Implications of z ~ 6 Quasar Proximity Zones for the Epoch of Reionization and Quasar Lifetimes
Abstract
In this paper, we study quasar proximity zones in the redshift range $$5.77\leqslant z\leqslant 6.54$$ by homogeneously analyzing 34 medium-resolution spectra, encompassing both archival and newly obtained data, and exploiting recently updated systemic redshift and magnitude measurements. Whereas previous studies found strong evolution of proximity zone sizes with redshift and argued that this provides evidence for a rapidly evolving intergalactic medium (IGM) neutral fraction during reionization, we measure a much shallower trend $$\propto {(1+z)}^{-1.44}$$. We compare our measured proximity zone sizes to predictions from hydrodynamical simulations post-processed with one-dimensional radiative transfer and find good agreement between observations and theory, irrespective of the ionization state of the ambient IGM. This insensitivity to IGM ionization state has been previously noted, and results from the fact that the definition of proximity zone size as the first drop of the smoothed quasar spectrum below the 10% flux transmission level probes locations where the ionizing radiation from the quasar is an order of magnitude larger than the expected ultraviolet ionizing background that sets the neutral fraction of the IGM. Our analysis also uncovered three objects with exceptionally small proximity zones (two have $${R}_{p}\lt 1$$ proper Mpc), which constitute outliers from the observed distribution and are challenging to explain with our radiative transfer simulations. Finally, we consider various explanations for their origin, such as strong absorption line systems associated with the quasar or patchy reionization, but find that the most compelling scenario is that these quasars have been shining for ≲105 years.
- Authors:
-
[1];
[2];
[3];
- Max Planck Inst. for Astronomy, Heidelberg (Germany); Heidelberg Univ. (Germany)
- Max Planck Inst. for Astronomy, Heidelberg (Germany); Univ. of California, Santa Barbara, CA (United States)
- Univ. of California, Santa Cruz, CA (United States)
- Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)
- Publication Date:
- Research Org.:
- Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC)
- Sponsoring Org.:
- USDOE Office of Science (SC), Advanced Scientific Computing Research (ASCR); USDOE Office of Science (SC), High Energy Physics (HEP)
- OSTI Identifier:
- 1379826
- Alternate Identifier(s):
- OSTI ID: 1563931
- Grant/Contract Number:
- AC02-05CH11231
- Resource Type:
- Accepted Manuscript
- Journal Name:
- The Astrophysical Journal (Online)
- Additional Journal Information:
- Journal Name: The Astrophysical Journal (Online); Journal Volume: 840; Journal Issue: 1; Journal ID: ISSN 1538-4357
- Publisher:
- Institute of Physics (IOP)
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
- Subject:
- 79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS; dark ages; reionization; first stars; intergalactic medium; data analysis methods; quasar absorption lines
Citation Formats
Eilers, Anna-Christina, Davies, Frederick B., Hennawi, Joseph F., Prochaska, J. Xavier, Lukić, Zarija, and Mazzucchelli, Chiara. Implications of z ~ 6 Quasar Proximity Zones for the Epoch of Reionization and Quasar Lifetimes. United States: N. p., 2017.
Web. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa6c60.
Eilers, Anna-Christina, Davies, Frederick B., Hennawi, Joseph F., Prochaska, J. Xavier, Lukić, Zarija, & Mazzucchelli, Chiara. Implications of z ~ 6 Quasar Proximity Zones for the Epoch of Reionization and Quasar Lifetimes. United States. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aa6c60
Eilers, Anna-Christina, Davies, Frederick B., Hennawi, Joseph F., Prochaska, J. Xavier, Lukić, Zarija, and Mazzucchelli, Chiara. Tue .
"Implications of z ~ 6 Quasar Proximity Zones for the Epoch of Reionization and Quasar Lifetimes". United States. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aa6c60. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1379826.
@article{osti_1379826,
title = {Implications of z ~ 6 Quasar Proximity Zones for the Epoch of Reionization and Quasar Lifetimes},
author = {Eilers, Anna-Christina and Davies, Frederick B. and Hennawi, Joseph F. and Prochaska, J. Xavier and Lukić, Zarija and Mazzucchelli, Chiara},
abstractNote = {In this paper, we study quasar proximity zones in the redshift range $5.77\leqslant z\leqslant 6.54$ by homogeneously analyzing 34 medium-resolution spectra, encompassing both archival and newly obtained data, and exploiting recently updated systemic redshift and magnitude measurements. Whereas previous studies found strong evolution of proximity zone sizes with redshift and argued that this provides evidence for a rapidly evolving intergalactic medium (IGM) neutral fraction during reionization, we measure a much shallower trend $\propto {(1+z)}^{-1.44}$. We compare our measured proximity zone sizes to predictions from hydrodynamical simulations post-processed with one-dimensional radiative transfer and find good agreement between observations and theory, irrespective of the ionization state of the ambient IGM. This insensitivity to IGM ionization state has been previously noted, and results from the fact that the definition of proximity zone size as the first drop of the smoothed quasar spectrum below the 10% flux transmission level probes locations where the ionizing radiation from the quasar is an order of magnitude larger than the expected ultraviolet ionizing background that sets the neutral fraction of the IGM. Our analysis also uncovered three objects with exceptionally small proximity zones (two have ${R}_{p}\lt 1$ proper Mpc), which constitute outliers from the observed distribution and are challenging to explain with our radiative transfer simulations. Finally, we consider various explanations for their origin, such as strong absorption line systems associated with the quasar or patchy reionization, but find that the most compelling scenario is that these quasars have been shining for ≲105 years.},
doi = {10.3847/1538-4357/aa6c60},
journal = {The Astrophysical Journal (Online)},
number = 1,
volume = 840,
place = {United States},
year = {Tue May 02 00:00:00 EDT 2017},
month = {Tue May 02 00:00:00 EDT 2017}
}
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Figures / Tables:
TABLE 1: Overview of the observations of the 34 quasars in our data sample.
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The role of galaxies and AGNs in reionizing the IGM – II. Metal-tracing the faint sources of reionization at 5 ≲ z ≲ 6
journal, November 2018
- Meyer, Romain A.; Bosman, Sarah E. I.; Kakiichi, Koki
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 483, Issue 1
Three new VHS–DES quasars at 6.7 < z < 6.9 and emission line properties at z > 6.5
journal, May 2019
- Reed, S. L.; Banerji, M.; Becker, G. D.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 487, Issue 2
Evidence for short ∼ 1 Myr lifetimes from the He ii proximity zones of z ∼ 4 quasars
journal, January 2019
- Khrykin, Ilya S.; Hennawi, Joseph F.; Worseck, Gábor
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 484, Issue 3
New constraints on quasar evolution: broad-line velocity shifts over 1.5 ≲ z ≲ 7.5
journal, June 2019
- Meyer, Romain A.; Bosman, Sarah E. I.; Ellis, Richard S.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 487, Issue 3
Nuisance hardened data compression for fast likelihood-free inference
journal, July 2019
- Alsing, Justin; Wandelt, Benjamin
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 488, Issue 4
Constraints on reionization from the z = 7.5 QSO ULASJ1342+0928
journal, January 2019
- Greig, Bradley; Mesinger, Andrei; Bañados, Eduardo
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 484, Issue 4
Subaru High-z Exploration of Low-Luminosity Quasars (SHELLQs). VIII. A less biased view of the early co-evolution of black holes and host galaxies
journal, September 2019
- Izumi, Takuma; Onoue, Masafusa; Matsuoka, Yoshiki
- Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan, Vol. 71, Issue 6
The Faint End of the z = 5 Quasar Luminosity Function from the CFHTLS
journal, February 2018
- McGreer, Ian D.; Fan, Xiaohui; Jiang, Linhua
- The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 155, Issue 3
Revealing the Warm and Hot Halo Baryons via Thomson Scattering of Quasar Light
journal, July 2018
- Mas-Ribas, Lluís; Hennawi, Joseph F.
- The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 156, Issue 2
An ALMA [C ii] Survey of 27 Quasars at z > 5.94
journal, February 2018
- Decarli, Roberto; Walter, Fabian; Venemans, Bram P.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 854, Issue 2
A New Method to Measure the Post-reionization Ionizing Background from the Joint Distribution of Ly α and Ly β Forest Transmission
journal, March 2018
- Davies, Frederick B.; Hennawi, Joseph F.; Eilers, Anna-Christina
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 855, Issue 2
Modeling the He ii Transverse Proximity Effect: Constraints on Quasar Lifetime and Obscuration
journal, July 2018
- Schmidt, Tobias M.; Hennawi, Joseph F.; Worseck, Gábor
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 861, Issue 2
The Opacity of the Intergalactic Medium Measured along Quasar Sightlines at z ∼ 6
journal, August 2018
- Eilers, Anna-Christina; Davies, Frederick B.; Hennawi, Joseph F.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 864, Issue 1
Quantitative Constraints on the Reionization History from the IGM Damping Wing Signature in Two Quasars at z > 7
journal, September 2018
- Davies, Frederick B.; Hennawi, Joseph F.; Bañados, Eduardo
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 864, Issue 2
Predicting Quasar Continua near Ly α with Principal Component Analysis
journal, September 2018
- Davies, Frederick B.; Hennawi, Joseph F.; Bañados, Eduardo
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 864, Issue 2
First Spectroscopic Study of a Young Quasar
journal, October 2018
- Eilers, Anna-Christina; Hennawi, Joseph F.; Davies, Frederick B.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 867, Issue 1
No Evidence for Millimeter Continuum Source Overdensities in the Environments of z ≳ 6 Quasars
journal, November 2018
- Champagne, Jaclyn B.; Decarli, Roberto; Casey, Caitlin M.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 867, Issue 2
Subaru High- z Exploration of Low-luminosity Quasars (SHELLQs). V. Quasar Luminosity Function and Contribution to Cosmic Reionization at z = 6
journal, December 2018
- Matsuoka, Yoshiki; Strauss, Michael A.; Kashikawa, Nobunari
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 869, Issue 2
The Evolution of the He ii-ionizing Background at Redshifts 2.3 < z < 3.8 Inferred from a Statistical Sample of 24 HST /COS He ii Ly α Absorption Spectra
journal, April 2019
- Worseck, Gábor; Davies, Frederick B.; Hennawi, Joseph F.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 875, Issue 2
High Star Formation Rates of Low Eddington Ratio Quasars at z ≳ 6
journal, July 2019
- Kim, Yongjung; Im, Myungshin
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 879, Issue 2
Anomaly in the Opacity of the Post-reionization Intergalactic Medium in the Ly α and Ly β Forest
journal, August 2019
- Eilers, Anna-Christina; Hennawi, Joseph F.; Davies, Frederick B.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 881, Issue 1
Mapping Quasar Light Echoes in 3D with Ly α Forest Tomography
journal, September 2019
- Schmidt, Tobias M.; Hennawi, Joseph F.; Lee, Khee-Gan
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 882, Issue 2
A Metal-poor Damped Ly α System at Redshift 6.4
journal, October 2019
- Bañados, Eduardo; Rauch, Michael; Decarli, Roberto
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 885, Issue 1
X-Ray Observations of a z ∼ 6.2 Quasar/Galaxy Merger
journal, December 2019
- Connor, Thomas; Bañados, Eduardo; Stern, Daniel
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 887, Issue 2
The REQUIEM Survey. I. A Search for Extended Ly α Nebular Emission Around 31 z > 5.7 Quasars
journal, December 2019
- Farina, Emanuele Paolo; Arrigoni-Battaia, Fabrizio; Costa, Tiago
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 887, Issue 2
Most Lensed Quasars at z > 6 are Missed by Current Surveys
journal, January 2019
- Pacucci, Fabio; Loeb, Abraham
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 870, Issue 2
Evidence for Low Radiative Efficiency or Highly Obscured Growth of z > 7 Quasars
journal, October 2019
- Davies, Frederick B.; Hennawi, Joseph F.; Eilers, Anna-Christina
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 884, Issue 1
Supermassive black holes in the early Universe
journal, December 2015
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- Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, Vol. 471, Issue 2184
Supermassive black holes in the early universe
journal, March 2004
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- Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union, Vol. 2004, Issue IAUS222
Modeling the HeII Transverse Proximity Effect: Constraints on Quasar Lifetime and Obscuration
text, January 2017
- Schmidt, Tobias M.; Hennawi, Joseph F.; Worseck, Gábor
- arXiv
The Faint End of the z=5 Quasar Luminosity Function from the CFHTLS
text, January 2017
- McGreer, Ian D.; Fan, Xiaohui; Jiang, Linhua
- arXiv
Revealing the Warm and Hot Halo Baryons via Thomson Scattering of Quasar Light
text, January 2018
- Mas-Ribas, Lluís; Hennawi, Joseph F.
- arXiv
The Opacity of the Intergalactic Medium Measured Along Quasar Sightlines at $z\sim 6$
text, January 2018
- Eilers, Anna-Christina; Davies, Frederick B.; Hennawi, Joseph F.
- arXiv
No Evidence for Millimeter Continuum Source Overdensities in the Environments of $z\gtrsim6$ Quasars
text, January 2018
- Champagne, Jaclyn B.; Decarli, Roberto; Casey, Caitlin M.
- arXiv
Subaru High-z Exploration of Low-Luminosity Quasars (SHELLQs). V. Quasar Luminosity Function and Contribution to Cosmic Reionization at z = 6
text, January 2018
- Matsuoka, Yoshiki; Strauss, Michael A.; Kashikawa, Nobunari
- arXiv
Nuisance hardened data compression for fast likelihood-free inference
text, January 2019
- Alsing, Justin; Wandelt, Benjamin
- arXiv
Discovery of intergalactic bridges connecting two faint $z\sim3$ quasars
text, January 2019
- Battaia, Fabrizio Arrigoni; Obreja, Aura; Prochaska, J. Xavier
- arXiv
X-ray Observations of a $z\sim6.2$ Quasar/Galaxy Merger
text, January 2019
- Connor, Thomas; Bañados, Eduardo; Stern, Daniel
- arXiv
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