Closed bipolar electrode-enabled dual-cell electrochromic detectors for chemical sensing
Abstract
Bipolar electrodes (BPE) are electrically floating metallic elements placed in electrified fluids that enable the coupling of anodic and cathodic redox reactions at the opposite ends by electron transfer through the electrode. One particularly compelling application allows electron transfer reactions at one end of a closed BPE to be read out optically by inducing a redox-initiated change in the optical response function of a reporter system at the other end. Here, a BPE-enabled method for electrochemical sensing based on the electrochromic response of a methyl viologen (MV) reporter is developed, characterized, and rendered in a field-deployable format. BPE-enabled devices based on two thin-layer-cells of ITO and Pt were fabricated to couple an analytical reaction in one cell with an MV reporter reaction, producing a color change in the complementary cell. Using Fe(CN)63/4- as a model analyte, the electrochemically induced color change of MV was determined initially by measuring its absorbance via a CCD camera coupled to a microscope. Then, smartphone-based detection and RGB analysis were employed to further simplify the sensing scheme. In both methods a linear relationship between the analyte concentration was produced, the quantity of MV generated, and the colorimetric response, yielding a limit of detection of 1.0more »
- Authors:
-
- Univ. of Notre Dame, IN (United States). Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Univ. of Notre Dame, IN (United States). Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Dept. of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- Publication Date:
- Research Org.:
- University of Notre Dame, IN (United States)
- Sponsoring Org.:
- USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES)
- OSTI Identifier:
- 1371708
- Grant/Contract Number:
- FG02-07ER15851
- Resource Type:
- Accepted Manuscript
- Journal Name:
- Analyst
- Additional Journal Information:
- Journal Volume: 141; Journal Issue: 21; Journal ID: ISSN 0003-2654
- Publisher:
- Royal Society of Chemistry
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
- Subject:
- 37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
Citation Formats
Xu, Wei, Fu, Kaiyu, Ma, Chaoxiong, and Bohn, Paul W. Closed bipolar electrode-enabled dual-cell electrochromic detectors for chemical sensing. United States: N. p., 2016.
Web. doi:10.1039/C6AN01415A.
Xu, Wei, Fu, Kaiyu, Ma, Chaoxiong, & Bohn, Paul W. Closed bipolar electrode-enabled dual-cell electrochromic detectors for chemical sensing. United States. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6AN01415A
Xu, Wei, Fu, Kaiyu, Ma, Chaoxiong, and Bohn, Paul W. Wed .
"Closed bipolar electrode-enabled dual-cell electrochromic detectors for chemical sensing". United States. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6AN01415A. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1371708.
@article{osti_1371708,
title = {Closed bipolar electrode-enabled dual-cell electrochromic detectors for chemical sensing},
author = {Xu, Wei and Fu, Kaiyu and Ma, Chaoxiong and Bohn, Paul W.},
abstractNote = {Bipolar electrodes (BPE) are electrically floating metallic elements placed in electrified fluids that enable the coupling of anodic and cathodic redox reactions at the opposite ends by electron transfer through the electrode. One particularly compelling application allows electron transfer reactions at one end of a closed BPE to be read out optically by inducing a redox-initiated change in the optical response function of a reporter system at the other end. Here, a BPE-enabled method for electrochemical sensing based on the electrochromic response of a methyl viologen (MV) reporter is developed, characterized, and rendered in a field-deployable format. BPE-enabled devices based on two thin-layer-cells of ITO and Pt were fabricated to couple an analytical reaction in one cell with an MV reporter reaction, producing a color change in the complementary cell. Using Fe(CN)63/4- as a model analyte, the electrochemically induced color change of MV was determined initially by measuring its absorbance via a CCD camera coupled to a microscope. Then, smartphone-based detection and RGB analysis were employed to further simplify the sensing scheme. In both methods a linear relationship between the analyte concentration was produced, the quantity of MV generated, and the colorimetric response, yielding a limit of detection of 1.0 μM. Similar responses were also observed in the detection of dopamine and acetaminophen. Further evolution of the device replaced the potentiostat with batteries to control potential, demonstrating the simplicity and portability of the device. Finally, the physical separation of the reporter and analytical cells renders the device competent to detect analytes in different (e.g. non-aqueous) phases, as demonstrated by using the electrochromic behavior of aqueous MV to detect ferrocene in acetonitrile in the analytical cell.},
doi = {10.1039/C6AN01415A},
journal = {Analyst},
number = 21,
volume = 141,
place = {United States},
year = {Wed Sep 07 00:00:00 EDT 2016},
month = {Wed Sep 07 00:00:00 EDT 2016}
}
Web of Science
Works referenced in this record:
Two-channel microelectrochemical bipolar electrode sensor array
journal, January 2012
- Chang, Byoung-Yong; Chow, Kwok-Fan; Crooks, John A.
- The Analyst, Vol. 137, Issue 12
Design and Operation of Microelectrochemical Gates and Integrated Circuits
journal, November 2010
- Chang, Byoung-Yong; Crooks, John A.; Chow, Kwok-Fan
- Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 132, Issue 43
Coupling of Independent Electrochemical Reactions and Fluorescence at Closed Bipolar Interdigitated Electrode Arrays
journal, October 2015
- Xu, Wei; Ma, Chaoxiong; Bohn, Paul W.
- ChemElectroChem, Vol. 3, Issue 3
Reaction-Based Colorimetric Cyanide Chemosensors: Rapid Naked-Eye Detection and High Selectivity
journal, March 2012
- Cheng, Xiaohong; Zhou, Yue; Qin, Jingui
- ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 4, Issue 4
Highly Specific Electrochemiluminescence Detection of Cancer Cells with a Closed Bipolar Electrode
journal, October 2015
- Wu, Mei-Sheng; Liu, Zhen; Xu, Jing-Juan
- ChemElectroChem, Vol. 3, Issue 3
Bipolar Electrochemical Mechanism for the Propulsion of Catalytic Nanomotors in Hydrogen Peroxide Solutions †
journal, December 2006
- Wang, Yang; Hernandez, Rose M.; Bartlett, David J.
- Langmuir, Vol. 22, Issue 25
Screening the Optical Properties of Ag−Au Alloy Gradients Formed by Bipolar Electrodeposition Using Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy
journal, February 2011
- Ramaswamy, Rajakumari; Shannon, Curtis
- Langmuir, Vol. 27, Issue 3
In situ spectroelectrochemistry and colour measurement of a complementary electrochromic device based on surface-confined Prussian blue and aqueous solution-phase methyl viologen
journal, April 2012
- Mortimer, Roger J.; Varley, Thomas S.
- Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol. 99
Fluorescence Coupling for Direct Imaging of Electrocatalytic Heterogeneity
journal, December 2012
- Guerrette, Joshua P.; Percival, Stephen J.; Zhang, Bo
- Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 135, Issue 2
Full-Featured Electrochemiluminescence Sensing Platform Based on the Multichannel Closed Bipolar System
journal, May 2014
- Zhang, Xiaowei; Li, Jing; Jia, Xiaofang
- Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 86, Issue 11
Electrochemical Sensing in Microfluidic Systems Using Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence as a Photonic Reporter of Redox Reactions
journal, November 2002
- Zhan, Wei; Alvarez, Julio; Crooks, Richard M.
- Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 124, Issue 44
Enrichment of Cations via Bipolar Electrode Focusing
journal, August 2012
- Sheridan, Eoin; Hlushkou, Dzmitry; Knust, Kyle N.
- Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 84, Issue 17, p. 7393-7399
Coupled Electrochemical Reactions at Bipolar Microelectrodes and Nanoelectrodes
journal, January 2012
- Guerrette, Joshua P.; Oja, Stephen M.; Zhang, Bo
- Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 84, Issue 3
Portable and Visual Electrochemical Sensor Based on the Bipolar Light Emitting Diode Electrode
journal, April 2015
- Zhang, Xiaowei; Chen, Chaogui; Yin, Jianyuan
- Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 87, Issue 9
A colorimetric and smartphone readable method for uracil-DNA glycosylase detection based on the target-triggered formation of G-quadruplex
journal, January 2015
- Nie, Huaijun; Wang, Wei; Li, Wang
- The Analyst, Vol. 140, Issue 8
Signal-Amplified Analysis of Molecular Layers Prepared through Bipolar Electrochemistry
journal, September 2015
- Shida, Naoki; Kitamura, Fusao; Fuchigami, Toshio
- ChemElectroChem, Vol. 3, Issue 3
Integrating bipolar electrochemistry and electrochemiluminescence imaging with microdroplets for chemical analysis
journal, March 2014
- Wu, Suozhu; Zhou, Zhenyu; Xu, Linru
- Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Vol. 53
Bipolar Electrochemistry
journal, July 2013
- Fosdick, Stephen E.; Knust, Kyle N.; Scida, Karen
- Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 52, Issue 40
Display of Solid-State Materials Using Bipolar Electrochemistry
journal, April 2010
- Ramakrishnan, Sridevi; Shannon, Curtis
- Langmuir, Vol. 26, Issue 7
Imaging Redox Activity at Bipolar Electrodes by Indirect Fluorescence Modulation
journal, March 2014
- Bouffier, Laurent; Doneux, Thomas; Goudeau, Bertrand
- Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 86, Issue 8
Recent progress in fluorescent and colorimetric chemosensors for detection of precious metal ions (silver, gold and platinum ions)
journal, January 2011
- Zhang, Jun Feng; Zhou, Ying; Yoon, Juyoung
- Chemical Society Reviews, Vol. 40, Issue 7
Electric field gradient focusing in microchannels with embedded bipolar electrode
journal, January 2009
- Hlushkou, Dzmitry; Perdue, Robbyn K.; Dhopeshwarkar, Rahul
- Lab on a Chip, Vol. 9, Issue 13
Fast Electron-Transfer Kinetics Probed in Nanofluidic Channels
journal, August 2009
- Zevenbergen, Marcel A. G.; Wolfrum, Bernhard L.; Goluch, Edgar D.
- Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 131, Issue 32
Formation of Molecular Gradients on Bipolar Electrodes
journal, April 2008
- Ulrich, Christian; Andersson, Olof; Nyholm, Leif
- Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 47, Issue 16
Bipolar Electrode Focusing: Simultaneous Concentration Enrichment and Separation in a Microfluidic Channel Containing a Bipolar Electrode
journal, November 2009
- Laws, Derek R.; Hlushkou, Dzmitry; Perdue, Robbyn K.
- Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 81, Issue 21, p. 8923-8929
Wireless Electrochemical DNA Microarray Sensor
journal, June 2008
- Chow, Kwok-Fan; Mavré, François; Crooks, Richard M.
- Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 130, Issue 24
Self-induced redox cycling coupled luminescence on nanopore recessed disk-multiscale bipolar electrodes
journal, January 2015
- Ma, Chaoxiong; Zaino III, Lawrence P.; Bohn, Paul W.
- Chemical Science, Vol. 6, Issue 5
Colorimetric Detection of Mercury Ions Based on Plasmonic Nanoparticles
journal, September 2012
- Du, Jianjun; Jiang, Lin; Shao, Qi
- Small, Vol. 9, Issue 9-10
Dissymmetric Carbon Nanotubes by Bipolar Electrochemistry
journal, February 2008
- Warakulwit, Chompunuch; Nguyen, Thi; Majimel, Jérome
- Nano Letters, Vol. 8, Issue 2
Bipolar Electrodes for Rapid Screening of Electrocatalysts
journal, December 2011
- Fosdick, Stephen E.; Crooks, Richard M.
- Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 134, Issue 2
Bipolar Electrode Focusing: The Effect of Current and Electric Field on Concentration Enrichment
journal, December 2009
- Perdue, Robbyn K.; Laws, Derek R.; Hlushkou, Dzmitry
- Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 81, Issue 24, p. 10149-10155
Fluorescence-Enabled Electrochemical Microscopy with Dihydroresorufin as a Fluorogenic Indicator
journal, May 2014
- Oja, Stephen M.; Guerrette, Joshua P.; David, Michelle R.
- Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 86, Issue 12
Point-of-care colorimetric detection with a smartphone
journal, January 2012
- Shen, Li; Hagen, Joshua A.; Papautsky, Ian
- Lab on a Chip, Vol. 12, Issue 21
Smartphone-Based Simultaneous pH and Nitrite Colorimetric Determination for Paper Microfluidic Devices
journal, September 2014
- Lopez-Ruiz, Nuria; Curto, Vincenzo F.; Erenas, Miguel M.
- Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 86, Issue 19
Electrochemical analysis of acetaminophen using a boron-doped diamond thin film electrode applied to flow injection system
journal, June 2002
- Wangfuengkanagul, Nattakarn; Chailapakul, Orawon
- Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, Vol. 28, Issue 5
Azobenzene‐Based Colorimetric Chemosensors for Rapid Naked‐Eye Detection of Mercury(II)
journal, May 2011
- Cheng, Xiaohong; Li, Qianqian; Li, Conggang
- Chemistry – A European Journal, Vol. 17, Issue 26
Parallel Screening of Electrocatalyst Candidates Using Bipolar Electrochemistry
journal, January 2013
- Fosdick, Stephen E.; Berglund, Sean P.; Mullins, C. Buddie
- Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 85, Issue 4
Electrochromic Materials
journal, August 2011
- Mortimer, Roger J.
- Annual Review of Materials Research, Vol. 41, Issue 1
High resolution imaging of the distribution and permeability of methyl viologen dication in bovine articular cartilage using scanning electrochemical microscopy
journal, November 2000
- Gonsalves, M.
- Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects, Vol. 1524, Issue 1
Bipolar Electrodes: A Useful Tool for Concentration, Separation, and Detection of Analytes in Microelectrochemical Systems
journal, November 2010
- Mavré, François; Anand, Robbyn K.; Laws, Derek R.
- Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 82, Issue 21
Electrokinetics in Microfluidic Channels Containing a Floating Electrode
journal, August 2008
- Dhopeshwarkar, Rahul; Hlushkou, Dzmitry; Nguyen, Mark
- Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 130, Issue 32, p. 10480-10481
Shaping and exploring the micro- and nanoworld using bipolar electrochemistry
journal, March 2011
- Loget, Gabriel; Kuhn, Alexander
- Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Vol. 400, Issue 6
Smartphone-based colorimetric analysis for detection of saliva alcohol concentration
journal, January 2015
- Jung, Youngkee; Kim, Jinhee; Awofeso, Olumide
- Applied Optics, Vol. 54, Issue 31
A smartphone-based colorimetric reader for bioanalytical applications using the screen-based bottom illumination provided by gadgets
journal, May 2015
- Vashist, Sandeep Kumar; van Oordt, Thomas; Schneider, E. Marion
- Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Vol. 67
Electrochemiluminescence on bipolar electrodes for visual bioanalysis
journal, January 2013
- Wu, Mei-Sheng; Yuan, Da-Jing; Xu, Jing-Juan
- Chemical Science, Vol. 4, Issue 3
Motion Control at the Nanoscale
journal, January 2010
- Wang, Joseph; Manesh, Kalayil Manian
- Small, Vol. 6, Issue 3
Propulsion of Microobjects by Dynamic Bipolar Self-Regeneration
journal, November 2010
- Loget, Gabriel; Kuhn, Alexander
- Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 132, Issue 45
Naked-eye sensitive detection of nuclease activity using positively-charged gold nanoparticles as colorimetric probes
journal, January 2011
- Cao, Rui; Li, Baoxin; Zhang, Yuanfu
- Chemical Communications, Vol. 47, Issue 45
New Insight into a Microfluidic-Based Bipolar System for an Electrochemiluminescence Sensing Platform
journal, May 2013
- Zhang, Xiaowei; Chen, Chaogui; Li, Jing
- Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 85, Issue 11
Redox Cycling in Nanoscale-Recessed Ring-Disk Electrode Arrays for Enhanced Electrochemical Sensitivity
journal, May 2013
- Ma, Chaoxiong; Contento, Nicholas M.; Gibson, Larry R.
- ACS Nano, Vol. 7, Issue 6
Bipolar Electrochemistry: From Materials Science to Motion and Beyond
journal, May 2013
- Loget, Gabriel; Zigah, Dodzi; Bouffier, Laurent
- Accounts of Chemical Research, Vol. 46, Issue 11
Creating electrical contacts between metal particles using directed electrochemical growth
journal, September 1997
- Bradley, Jean-Claude; Chen, Hsuing-Ming; Crawford, Jeffrey
- Nature, Vol. 389, Issue 6648
Evaluating Electrocatalysts for the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction Using Bipolar Electrode Arrays: Bi- and Trimetallic Combinations of Co, Fe, Ni, Mo, and W
journal, March 2014
- Fosdick, Stephen E.; Berglund, Sean P.; Mullins, C. Buddie
- ACS Catalysis, Vol. 4, Issue 5
Steady-State Voltammetry of a Microelectrode in a Closed Bipolar Cell
journal, October 2012
- Cox, Jonathan T.; Guerrette, Joshua P.; Zhang, Bo
- Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 84, Issue 20
Electrochromic Systems and the Prospects for Devices
journal, June 2001
- Rosseinsky, D. R.; Mortimer, R. J.
- Advanced Materials, Vol. 13, Issue 11
Formation of Molecular Gradients on Bipolar Electrodes
journal, April 2008
- Ulrich, Christian; Andersson, Olof; Nyholm, Leif
- Angewandte Chemie, Vol. 120, Issue 16
Electrochromic materials
journal, July 1989
- Donnadieu, A.
- Materials Science and Engineering: B, Vol. 3, Issue 1-2
Electrochromic Materials
book, January 1992
- Nicholson, M. M.
- Concise Encyclopedia of Semiconducting Materials & Related Technologies
Electrochromic Materials
journal, August 1986
- Oi, Tetsu
- Annual Review of Materials Science, Vol. 16, Issue 1
Electrochromic materials
journal, January 1997
- Mortimer, Roger J.
- Chemical Society Reviews, Vol. 26, Issue 3
Works referencing / citing this record:
Visual Voltammogram at an Array of Closed Bipolar Electrodes in a Ladder Configuration
journal, March 2019
- Borchers, Janis S.; Riusech, Olga; Rasmussen, Eric
- Journal of Analysis and Testing, Vol. 3, Issue 2
Tunable optical metamaterial-based sensors enabled by closed bipolar electrochemistry
journal, January 2019
- Crouch, Garrison M.; Oh, Christiana; Fu, Kaiyu
- The Analyst, Vol. 144, Issue 21