and 1–2%, respectively. During the MEP, the contribution shifted to 53–56%, 45–42% and 1–2% for the Navajo, Entrada and Paradox Formation brine, respectively. Finally, these changes in effluent characteristics further support the hypothesis by Watson et al. (2014) that the mEP and MEP are driven by different sources and mechanisms.« less

Authors:

Han, Weon Shik ^[1]; Watson, Z. T. ^[2]; Kampman, Niko ^[3]; Grundl, Tim ^[2]; Graham, Jack P. ^[2]; Keating, Elizabeth H. ^[4]

---

+ Show Author Affiliations

1. Yonsei Univ., Seoul (Korea, Republic of). Dept. of Earth System Sciences
2. Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI (United States). Dept. of Geosciences
3. Shell Global Solutions International, Rijswijk (Netherlands)
4. Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)

Publication Date:

Thu Apr 20 00:00:00 EDT 2017

Research Org.:

Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:

USDOE; National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)

OSTI Identifier:

1396143

Report Number(s):

LA-UR-17-28170
Journal ID: ISSN 0022-1694

Grant/Contract Number:  

AC52-06NA25396; 2016-11-0472

Resource Type:

Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:

Journal of Hydrology

Additional Journal Information:

Journal Volume: 550; Journal Issue: C; Journal ID: ISSN 0022-1694

Publisher:

Elsevier

Country of Publication:

United States

Language:

English

Subject:

58 GEOSCIENCES; 54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES; Geyser; CO2; wellbore leakage; fault