Measurement of two-photon exchange effect by comparing elastic e±p cross sections

Rimal, D.; Adikaram, D.; Raue, B. A.; Weinstein, L. B.; Arrington, J.; Brooks, W. K.; Ungaro, M.; Adhikari, K. P.; Afanasev, A. V.; Akbar, Z.; Pereira, S. Anefalos; Badui, R. A.; Ball, J.; Baltzell, N. A.; Battaglieri, M.; Batourine, V.; Bedlinskiy, I.; Biselli, A. S.; Boiarinov, S.; Briscoe, W. J.; Bültmann, S.; Burkert, V. D.; Carman, D. S.; Celentano, A.; Chetry, T.; Ciullo, G.; Clark, L.; Colaneri, L.; Cole, P. L.; Compton, N.; Contalbrigo, M.; Cortes, O.; Crede, V.; D'Angelo, A.; Dashyan, N.; De Vita, R.; Deur, A.; Djalali, C.; Dupre, R.; Egiyan, H.; Alaoui, A. El; Fassi, L. El; Eugenio, P.; Fanchini, E.; Fedotov, G.; Fersch, R.; Filippi, A.; Fleming, J. A.; Forest, T. A.; Fradi, A.; Gevorgyan, N.; Ghandilyan, Y.; Gilfoyle, G. P.; Giovanetti, K. L.; Girod, F. X.; Gleason, C.; Gohn, W.; Golovatch, E.; Gothe, R. W.; Griffioen, K. A.; Guo, L.; Hafidi, K.; Hanretty, C.; Harrison, N.; Hattawy, M.; Heddle, D.; Hicks, K.; Holtrop, M.; Hughes, S. M.; Ilieva, Y.; Ireland, D. G.; Ishkhanov, B. S.; Isupov, E. L.; Jenkins, D.; Jiang, H.; Joosten, S.; Keller, D.; Khachatryan, G.; Khandaker, M.; Kim, W.; Klein, A.; Klein, F. J.; Kubarovsky, V.; Kuhn, S. E.; Kuleshov, S. V.; Lanza, L.; Lenisa, P.; Livingston, K.; Lu, H. Y.; MacGregor, I. J.  D.; Markov, N.; McKinnon, B.; Mestayer, M. D.; Mirazita, M.; Mokeev, V.; Movsisyan, A.; Munevar, E.; Camacho, C. Munoz; Nadel-Turonski, P.; Ni, A.; Niccolai, S.; Niculescu, G.; Niculescu, I.; Osipenko, M.; Ostrovidov, A. I.; Paolone, M.; Paremuzyan, R.; Park, K.; Pasyuk, E.; Phelps, W.; Pisano, S.; Pogorelko, O.; Price, J. W.; Prok, Y.; Protopopescu, D.; Puckett, A. J.  R.; Rizzo, A.; Rosner, G.; Rossi, P.; Roy, P.; Sabatié, F.; Salgado, C.; Schumacher, R. A.; Seder, E.; Sharabian, Y. G.; Skorodumina, Iu.; Smith, G. D.; Sokhan, D.; Sparveris, N.; Stankovic, Ivana; Stepanyan, S.; Strauch, S.; Sytnik, V.; Taiuti, M.; Torayev, B.; Voskanyan, H.; Voutier, E.; Walford, N. K.; Watts, D. P.; Wei, X.; Wood, M. H.; Zachariou, N.; Zana, L.; Zhang, J.; Zhao, Z. W.; Zonta, I.

doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.95.065201

Title: Measurement of two-photon exchange effect by comparing elastic $e^{\pm} p$ cross sections

Abstract

Background: The electromagnetic form factors of the proton measured by unpolarized and polarized electron scattering experiments show a significant disagreement that grows with the squared four-momentum transfer (Q2). Calculations have shown that the two measurements can be largely reconciled by accounting for the contributions of two-photon exchange (TPE). TPE effects are not typically included in the standard set of radiative corrections since theoretical calculations of the TPE effects are highly model dependent, and, until recently, no direct evidence of significant TPE effects has been observed. Purpose: We measured the ratio of positron-proton to electron-proton elastic-scattering cross sections in order to determine the TPE contribution to elastic electron-proton scattering and thereby resolve the proton electric form factor discrepancy. Methods: We produced a mixed simultaneous electron-positron beam in Jefferson Lab's Hall B by passing the 5.6-GeV primary electron beam through a radiator to produce a bremsstrahlung photon beam and then passing the photon beam through a convertor to produce electron-positron pairs. The mixed electron-positron (lepton) beam with useful energies from approximately 0.85 to 3.5 GeV then struck a 30-cm-long liquid hydrogen (LH2) target located within the CEBAF Large Acceptance Spectrometer (CLAS). By detecting both the scattered leptons and the recoiling protons, wemore »« less

Authors:: Rimal, D.; Adikaram, D.; Raue, B. A.; Weinstein, L. B.; Arrington, J.; Brooks, W. K.; Ungaro, M.; Adhikari, K. P.; Afanasev, A. V.; Akbar, Z.; Pereira, S. Anefalos; Badui, R. A.; Ball, J.; Baltzell, N. A.; Battaglieri, M.; Batourine, V.; Bedlinskiy, I.; Biselli, A. S.; Boiarinov, S.; Briscoe, W. J. more »« less

Publication Date:: Thu Jun 01 00:00:00 EDT 2017

Research Org.:: Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (TJNAF), Newport News, VA (United States); Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States); Mississippi State Univ., Starkville, MS (United States); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: National Science Foundation (NSF); Instituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN); United Kingdom Science and Technology Facilities Council; National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF); USDOE Office of Science (SC), Nuclear Physics (NP)

Contributing Org.:: The CLAS Collaboration

OSTI Identifier:: 1389768

Alternate Identifier(s):: OSTI ID: 1361116; OSTI ID: 1390836; OSTI ID: 1440868; OSTI ID: 1604459; OSTI ID: 1830317

Report Number(s):: JLAB-PHY-17-2549; DOE/OR/23177-4209; arXiv:1603.00315
Journal ID: ISSN 2469-9985; PRVCAN

Grant/Contract Number:: AC05-060R23177; AC02-06CH11357; FG02-07ER41528; AC02-05CH11231

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Physical Review C

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 95; Journal Issue: 6; Journal ID: ISSN 2469-9985

Publisher:: American Physical Society (APS)

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS

Citation Formats


                    Rimal, D., Adikaram, D., Raue, B. A., Weinstein, L. B., Arrington, J., Brooks, W. K., Ungaro, M., Adhikari, K. P., Afanasev, A. V., Akbar, Z., Pereira, S. Anefalos, Badui, R. A., Ball, J., Baltzell, N. A., Battaglieri, M., Batourine, V., Bedlinskiy, I., Biselli, A. S., Boiarinov, S., Briscoe, W. J., Bültmann, S., Burkert, V. D., Carman, D. S., Celentano, A., Chetry, T., Ciullo, G., Clark, L., Colaneri, L., Cole, P. L., Compton, N., Contalbrigo, M., Cortes, O., Crede, V., D'Angelo, A., Dashyan, N., De Vita, R., Deur, A., Djalali, C., Dupre, R., Egiyan, H., Alaoui, A. El, Fassi, L. El, Eugenio, P., Fanchini, E., Fedotov, G., Fersch, R., Filippi, A., Fleming, J. A., Forest, T. A., Fradi, A., Gevorgyan, N., Ghandilyan, Y., Gilfoyle, G. P., Giovanetti, K. L., Girod, F. X., Gleason, C., Gohn, W., Golovatch, E., Gothe, R. W., Griffioen, K. A., Guo, L., Hafidi, K., Hanretty, C., Harrison, N., Hattawy, M., Heddle, D., Hicks, K., Holtrop, M., Hughes, S. M., Ilieva, Y., Ireland, D. G., Ishkhanov, B. S., Isupov, E. L., Jenkins, D., Jiang, H., Joosten, S., Keller, D., Khachatryan, G., Khandaker, M., Kim, W., Klein, A., Klein, F. J., Kubarovsky, V., Kuhn, S. E., Kuleshov, S. V., Lanza, L., Lenisa, P., Livingston, K., Lu, H. Y., MacGregor, I. J.  D., Markov, N., McKinnon, B., Mestayer, M. D., Mirazita, M., Mokeev, V., Movsisyan, A., Munevar, E., Camacho, C. Munoz, Nadel-Turonski, P., Ni, A., Niccolai, S., Niculescu, G., Niculescu, I., Osipenko, M., Ostrovidov, A. I., Paolone, M., Paremuzyan, R., Park, K., Pasyuk, E., Phelps, W., Pisano, S., Pogorelko, O., Price, J. W., Prok, Y., Protopopescu, D., Puckett, A. J.  R., Rizzo, A., Rosner, G., Rossi, P., Roy, P., Sabatié, F., Salgado, C., Schumacher, R. A., Seder, E., Sharabian, Y. G., Skorodumina, Iu., Smith, G. D., Sokhan, D., Sparveris, N., Stankovic, Ivana, Stepanyan, S., Strauch, S., Sytnik, V., Taiuti, M., Torayev, B., Voskanyan, H., Voutier, E., Walford, N. K., Watts, D. P., Wei, X., Wood, M. H., Zachariou, N., Zana, L., Zhang, J., Zhao, Z. W., and Zonta, I. Measurement of two-photon exchange effect by comparing elastic e±p cross sections.  United States: N. p., 2017. 
Web.  doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.95.065201.

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                    Rimal, D., Adikaram, D., Raue, B. A., Weinstein, L. B., Arrington, J., Brooks, W. K., Ungaro, M., Adhikari, K. P., Afanasev, A. V., Akbar, Z., Pereira, S. Anefalos, Badui, R. A., Ball, J., Baltzell, N. A., Battaglieri, M., Batourine, V., Bedlinskiy, I., Biselli, A. S., Boiarinov, S., Briscoe, W. J., Bültmann, S., Burkert, V. D., Carman, D. S., Celentano, A., Chetry, T., Ciullo, G., Clark, L., Colaneri, L., Cole, P. L., Compton, N., Contalbrigo, M., Cortes, O., Crede, V., D'Angelo, A., Dashyan, N., De Vita, R., Deur, A., Djalali, C., Dupre, R., Egiyan, H., Alaoui, A. El, Fassi, L. El, Eugenio, P., Fanchini, E., Fedotov, G., Fersch, R., Filippi, A., Fleming, J. A., Forest, T. A., Fradi, A., Gevorgyan, N., Ghandilyan, Y., Gilfoyle, G. P., Giovanetti, K. L., Girod, F. X., Gleason, C., Gohn, W., Golovatch, E., Gothe, R. W., Griffioen, K. A., Guo, L., Hafidi, K., Hanretty, C., Harrison, N., Hattawy, M., Heddle, D., Hicks, K., Holtrop, M., Hughes, S. M., Ilieva, Y., Ireland, D. G., Ishkhanov, B. S., Isupov, E. L., Jenkins, D., Jiang, H., Joosten, S., Keller, D., Khachatryan, G., Khandaker, M., Kim, W., Klein, A., Klein, F. J., Kubarovsky, V., Kuhn, S. E., Kuleshov, S. V., Lanza, L., Lenisa, P., Livingston, K., Lu, H. Y., MacGregor, I. J.  D., Markov, N., McKinnon, B., Mestayer, M. D., Mirazita, M., Mokeev, V., Movsisyan, A., Munevar, E., Camacho, C. Munoz, Nadel-Turonski, P., Ni, A., Niccolai, S., Niculescu, G., Niculescu, I., Osipenko, M., Ostrovidov, A. I., Paolone, M., Paremuzyan, R., Park, K., Pasyuk, E., Phelps, W., Pisano, S., Pogorelko, O., Price, J. W., Prok, Y., Protopopescu, D., Puckett, A. J.  R., Rizzo, A., Rosner, G., Rossi, P., Roy, P., Sabatié, F., Salgado, C., Schumacher, R. A., Seder, E., Sharabian, Y. G., Skorodumina, Iu., Smith, G. D., Sokhan, D., Sparveris, N., Stankovic, Ivana, Stepanyan, S., Strauch, S., Sytnik, V., Taiuti, M., Torayev, B., Voskanyan, H., Voutier, E., Walford, N. K., Watts, D. P., Wei, X., Wood, M. H., Zachariou, N., Zana, L., Zhang, J., Zhao, Z. W., & Zonta, I. Measurement of two-photon exchange effect by comparing elastic e±p cross sections.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.95.065201

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                    Rimal, D., Adikaram, D., Raue, B. A., Weinstein, L. B., Arrington, J., Brooks, W. K., Ungaro, M., Adhikari, K. P., Afanasev, A. V., Akbar, Z., Pereira, S. Anefalos, Badui, R. A., Ball, J., Baltzell, N. A., Battaglieri, M., Batourine, V., Bedlinskiy, I., Biselli, A. S., Boiarinov, S., Briscoe, W. J., Bültmann, S., Burkert, V. D., Carman, D. S., Celentano, A., Chetry, T., Ciullo, G., Clark, L., Colaneri, L., Cole, P. L., Compton, N., Contalbrigo, M., Cortes, O., Crede, V., D'Angelo, A., Dashyan, N., De Vita, R., Deur, A., Djalali, C., Dupre, R., Egiyan, H., Alaoui, A. El, Fassi, L. El, Eugenio, P., Fanchini, E., Fedotov, G., Fersch, R., Filippi, A., Fleming, J. A., Forest, T. A., Fradi, A., Gevorgyan, N., Ghandilyan, Y., Gilfoyle, G. P., Giovanetti, K. L., Girod, F. X., Gleason, C., Gohn, W., Golovatch, E., Gothe, R. W., Griffioen, K. A., Guo, L., Hafidi, K., Hanretty, C., Harrison, N., Hattawy, M., Heddle, D., Hicks, K., Holtrop, M., Hughes, S. M., Ilieva, Y., Ireland, D. G., Ishkhanov, B. S., Isupov, E. L., Jenkins, D., Jiang, H., Joosten, S., Keller, D., Khachatryan, G., Khandaker, M., Kim, W., Klein, A., Klein, F. J., Kubarovsky, V., Kuhn, S. E., Kuleshov, S. V., Lanza, L., Lenisa, P., Livingston, K., Lu, H. Y., MacGregor, I. J.  D., Markov, N., McKinnon, B., Mestayer, M. D., Mirazita, M., Mokeev, V., Movsisyan, A., Munevar, E., Camacho, C. Munoz, Nadel-Turonski, P., Ni, A., Niccolai, S., Niculescu, G., Niculescu, I., Osipenko, M., Ostrovidov, A. I., Paolone, M., Paremuzyan, R., Park, K., Pasyuk, E., Phelps, W., Pisano, S., Pogorelko, O., Price, J. W., Prok, Y., Protopopescu, D., Puckett, A. J.  R., Rizzo, A., Rosner, G., Rossi, P., Roy, P., Sabatié, F., Salgado, C., Schumacher, R. A., Seder, E., Sharabian, Y. G., Skorodumina, Iu., Smith, G. D., Sokhan, D., Sparveris, N., Stankovic, Ivana, Stepanyan, S., Strauch, S., Sytnik, V., Taiuti, M., Torayev, B., Voskanyan, H., Voutier, E., Walford, N. K., Watts, D. P., Wei, X., Wood, M. H., Zachariou, N., Zana, L., Zhang, J., Zhao, Z. W., and Zonta, I. Thu .  
"Measurement of two-photon exchange effect by comparing elastic e±p cross sections".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.95.065201.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1389768.

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@article{osti_1389768,

  title        = {Measurement of two-photon exchange effect by comparing elastic e±p cross sections},

  author       = {Rimal, D. and Adikaram, D. and Raue, B. A. and Weinstein, L. B. and Arrington, J. and Brooks, W. K. and Ungaro, M. and Adhikari, K. P. and Afanasev, A. V. and Akbar, Z. and Pereira, S. Anefalos and Badui, R. A. and Ball, J. and Baltzell, N. A. and Battaglieri, M. and Batourine, V. and Bedlinskiy, I. and Biselli, A. S. and Boiarinov, S. and Briscoe, W. J. and Bültmann, S. and Burkert, V. D. and Carman, D. S. and Celentano, A. and Chetry, T. and Ciullo, G. and Clark, L. and Colaneri, L. and Cole, P. L. and Compton, N. and Contalbrigo, M. and Cortes, O. and Crede, V. and D'Angelo, A. and Dashyan, N. and De Vita, R. and Deur, A. and Djalali, C. and Dupre, R. and Egiyan, H. and Alaoui, A. El and Fassi, L. El and Eugenio, P. and Fanchini, E. and Fedotov, G. and Fersch, R. and Filippi, A. and Fleming, J. A. and Forest, T. A. and Fradi, A. and Gevorgyan, N. and Ghandilyan, Y. and Gilfoyle, G. P. and Giovanetti, K. L. and Girod, F. X. and Gleason, C. and Gohn, W. and Golovatch, E. and Gothe, R. W. and Griffioen, K. A. and Guo, L. and Hafidi, K. and Hanretty, C. and Harrison, N. and Hattawy, M. and Heddle, D. and Hicks, K. and Holtrop, M. and Hughes, S. M. and Ilieva, Y. and Ireland, D. G. and Ishkhanov, B. S. and Isupov, E. L. and Jenkins, D. and Jiang, H. and Joosten, S. and Keller, D. and Khachatryan, G. and Khandaker, M. and Kim, W. and Klein, A. and Klein, F. J. and Kubarovsky, V. and Kuhn, S. E. and Kuleshov, S. V. and Lanza, L. and Lenisa, P. and Livingston, K. and Lu, H. Y. and MacGregor, I. J.  D. and Markov, N. and McKinnon, B. and Mestayer, M. D. and Mirazita, M. and Mokeev, V. and Movsisyan, A. and Munevar, E. and Camacho, C. Munoz and Nadel-Turonski, P. and Ni, A. and Niccolai, S. and Niculescu, G. and Niculescu, I. and Osipenko, M. and Ostrovidov, A. I. and Paolone, M. and Paremuzyan, R. and Park, K. and Pasyuk, E. and Phelps, W. and Pisano, S. and Pogorelko, O. and Price, J. W. and Prok, Y. and Protopopescu, D. and Puckett, A. J.  R. and Rizzo, A. and Rosner, G. and Rossi, P. and Roy, P. and Sabatié, F. and Salgado, C. and Schumacher, R. A. and Seder, E. and Sharabian, Y. G. and Skorodumina, Iu. and Smith, G. D. and Sokhan, D. and Sparveris, N. and Stankovic, Ivana and Stepanyan, S. and Strauch, S. and Sytnik, V. and Taiuti, M. and Torayev, B. and Voskanyan, H. and Voutier, E. and Walford, N. K. and Watts, D. P. and Wei, X. and Wood, M. H. and Zachariou, N. and Zana, L. and Zhang, J. and Zhao, Z. W. and Zonta, I.},

  abstractNote = {Background: The electromagnetic form factors of the proton measured by unpolarized and polarized electron scattering experiments show a significant disagreement that grows with the squared four-momentum transfer (Q2). Calculations have shown that the two measurements can be largely reconciled by accounting for the contributions of two-photon exchange (TPE). TPE effects are not typically included in the standard set of radiative corrections since theoretical calculations of the TPE effects are highly model dependent, and, until recently, no direct evidence of significant TPE effects has been observed. Purpose: We measured the ratio of positron-proton to electron-proton elastic-scattering cross sections in order to determine the TPE contribution to elastic electron-proton scattering and thereby resolve the proton electric form factor discrepancy. Methods: We produced a mixed simultaneous electron-positron beam in Jefferson Lab's Hall B by passing the 5.6-GeV primary electron beam through a radiator to produce a bremsstrahlung photon beam and then passing the photon beam through a convertor to produce electron-positron pairs. The mixed electron-positron (lepton) beam with useful energies from approximately 0.85 to 3.5 GeV then struck a 30-cm-long liquid hydrogen (LH2) target located within the CEBAF Large Acceptance Spectrometer (CLAS). By detecting both the scattered leptons and the recoiling protons, we identified and reconstructed elastic scattering events and determined the incident lepton energy. A detailed description of the experiment is presented. Results: We present previously unpublished results for the quantity R2γ, the TPE correction to the elastic-scattering cross section, at Q2≈0.85 and 1.45 GeV2 over a large range of virtual photon polarization ?. Conclusions: Our results, along with recently published results from VEPP-3, demonstrate a nonzero contribution from TPE effects and are in excellent agreement with the calculations that include TPE effects and largely reconcile the form-factor discrepancy up to Q2≈2GeV2. These data are consistent with an increase in R2γ with decreasing ? at Q2≈0.85 and 1.45 GeV2. There are indications of a slight increase in R2γ with Q2.},

  doi          = {10.1103/PhysRevC.95.065201},

  journal      = {Physical Review C},

  number       = 6,

  volume       = 95,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Thu Jun 01 00:00:00 EDT 2017},

  month        = {Thu Jun 01 00:00:00 EDT 2017}

}

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Works referencing / citing this record:

New Measurements of the Beam Normal Spin Asymmetries at Large Backward Angles with Hydrogen and Deuterium Targets
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Lepton mass effects for beam-normal single-spin asymmetry in elastic muon-proton scattering
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Two-photon exchange: myth and history
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Lepton mass effects for beam-normal single-spin asymmetry in elastic muon-proton scattering
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Title: Measurement of two-photon exchange effect by comparing elastic e± p cross sections

Abstract

Citation Formats

Contribution of spin 1/2 and 3/2 resonances to two-photon exchange effects in elastic electron-proton scattering journal, March 2007

Two-Photon Exchange and Elastic Electron-Proton Scattering journal, October 2003

Measurement of the Two-Photon Exchange Contribution to the Elastic e ± p Scattering Cross Sections at the VEPP-3 Storage Ring journal, February 2015

Experimental constraints on nonlinearities induced by two-photon effects in elastic and inelastic Rosenbluth separations journal, February 2006

Towards a Resolution of the Proton Form Factor Problem: New Electron and Positron Scattering Data journal, February 2015

Two-Photon-Exchange Correction to Parity-Violating Elastic Electron-Proton Scattering journal, June 2005

The CEBAF large acceptance spectrometer (CLAS) journal, May 2003

The CLAS forward electromagnetic calorimeter journal, March 2001

Δ -resonance contribution to the two-photon exchange amplitude journal, November 2012

Recoil Polarization Measurements of the Proton Electromagnetic Form Factor Ratio to Q 2 = 8.5 GeV 2 journal, June 2010

Subtracted dispersion relation formalism for the two-photon exchange correction to elastic electron-proton scattering: Comparison with data journal, February 2015

Scattering of positrons and electrons from protons journal, August 1967

The CLAS Cherenkov detector journal, June 2001

Electromagnetic form factors of the proton at squared four-momentum transfers between 10 and 50 fm−2 journal, April 1971

Review of Particle Physics journal, August 2014

Two-photon exchange measurements with positrons and electrons conference, January 2009

Review of Particle Physics text, January 2008

Proton Polarizability Correction to Electron-Proton Scattering journal, May 1957

Backward scattering of positrons and electrons on protons journal, January 1968

Hard Two-Photon Contribution to Elastic Lepton-Proton Scattering Determined by the OLYMPUS Experiment journal, March 2017

Comparison of Elastic Positron-Proton and Electron-Proton Scattering Cross Sections journal, November 1967

Dispersion analysis of the nucleon form factors including meson continua journal, March 2007

How to Reconcile the Rosenbluth and the Polarization Transfer Methods in the Measurement of the Proton Form Factors journal, October 2003

Two-photon exchange in a dispersion approach journal, August 2008

Two-Photon Exchange in Electron-Proton Scattering journal, August 1969

Precision Rosenbluth Measurement of the Proton Elastic Form Factors journal, April 2005

Measurement of the Proton’s Electric to Magnetic Form Factor Ratio from H → 1 ( e → , e ′ p ) journal, January 2007

Towards a resolution of the proton form factor problem: New electron and positron scattering data text, January 2015

Positron-Proton Elastic Scattering at 800 and 1200 MeV journal, February 1968

Improved radiative corrections for (e, e'p) experiments: Beyond the peaking approximation and implications of the soft-photon approximation journal, December 2006

Higher Electromagnetic Corrections to Electron-Proton Scattering journal, January 1959

Positron-Proton Scattering journal, August 1965

CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants: 2006 journal, June 2008

Two-photon exchange contribution to elastic electron-nucleonscattering at large momentum transfer journal, July 2005

Reexamination of phenomenological two-photon exchange corrections to the proton form factors and e ± p scattering journal, November 2011

Measurements of electron-proton elastic cross sections for 0.4 < Q 2 < 5.5 ( GeV ∕ c ) 2 journal, July 2004

Low- Q 2 measurements of the proton form factor ratio μ p G E / G M journal, November 2011

Implications of the discrepancy between proton form factor measurements journal, February 2004

Elastic scattering of electrons and positrons from protons journal, January 1975

Measurement of the ratio of the proton form factors, GE/GM, at high momentum transfers and the question of scaling journal, January 1970

Scattering of Positrons and Electrons from Protons journal, August 1966

Two-photon exchange in elastic electron–proton scattering journal, July 2017

How well do we know the electromagnetic form factors of the proton? journal, September 2003

Demonstration of a novel technique to measure two-photon exchange effects in elastic e ± p scattering journal, August 2013

The time-of-flight system for CLAS journal, August 1999

Proton elastic form factor ratios to Q 2 = 3.5 GeV 2 by polarization transfer journal, May 2005

Measurements of the proton elastic form factors for 1 ≤ Q 2 ≤ 3 ( G e V / c ) 2 at SLAC journal, June 1994

CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants: 2006 journal, September 2008

Two-Photon Physics in Hadronic Processes journal, November 2007

Evidence for two-photon exchange contributions in electron-proton and positron-proton elastic scattering journal, March 2004

Calculation of two-photon exchange effects for Δ production in electron–proton collisions journal, October 2006

$\Delta (1232)$ resonance contribution to two-photon exchange in electron-proton scattering revisited journal, August 2015

Comparison of Electron-Proton and Positron-Proton Elastic Scattering at Four-Momentum Transfers up to 5.0 ( G e V / c ) 2 journal, August 1968

Comment on “High-Precision Determination of the Electric and Magnetic Form Factors of the Proton” journal, September 2011

Consistency of electron scattering data with a small proton radius journal, June 2016

The size of the proton: From the Lamb-shift in muonic hydrogen journal, October 2011

Muonic Hydrogen and the Proton Radius Puzzle journal, October 2013

Bernauer et al. Reply: journal, September 2011

Scattering of High-Energy Positrons from Protons journal, November 1962

Radiative Corrections to Elastic and Inelastic ep and up Scattering journal, January 1969

Hard two-photon contribution to elastic lepton-proton scattering determined by the OLYMPUS experiment journal, February 2018

High-Precision Determination of the Electric and Magnetic Form Factors of the Proton journal, December 2010

Measurements of the electric and magnetic form factors of the proton from Q 2 =1.75 to 8.83 (GeV/ c ) 2 journal, November 1994

Proton radius from electron scattering data journal, May 2016

Two-photon exchange in elastic electron-nucleon scattering journal, September 2005

The size of the proton journal, July 2010

Radiative corrections to electron-proton scattering journal, October 2000

Flavor decomposition of the nucleon electromagnetic form factors at low Q 2 journal, June 2015

Two-photon-exchange amplitude with π N intermediate states: P 33 channel journal, February 2014

Shashlik calorimeter Beam-test results journal, August 1994

High-precision determination of the electric and magnetic form factors of the proton conference, January 2011

The OLYMPUS internal hydrogen target journal, August 2014

Global analysis of proton elastic form factor data with two-photon exchange corrections journal, September 2007

Positron-Proton Scattering journal, February 1964

The CLAS drift chamber system journal, July 2000

Coulomb corrections in the extraction of the proton radius journal, October 2013

The bremsstrahlung tagged photon beam in Hall B at JLab journal, February 2000

Title: Measurement of two-photon exchange effect by comparing elastic $e^{\pm} p$ cross sections

Contribution of spin 1/2 and 3/2 resonances to two-photon exchange effects in elastic electron-proton scattering
journal, March 2007

Two-Photon Exchange and Elastic Electron-Proton Scattering
journal, October 2003

Measurement of the Two-Photon Exchange Contribution to the Elastic $e^{\pm} p$ Scattering Cross Sections at the VEPP-3 Storage Ring
journal, February 2015

Experimental constraints on nonlinearities induced by two-photon effects in elastic and inelastic Rosenbluth separations
journal, February 2006

Towards a Resolution of the Proton Form Factor Problem: New Electron and Positron Scattering Data
journal, February 2015

Two-Photon-Exchange Correction to Parity-Violating Elastic Electron-Proton Scattering
journal, June 2005

The CEBAF large acceptance spectrometer (CLAS)
journal, May 2003

The CLAS forward electromagnetic calorimeter
journal, March 2001

$Δ$ -resonance contribution to the two-photon exchange amplitude
journal, November 2012

Recoil Polarization Measurements of the Proton Electromagnetic Form Factor Ratio to $Q^{2} = 8.5 {GeV}^{2}$
journal, June 2010

Subtracted dispersion relation formalism for the two-photon exchange correction to elastic electron-proton scattering: Comparison with data
journal, February 2015

Scattering of positrons and electrons from protons
journal, August 1967

The CLAS Cherenkov detector
journal, June 2001

Electromagnetic form factors of the proton at squared four-momentum transfers between 10 and 50 fm−2
journal, April 1971

Review of Particle Physics
journal, August 2014

Two-photon exchange measurements with positrons and electrons
conference, January 2009

Review of Particle Physics
text, January 2008

Proton Polarizability Correction to Electron-Proton Scattering
journal, May 1957

Backward scattering of positrons and electrons on protons
journal, January 1968

Hard Two-Photon Contribution to Elastic Lepton-Proton Scattering Determined by the OLYMPUS Experiment
journal, March 2017

Comparison of Elastic Positron-Proton and Electron-Proton Scattering Cross Sections
journal, November 1967

Dispersion analysis of the nucleon form factors including meson continua
journal, March 2007

How to Reconcile the Rosenbluth and the Polarization Transfer Methods in the Measurement of the Proton Form Factors
journal, October 2003

Two-photon exchange in a dispersion approach
journal, August 2008

Two-Photon Exchange in Electron-Proton Scattering
journal, August 1969

Precision Rosenbluth Measurement of the Proton Elastic Form Factors
journal, April 2005

Measurement of the Proton’s Electric to Magnetic Form Factor Ratio from ${}^{1}{\vec{H}} (\vec{e}, e^{'} p)$
journal, January 2007

Towards a resolution of the proton form factor problem: New electron and positron scattering data
text, January 2015

Positron-Proton Elastic Scattering at 800 and 1200 MeV
journal, February 1968

Improved radiative corrections for (e, e'p) experiments: Beyond the peaking approximation and implications of the soft-photon approximation
journal, December 2006

Higher Electromagnetic Corrections to Electron-Proton Scattering
journal, January 1959

Positron-Proton Scattering
journal, August 1965

CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants: 2006
journal, June 2008

Two-photon exchange contribution to elastic electron-nucleonscattering at large momentum transfer
journal, July 2005

Reexamination of phenomenological two-photon exchange corrections to the proton form factors and $e^{\pm} p$ scattering
journal, November 2011

Measurements of electron-proton elastic cross sections for $0.4 < Q^{2} < 5.5 {(GeV ∕ c)}^{2}$
journal, July 2004

Low- $Q^{2}$ measurements of the proton form factor ratio $μ_{p} G_{E} / G_{M}$
journal, November 2011

Implications of the discrepancy between proton form factor measurements
journal, February 2004

Elastic scattering of electrons and positrons from protons
journal, January 1975

Measurement of the ratio of the proton form factors, GE/GM, at high momentum transfers and the question of scaling
journal, January 1970

Scattering of Positrons and Electrons from Protons
journal, August 1966

Two-photon exchange in elastic electron–proton scattering
journal, July 2017

How well do we know the electromagnetic form factors of the proton?
journal, September 2003

Demonstration of a novel technique to measure two-photon exchange effects in elastic $e^{\pm} p$ scattering
journal, August 2013

The time-of-flight system for CLAS
journal, August 1999

Proton elastic form factor ratios to $Q^{2} = 3.5 GeV^{2}$ by polarization transfer
journal, May 2005

Measurements of the proton elastic form factors for $1 \leq Q^{2} \leq 3$ ${(G e V / c)}^{2}$ at SLAC
journal, June 1994

CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants: 2006
journal, September 2008

Two-Photon Physics in Hadronic Processes
journal, November 2007

Evidence for two-photon exchange contributions in electron-proton and positron-proton elastic scattering
journal, March 2004

Calculation of two-photon exchange effects for Δ production in electron–proton collisions
journal, October 2006

$\Delta (1232)$ resonance contribution to two-photon exchange in electron-proton scattering revisited
journal, August 2015

Comparison of Electron-Proton and Positron-Proton Elastic Scattering at Four-Momentum Transfers up to 5.0 ${(G e V / c)}^{2}$
journal, August 1968

Comment on “High-Precision Determination of the Electric and Magnetic Form Factors of the Proton”
journal, September 2011

Consistency of electron scattering data with a small proton radius
journal, June 2016

The size of the proton: From the Lamb-shift in muonic hydrogen
journal, October 2011

Muonic Hydrogen and the Proton Radius Puzzle
journal, October 2013

Bernauer et al. Reply:
journal, September 2011

Scattering of High-Energy Positrons from Protons
journal, November 1962

Radiative Corrections to Elastic and Inelastic $ep$ and $up$ Scattering
journal, January 1969

Hard two-photon contribution to elastic lepton-proton scattering determined by the OLYMPUS experiment
journal, February 2018

High-Precision Determination of the Electric and Magnetic Form Factors of the Proton
journal, December 2010

Measurements of the electric and magnetic form factors of the proton from $Q^{2}$ =1.75 to 8.83 (GeV/ c $)^{2}$
journal, November 1994

Proton radius from electron scattering data
journal, May 2016

Two-photon exchange in elastic electron-nucleon scattering
journal, September 2005

The size of the proton
journal, July 2010

Radiative corrections to electron-proton scattering
journal, October 2000

Flavor decomposition of the nucleon electromagnetic form factors at low $Q^{2}$
journal, June 2015

Two-photon-exchange amplitude with $π N$ intermediate states: $P_{33}$ channel
journal, February 2014

Shashlik calorimeter Beam-test results
journal, August 1994

High-precision determination of the electric and magnetic form factors of the proton
conference, January 2011

The OLYMPUS internal hydrogen target
journal, August 2014

Global analysis of proton elastic form factor data with two-photon exchange corrections
journal, September 2007

Positron-Proton Scattering
journal, February 1964

The CLAS drift chamber system
journal, July 2000

Coulomb corrections in the extraction of the proton radius
journal, October 2013

The bremsstrahlung tagged photon beam in Hall B at JLab
journal, February 2000

Coulomb corrections to elastic electron–proton scattering and the proton charge radius
journal, April 2000

Final analysis of proton form factor ratio data at $Q^{2} = 4.0$ , 4.8, and 5.6 GeV $^{2}$
journal, April 2012