DOE PAGES title logo U.S. Department of Energy
Office of Scientific and Technical Information

Title: Vertically Oriented and Interpenetrating CuSe Nanosheet Films with Open Channels for Flexible All-Solid-State Supercapacitors

Abstract

As a p-type multifunctional semiconductor, CuSe nanostructures show great promise in optoelectronic, sensing, and photocatalytic fields. Although great progress has been achieved, controllable synthesis of CuSe nanosheets (NSs) with a desirable spacial orientation and open frameworks remains a challenge, and their use in supercapacitors (SCs) has not been explored. Herein, a highly vertically oriented and interpenetrating CuSe NS film with open channels is deposited on an Au-coated polyethylene terephthalate substrate. Such CuSe NS films exhibit high specific capacitance (209 F g–1) and can be used as a carbon black- and binder-free electrode to construct flexible, symmetric all-solid-state SCs, using polyvinyl alcohol–LiCl gel as the solid electrolyte. A device fabricated with such CuSe NS films exhibits high volumetric specific capacitance (30.17 mF cm–3), good cycling stability, excellent flexibility, and desirable mechanical stability. The excellent performance of such devices results from the vertically oriented and interpenetrating configuration of CuSe NS building blocks, which can increase the available surface and facilitate the diffusion of electrolyte ions. Moreover, as a prototype for application, three such solid devices in series can be used to light up a red light-emitting diode.

Authors:
 [1];  [1];  [2];  [1];  [3];  [4];  [4];  [5];  [1];  [2]
  1. Hohai Univ., Nanjing (China)
  2. Nanjing Normal Univ. (China)
  3. Nanjing Normal Univ. (China); Nanjing Univ. (China)
  4. Nanjing Univ. (China)
  5. Ames Lab., Ames, IA (United States)
Publication Date:
Research Org.:
Ames Laboratory (AMES), Ames, IA (United States)
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE
OSTI Identifier:
1368042
Report Number(s):
IS-J-9285
Journal ID: ISSN 2470-1343
Grant/Contract Number:  
2015B22313; 2016B46014; 21271105; 21541007; 21671106; 61176087; DE-AC02-07CH11358
Resource Type:
Accepted Manuscript
Journal Name:
ACS Omega
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Volume: 2; Journal Issue: 3; Journal ID: ISSN 2470-1343
Publisher:
American Chemical Society (ACS)
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE

Citation Formats

Li, Lingzhi, Gong, Jiangfeng, Liu, Chunyan, Tian, Yazhou, Han, Min, Wang, Qianjin, Hong, Xihao, Ding, Qingping, Zhu, Weihua, and Bao, Jianchun. Vertically Oriented and Interpenetrating CuSe Nanosheet Films with Open Channels for Flexible All-Solid-State Supercapacitors. United States: N. p., 2017. Web. doi:10.1021/acsomega.6b00535.
Li, Lingzhi, Gong, Jiangfeng, Liu, Chunyan, Tian, Yazhou, Han, Min, Wang, Qianjin, Hong, Xihao, Ding, Qingping, Zhu, Weihua, & Bao, Jianchun. Vertically Oriented and Interpenetrating CuSe Nanosheet Films with Open Channels for Flexible All-Solid-State Supercapacitors. United States. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.6b00535
Li, Lingzhi, Gong, Jiangfeng, Liu, Chunyan, Tian, Yazhou, Han, Min, Wang, Qianjin, Hong, Xihao, Ding, Qingping, Zhu, Weihua, and Bao, Jianchun. Wed . "Vertically Oriented and Interpenetrating CuSe Nanosheet Films with Open Channels for Flexible All-Solid-State Supercapacitors". United States. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.6b00535. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1368042.
@article{osti_1368042,
title = {Vertically Oriented and Interpenetrating CuSe Nanosheet Films with Open Channels for Flexible All-Solid-State Supercapacitors},
author = {Li, Lingzhi and Gong, Jiangfeng and Liu, Chunyan and Tian, Yazhou and Han, Min and Wang, Qianjin and Hong, Xihao and Ding, Qingping and Zhu, Weihua and Bao, Jianchun},
abstractNote = {As a p-type multifunctional semiconductor, CuSe nanostructures show great promise in optoelectronic, sensing, and photocatalytic fields. Although great progress has been achieved, controllable synthesis of CuSe nanosheets (NSs) with a desirable spacial orientation and open frameworks remains a challenge, and their use in supercapacitors (SCs) has not been explored. Herein, a highly vertically oriented and interpenetrating CuSe NS film with open channels is deposited on an Au-coated polyethylene terephthalate substrate. Such CuSe NS films exhibit high specific capacitance (209 F g–1) and can be used as a carbon black- and binder-free electrode to construct flexible, symmetric all-solid-state SCs, using polyvinyl alcohol–LiCl gel as the solid electrolyte. A device fabricated with such CuSe NS films exhibits high volumetric specific capacitance (30.17 mF cm–3), good cycling stability, excellent flexibility, and desirable mechanical stability. The excellent performance of such devices results from the vertically oriented and interpenetrating configuration of CuSe NS building blocks, which can increase the available surface and facilitate the diffusion of electrolyte ions. Moreover, as a prototype for application, three such solid devices in series can be used to light up a red light-emitting diode.},
doi = {10.1021/acsomega.6b00535},
journal = {ACS Omega},
number = 3,
volume = 2,
place = {United States},
year = {Wed Mar 22 00:00:00 EDT 2017},
month = {Wed Mar 22 00:00:00 EDT 2017}
}

Journal Article:
Free Publicly Available Full Text
Publisher's Version of Record

Citation Metrics:
Cited by: 36 works
Citation information provided by
Web of Science

Save / Share:

Works referenced in this record:

Monolithic Carbide-Derived Carbon Films for Micro-Supercapacitors
journal, April 2010


Three-dimensional graphene materials: preparation, structures and application in supercapacitors
journal, January 2014

  • Cao, Xiehong; Yin, Zongyou; Zhang, Hua
  • Energy Environ. Sci., Vol. 7, Issue 6
  • DOI: 10.1039/c4ee00050a

Advanced Materials for Energy Storage
journal, February 2010


Scalable synthesis of hierarchically structured carbon nanotube–graphene fibres for capacitive energy storage
journal, May 2014


Graphene, related two-dimensional crystals, and hybrid systems for energy conversion and storage
journal, January 2015


Flexible Energy-Storage Devices: Design Consideration and Recent Progress
journal, June 2014


Flexible solid-state supercapacitors: design, fabrication and applications
journal, January 2014

  • Lu, Xihong; Yu, Minghao; Wang, Gongming
  • Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 7, Issue 7
  • DOI: 10.1039/c4ee00960f

Printable Thin Film Supercapacitors Using Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes
journal, May 2009

  • Kaempgen, Martti; Chan, Candace K.; Ma, J.
  • Nano Letters, Vol. 9, Issue 5, p. 1872-1876
  • DOI: 10.1021/nl8038579

Self-Assembled Graphene/Carbon Nanotube Hybrid Films for Supercapacitors
journal, December 2009

  • Yu, Dingshan; Dai, Liming
  • The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, Vol. 1, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.1021/jz9003137

Recent development in the production of activated carbon electrodes from agricultural waste biomass for supercapacitors: A review
journal, December 2015


Synthesis of macro-mesoporous carbon materials and hollow core/mesoporous shell carbon spheres as supercapacitors
journal, February 2016


All-Graphene Core-Sheath Microfibers for All-Solid-State, Stretchable Fibriform Supercapacitors and Wearable Electronic Textiles
journal, March 2013


Carbon-Based Supercapacitors Produced by Activation of Graphene
journal, May 2011


A Three-Dimensional Carbon Nanotube/Graphene Sandwich and Its Application as Electrode in Supercapacitors
journal, August 2010

  • Fan, Zhuangjun; Yan, Jun; Zhi, Linjie
  • Advanced Materials, Vol. 22, Issue 33, p. 3723-3728
  • DOI: 10.1002/adma.201001029

Inkjet printing of single-walled carbon nanotube/RuO2 nanowire supercapacitors on cloth fabrics and flexible substrates
journal, July 2010


Carbon cladded TiO 2 nanotubes: fabrication and use in 3D-RuO 2 based supercapacitors
journal, January 2015

  • Gao, Zhi-Da; Zhu, Xu; Li, Ya-Hang
  • Chemical Communications, Vol. 51, Issue 36
  • DOI: 10.1039/c5cc00728c

All-solid-state flexible thin-film supercapacitors with high electrochemical performance based on a two-dimensional V2O5·H2O/graphene composite
journal, January 2014

  • Bao, Jian; Zhang, Xiaodong; Bai, Liangfei
  • Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 2, Issue 28
  • DOI: 10.1039/c3ta15293f

Engineering of MnO2-based nanocomposites for high-performance supercapacitors
journal, October 2015


Materials and fabrication of electrode scaffolds for deposition of MnO2 and their true performance in supercapacitors
journal, October 2015


Facile synthesis of 3-D composites of MnO2 nanorods and holey graphene oxide for supercapacitors
journal, June 2015


Advanced Asymmetric Supercapacitors Based on Ni(OH)2/Graphene and Porous Graphene Electrodes with High Energy Density
journal, March 2012

  • Yan, Jun; Fan, Zhuangjun; Sun, Wei
  • Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 22, Issue 12
  • DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201102839

Three-dimensional ultrathin Ni(OH)2 nanosheets grown on nickel foam for high-performance supercapacitors
journal, January 2015


Cathodic deposition of Ni(OH)2 and Co(OH)2 for asymmetric supercapacitors: Importance of the electrochemical reversibility of redox couples
journal, January 2013


Co(OH) 2 @PANI Hybrid Nanosheets with 3D Networks as High-Performance Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
journal, October 2015

  • Feng, Jin-Xian; Ding, Liang-Xin; Ye, Sheng-Hua
  • Advanced Materials, Vol. 27, Issue 44
  • DOI: 10.1002/adma.201503187

Metallic Few-Layered VS 2 Ultrathin Nanosheets: High Two-Dimensional Conductivity for In-Plane Supercapacitors
journal, November 2011

  • Feng, Jun; Sun, Xu; Wu, Changzheng
  • Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 133, Issue 44
  • DOI: 10.1021/ja207176c

Direct Laser-Patterned Micro-Supercapacitors from Paintable MoS 2 Films
journal, April 2013


Directly deposited MoS 2 thin film electrodes for high performance supercapacitors
journal, January 2015

  • Choudhary, Nitin; Patel, Mumukshu; Ho, Yee-Hsien
  • Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 3, Issue 47
  • DOI: 10.1039/c5ta08095a

Designing two dimensional nanoarchitectured MoS2 sheets grown on Mo foil as a binder free electrode for supercapacitors
journal, February 2016


Two-Dimensional Tin Selenide Nanostructures for Flexible All-Solid-State Supercapacitors
journal, March 2014

  • Zhang, Chunli; Yin, Huanhuan; Han, Min
  • ACS Nano, Vol. 8, Issue 4
  • DOI: 10.1021/nn5004315

Thin film CdSe/CuSe photovoltaic on a flexible single walled carbon nanotube substrate
journal, January 2013

  • Hamilton, Christopher E.; Flood, Dennis J.; Barron, Andrew R.
  • Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, Vol. 15, Issue 11
  • DOI: 10.1039/c3cp50435b

Facile Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Multiphase CuInSe 2 Nanoparticles and Role of Secondary CuSe Phase on Photovoltaic Device Performance
journal, May 2013

  • Seo, Yeong-Hui; Lee, Byung-Seok; Jo, Yejin
  • The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 117, Issue 19
  • DOI: 10.1021/jp310434j

Large-Scale Synthesis of Long Crystalline Cu 2-x Se Nanowire Bundles by Water-Evaporation-Induced Self-Assembly and Their Application in Gas Sensing
journal, June 2009

  • Xu, Jun; Zhang, Weixin; Yang, Zeheng
  • Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 19, Issue 11
  • DOI: 10.1002/adfm.200801430

Study on Thermal Evolution of the CuSe Phase in Nanoparticle-Based Absorber Layers for Solution-Processed Chalcopyrite Photovoltaic Devices
journal, July 2013

  • Seo, Yeong-Hui; Lee, Byung-Seok; Jo, Yejin
  • ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 5, Issue 15
  • DOI: 10.1021/am401735a

Hydrothermal synthesis of hexagonal CuSe nanoflakes with excellent sunlight-driven photocatalytic activity
journal, January 2014

  • Gu, Yanjie; Su, Yanjie; Chen, Da
  • CrystEngComm, Vol. 16, Issue 39
  • DOI: 10.1039/c4ce01470g

Two-Dimensional CuSe Nanosheets with Microscale Lateral Size: Synthesis and Template-Assisted Phase Transformation
journal, April 2014


Fully Solution‐Processed Conductive Films Based on Colloidal Copper Selenide Nanosheets for Flexible Electronics
journal, April 2016

  • Vikulov, Sergey; Di Stasio, Francesco; Ceseracciu, Luca
  • Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 26, Issue 21
  • DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201600124

Facile Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Klockmannite CuSe Nanosheets and Their Exceptional Electrical Properties
journal, August 2014

  • Liu, Yong-Qiang; Wang, Feng-Xia; Xiao, Yan
  • Scientific Reports, Vol. 4, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1038/srep05998

A Facile and Template-Free Hydrothermal Synthesis of Mn 3 O 4 Nanorods on Graphene Sheets for Supercapacitor Electrodes with Long Cycle Stability
journal, March 2012

  • Lee, Jeong Woo; Hall, Anthony S.; Kim, Jong-Duk
  • Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 24, Issue 6
  • DOI: 10.1021/cm203697w

Optical spectroscopy, optical conductivity, dielectric properties and new methods for determining the gap states of CuSe thin films
journal, October 2010


Synthesis and Characterization of Hexagonal CuSe Nanotubes by Templating against Trigonal Se Nanotubes
journal, October 2006

  • Zhang, Sheng-Yi; Fang, Chun-Xia; Tian, Yu-Peng
  • Crystal Growth & Design, Vol. 6, Issue 12
  • DOI: 10.1021/cg0604430

Solvothermal synthesis of CoS2–graphene nanocomposite material for high-performance supercapacitors
journal, January 2012

  • Wang, Bei; Park, Jinsoo; Su, Dawei
  • Journal of Materials Chemistry, Vol. 22, Issue 31
  • DOI: 10.1039/c2jm31214j

Hierarchical MnMoO4/CoMoO4 heterostructured nanowires with enhanced supercapacitor performance
journal, July 2011

  • Mai, Li-Qiang; Yang, Fan; Zhao, Yun-Long
  • Nature Communications, Vol. 2, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1387

Large-Scale Synthesis of Long Crystalline Cu 2-x Se Nanowire Bundles by Water-Evaporation-Induced Self-Assembly and Their Application in Gas Sensing
journal, June 2009

  • Xu, Jun; Zhang, Weixin; Yang, Zeheng
  • Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 19, Issue 11
  • DOI: 10.1002/adfm.200801430

Advanced Asymmetric Supercapacitors Based on Ni(OH)2/Graphene and Porous Graphene Electrodes with High Energy Density
journal, March 2012

  • Yan, Jun; Fan, Zhuangjun; Sun, Wei
  • Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 22, Issue 12
  • DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201102839

Fully Solution‐Processed Conductive Films Based on Colloidal Copper Selenide Nanosheets for Flexible Electronics
journal, April 2016

  • Vikulov, Sergey; Di Stasio, Francesco; Ceseracciu, Luca
  • Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 26, Issue 21
  • DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201600124

Advanced Materials for Energy Storage
journal, February 2010


All-Graphene Core-Sheath Microfibers for All-Solid-State, Stretchable Fibriform Supercapacitors and Wearable Electronic Textiles
journal, March 2013


Co(OH) 2 @PANI Hybrid Nanosheets with 3D Networks as High‐Performance Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
journal, December 2019

  • Feng, Jin‐Xian; Ding, Liang‐Xin; Ye, Sheng‐Hua
  • Advanced Materials, Vol. 31, Issue 51
  • DOI: 10.1002/adma.201904101

Two-Dimensional CuSe Nanosheets with Microscale Lateral Size: Synthesis and Template-Assisted Phase Transformation
journal, April 2014


Superior Electrical Conductivity in Hydrogenated Layered Ternary Chalcogenide Nanosheets for Flexible All-Solid-State Supercapacitors
journal, April 2016

  • Hu, Xin; Shao, Wei; Hang, Xudong
  • Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 55, Issue 19
  • DOI: 10.1002/anie.201600029

Direct Laser-Patterned Micro-Supercapacitors from Paintable MoS 2 Films
journal, April 2013


Facile synthesis of 3-D composites of MnO2 nanorods and holey graphene oxide for supercapacitors
journal, June 2015


Synthesis of macro-mesoporous carbon materials and hollow core/mesoporous shell carbon spheres as supercapacitors
journal, February 2016


Inkjet printing of single-walled carbon nanotube/RuO2 nanowire supercapacitors on cloth fabrics and flexible substrates
journal, July 2010


Designing two dimensional nanoarchitectured MoS2 sheets grown on Mo foil as a binder free electrode for supercapacitors
journal, February 2016


Optical spectroscopy, optical conductivity, dielectric properties and new methods for determining the gap states of CuSe thin films
journal, October 2010


Cathodic deposition of Ni(OH)2 and Co(OH)2 for asymmetric supercapacitors: Importance of the electrochemical reversibility of redox couples
journal, January 2013


Materials and fabrication of electrode scaffolds for deposition of MnO2 and their true performance in supercapacitors
journal, October 2015


Engineering of MnO2-based nanocomposites for high-performance supercapacitors
journal, October 2015


Recent development in the production of activated carbon electrodes from agricultural waste biomass for supercapacitors: A review
journal, December 2015


Study on Thermal Evolution of the CuSe Phase in Nanoparticle-Based Absorber Layers for Solution-Processed Chalcopyrite Photovoltaic Devices
journal, July 2013

  • Seo, Yeong-Hui; Lee, Byung-Seok; Jo, Yejin
  • ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 5, Issue 15
  • DOI: 10.1021/am401735a

Synthesis and Characterization of Hexagonal CuSe Nanotubes by Templating against Trigonal Se Nanotubes
journal, October 2006

  • Zhang, Sheng-Yi; Fang, Chun-Xia; Tian, Yu-Peng
  • Crystal Growth & Design, Vol. 6, Issue 12
  • DOI: 10.1021/cg0604430

A Facile and Template-Free Hydrothermal Synthesis of Mn 3 O 4 Nanorods on Graphene Sheets for Supercapacitor Electrodes with Long Cycle Stability
journal, March 2012

  • Lee, Jeong Woo; Hall, Anthony S.; Kim, Jong-Duk
  • Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 24, Issue 6
  • DOI: 10.1021/cm203697w

Metallic Few-Layered VS 2 Ultrathin Nanosheets: High Two-Dimensional Conductivity for In-Plane Supercapacitors
journal, November 2011

  • Feng, Jun; Sun, Xu; Wu, Changzheng
  • Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 133, Issue 44
  • DOI: 10.1021/ja207176c

Facile Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Multiphase CuInSe 2 Nanoparticles and Role of Secondary CuSe Phase on Photovoltaic Device Performance
journal, May 2013

  • Seo, Yeong-Hui; Lee, Byung-Seok; Jo, Yejin
  • The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 117, Issue 19
  • DOI: 10.1021/jp310434j

Printable Thin Film Supercapacitors Using Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes
journal, May 2009

  • Kaempgen, Martti; Chan, Candace K.; Ma, J.
  • Nano Letters, Vol. 9, Issue 5, p. 1872-1876
  • DOI: 10.1021/nl8038579

Two-Dimensional Tin Selenide Nanostructures for Flexible All-Solid-State Supercapacitors
journal, March 2014

  • Zhang, Chunli; Yin, Huanhuan; Han, Min
  • ACS Nano, Vol. 8, Issue 4
  • DOI: 10.1021/nn5004315

Hierarchical MnMoO4/CoMoO4 heterostructured nanowires with enhanced supercapacitor performance
journal, July 2011

  • Mai, Li-Qiang; Yang, Fan; Zhao, Yun-Long
  • Nature Communications, Vol. 2, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1387

Scalable synthesis of hierarchically structured carbon nanotube–graphene fibres for capacitive energy storage
journal, May 2014


Facile Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Klockmannite CuSe Nanosheets and Their Exceptional Electrical Properties
journal, August 2014

  • Liu, Yong-Qiang; Wang, Feng-Xia; Xiao, Yan
  • Scientific Reports, Vol. 4, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1038/srep05998

Thin film CdSe/CuSe photovoltaic on a flexible single walled carbon nanotube substrate
journal, January 2013

  • Hamilton, Christopher E.; Flood, Dennis J.; Barron, Andrew R.
  • Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, Vol. 15, Issue 11
  • DOI: 10.1039/c3cp50435b

Hydrothermal synthesis of hexagonal CuSe nanoflakes with excellent sunlight-driven photocatalytic activity
journal, January 2014

  • Gu, Yanjie; Su, Yanjie; Chen, Da
  • CrystEngComm, Vol. 16, Issue 39
  • DOI: 10.1039/c4ce01470g

Three-dimensional graphene materials: preparation, structures and application in supercapacitors
journal, January 2014

  • Cao, Xiehong; Yin, Zongyou; Zhang, Hua
  • Energy Environ. Sci., Vol. 7, Issue 6
  • DOI: 10.1039/c4ee00050a

Directly deposited MoS 2 thin film electrodes for high performance supercapacitors
journal, January 2015

  • Choudhary, Nitin; Patel, Mumukshu; Ho, Yee-Hsien
  • Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 3, Issue 47
  • DOI: 10.1039/c5ta08095a

Carbon-Based Supercapacitors Produced by Activation of Graphene
journal, May 2011


Graphene, related two-dimensional crystals, and hybrid systems for energy conversion and storage
journal, January 2015


Works referencing / citing this record:

Synthesis of a 3D free standing crystalline NiSe x matrix for electrochemical energy storage applications
journal, January 2019

  • Dinara, Syed Mukulika; Samantara, Aneeya K.; Das, Jiban K.
  • Dalton Transactions, Vol. 48, Issue 45
  • DOI: 10.1039/c9dt03150b

Towards flexible solid-state supercapacitors for smart and wearable electronics
journal, January 2018

  • Dubal, Deepak P.; Chodankar, Nilesh R.; Kim, Do-Heyoung
  • Chemical Society Reviews, Vol. 47, Issue 6
  • DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00505a

Evaporation‐Induced Vertical Alignment Enabling Directional Ion Transport in a 2D‐Nanosheet‐Based Battery Electrode
journal, January 2020


Recent Advances in Metal Chalcogenides (MX; X = S, Se) Nanostructures for Electrochemical Supercapacitor Applications: A Brief Review
journal, April 2018

  • Theerthagiri, Jayaraman; Karuppasamy, K.; Durai, Govindarajan
  • Nanomaterials, Vol. 8, Issue 4
  • DOI: 10.3390/nano8040256

Recent Advances in Metal Chalcogenides (MX; X = S, Se) Nanostructures for Electrochemical Supercapacitor Applications: A Brief Review
journal, April 2018

  • Theerthagiri, Jayaraman; Karuppasamy, K.; Durai, Govindarajan
  • Nanomaterials, Vol. 8, Issue 4
  • DOI: 10.3390/nano8040256