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Title: Relativistic jet activity from the tidal disruption of a star by a massive black hole [Discovery of the onset of rapid accretion by a dormant massive black hole]

Abstract

Supermassive black holes have powerful gravitational fields with strong gradients that can destroy stars that get too close producing a bright flare in ultraviolet and X-ray spectral regions from stellar debris that forms an accretion disk around the black hole. The aftermath of this process may have been seen several times over the past two decades in the form of sparsely sampled, slowly fading emission from distant galaxies, but the onset of the stellar disruption event has not hitherto been observed. Here we report observations of a bright X-ray flare from the extragalactic transient Swift J164449.3+573451. This source increased in brightness in the X-ray band by a factor of at least 10,000 since 1990 and by a factor of at least 100 since early 2010. We conclude that we have captured the onset of relativistic jet activity from a supermassive black hole. A companion paper comes to similar conclusions on the basis of radio observations. Furthermore, this event is probably due to the tidal disruption of a star falling into a supermassive black hole, but the detailed behaviour differs from current theoretical models of such events.

Authors:
 [1];  [1];  [2];  [3];  [4];  [5];  [1];  [3];  [6];  [1];  [5];  [2];  [5];  [7];  [1];  [8];  [2];  [6];  [2];  [9] more »;  [10];  [5];  [2];  [1];  [11];  [12];  [13];  [14];  [15];  [14];  [16];  [14];  [17];  [14];  [12];  [18];  [1];  [19];  [20];  [14];  [6];  [21];  [22];  [2];  [18];  [11];  [23];  [24];  [25];  [18];  [3];  [9];  [2];  [9];  [18];  [3];  [1];  [18] « less
  1. Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA (United States)
  2. INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Merate (Italy)
  3. INAF - Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica, Palermo (Italy)
  4. Univ. of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV (United States)
  5. Univ. of Leicester, Leicester (United Kingdom)
  6. CRESST, Greenbelt, MD (United States); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Greenbelt, MD (United States); Univ. of Maryland Baltimore County (UMBC), Baltimore, MD (United States)
  7. Univ. College London, Dorking (United Kingdom)
  8. CRESST, Greenbelt, MD (United States); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Greenbelt, MD (United States); Univ. of Maryland Baltimore County (UMBC), Baltimore, MD (United States)
  9. ASI Science Data Center, Frascati (Italy)
  10. INAF- Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari, Capoterra (Italy)
  11. Kyoto Univ., Kyoto (Japan)
  12. CRESST, Greenbelt, MD (United States); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Greenbelt, MD (United States); Univ. Space Research Assoc., Columbia, MD (United States)
  13. Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Taipei (Taiwan)
  14. Seoul National Univ., Seoul (Republic of Korea)
  15. INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Monteporzio Catone (Italy)
  16. Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (KASI), Daejeon (Republic of Korea)
  17. Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo (Japan); RIKEN, Saitama (Japan)
  18. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Greenbelt, MD (United States)
  19. Nihon Univ., Tokyo (Japan)
  20. Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA (United States)
  21. RIKEN, Saitama (Japan)
  22. Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (KASI), Daejeon (Republic of Korea); Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo (Japan)
  23. National Central Univ., Chung-Li (Taiwan)
  24. Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo (Japan)
  25. ASI Science Data Center, Frascati (Italy); INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Monteporzio Catone (Italy)
Publication Date:
Research Org.:
SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States)
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE
OSTI Identifier:
1357206
Grant/Contract Number:  
AC02-76SF00515
Resource Type:
Accepted Manuscript
Journal Name:
Nature (London)
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Name: Nature (London); Journal Volume: 476; Journal Issue: 7361; Journal ID: ISSN 0028-0836
Publisher:
Nature Publishing Group
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS; astronomy; astrophysics

Citation Formats

Burrows, D. N., Kennea, J. A., Ghisellini, G., Mangano, V., Zhang, B., Page, K. L., Eracleous, M., Romano, P., Sakamoto, T., Falcone, A. D., Osborne, J. P., Campana, S., Beardmore, A. P., Breeveld, A. A., Chester, M. M., Corbet, R., Covino, S., Cummings, J. R., D'Avanzo, P., D'Elia, V., Esposito, P., Evans, P. A., Fugazza, D., Gelbord, J. M., Hiroi, K., Holland, S. T., Huang, K. Y., Im, M., Israel, G., Jeon, Y., Jeon, Y. -B., Jun, H. D., Kawai, N., Kim, J. H., Krimm, H. A., Marshall, F. E., Mészáros, P., Negoro, H., Omodei, N., Park, W. -K., Perkins, J. S., Sugizaki, M., Sung, H. -I., Tagliaferri, G., Troja, E., Ueda, Y., Urata, Y., Usui, R., Antonelli, L. A., Barthelmy, S. D., Cusumano, G., Giommi, P., Melandri, A., Perri, M., Racusin, J. L., Sbarufatti, B., Siegel, M. H., and Gehrels, N. Relativistic jet activity from the tidal disruption of a star by a massive black hole [Discovery of the onset of rapid accretion by a dormant massive black hole]. United States: N. p., 2011. Web. doi:10.1038/nature10374.
Burrows, D. N., Kennea, J. A., Ghisellini, G., Mangano, V., Zhang, B., Page, K. L., Eracleous, M., Romano, P., Sakamoto, T., Falcone, A. D., Osborne, J. P., Campana, S., Beardmore, A. P., Breeveld, A. A., Chester, M. M., Corbet, R., Covino, S., Cummings, J. R., D'Avanzo, P., D'Elia, V., Esposito, P., Evans, P. A., Fugazza, D., Gelbord, J. M., Hiroi, K., Holland, S. T., Huang, K. Y., Im, M., Israel, G., Jeon, Y., Jeon, Y. -B., Jun, H. D., Kawai, N., Kim, J. H., Krimm, H. A., Marshall, F. E., Mészáros, P., Negoro, H., Omodei, N., Park, W. -K., Perkins, J. S., Sugizaki, M., Sung, H. -I., Tagliaferri, G., Troja, E., Ueda, Y., Urata, Y., Usui, R., Antonelli, L. A., Barthelmy, S. D., Cusumano, G., Giommi, P., Melandri, A., Perri, M., Racusin, J. L., Sbarufatti, B., Siegel, M. H., & Gehrels, N. Relativistic jet activity from the tidal disruption of a star by a massive black hole [Discovery of the onset of rapid accretion by a dormant massive black hole]. United States. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10374
Burrows, D. N., Kennea, J. A., Ghisellini, G., Mangano, V., Zhang, B., Page, K. L., Eracleous, M., Romano, P., Sakamoto, T., Falcone, A. D., Osborne, J. P., Campana, S., Beardmore, A. P., Breeveld, A. A., Chester, M. M., Corbet, R., Covino, S., Cummings, J. R., D'Avanzo, P., D'Elia, V., Esposito, P., Evans, P. A., Fugazza, D., Gelbord, J. M., Hiroi, K., Holland, S. T., Huang, K. Y., Im, M., Israel, G., Jeon, Y., Jeon, Y. -B., Jun, H. D., Kawai, N., Kim, J. H., Krimm, H. A., Marshall, F. E., Mészáros, P., Negoro, H., Omodei, N., Park, W. -K., Perkins, J. S., Sugizaki, M., Sung, H. -I., Tagliaferri, G., Troja, E., Ueda, Y., Urata, Y., Usui, R., Antonelli, L. A., Barthelmy, S. D., Cusumano, G., Giommi, P., Melandri, A., Perri, M., Racusin, J. L., Sbarufatti, B., Siegel, M. H., and Gehrels, N. Wed . "Relativistic jet activity from the tidal disruption of a star by a massive black hole [Discovery of the onset of rapid accretion by a dormant massive black hole]". United States. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10374. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1357206.
@article{osti_1357206,
title = {Relativistic jet activity from the tidal disruption of a star by a massive black hole [Discovery of the onset of rapid accretion by a dormant massive black hole]},
author = {Burrows, D. N. and Kennea, J. A. and Ghisellini, G. and Mangano, V. and Zhang, B. and Page, K. L. and Eracleous, M. and Romano, P. and Sakamoto, T. and Falcone, A. D. and Osborne, J. P. and Campana, S. and Beardmore, A. P. and Breeveld, A. A. and Chester, M. M. and Corbet, R. and Covino, S. and Cummings, J. R. and D'Avanzo, P. and D'Elia, V. and Esposito, P. and Evans, P. A. and Fugazza, D. and Gelbord, J. M. and Hiroi, K. and Holland, S. T. and Huang, K. Y. and Im, M. and Israel, G. and Jeon, Y. and Jeon, Y. -B. and Jun, H. D. and Kawai, N. and Kim, J. H. and Krimm, H. A. and Marshall, F. E. and Mészáros, P. and Negoro, H. and Omodei, N. and Park, W. -K. and Perkins, J. S. and Sugizaki, M. and Sung, H. -I. and Tagliaferri, G. and Troja, E. and Ueda, Y. and Urata, Y. and Usui, R. and Antonelli, L. A. and Barthelmy, S. D. and Cusumano, G. and Giommi, P. and Melandri, A. and Perri, M. and Racusin, J. L. and Sbarufatti, B. and Siegel, M. H. and Gehrels, N.},
abstractNote = {Supermassive black holes have powerful gravitational fields with strong gradients that can destroy stars that get too close producing a bright flare in ultraviolet and X-ray spectral regions from stellar debris that forms an accretion disk around the black hole. The aftermath of this process may have been seen several times over the past two decades in the form of sparsely sampled, slowly fading emission from distant galaxies, but the onset of the stellar disruption event has not hitherto been observed. Here we report observations of a bright X-ray flare from the extragalactic transient Swift J164449.3+573451. This source increased in brightness in the X-ray band by a factor of at least 10,000 since 1990 and by a factor of at least 100 since early 2010. We conclude that we have captured the onset of relativistic jet activity from a supermassive black hole. A companion paper comes to similar conclusions on the basis of radio observations. Furthermore, this event is probably due to the tidal disruption of a star falling into a supermassive black hole, but the detailed behaviour differs from current theoretical models of such events.},
doi = {10.1038/nature10374},
journal = {Nature (London)},
number = 7361,
volume = 476,
place = {United States},
year = {Wed Aug 24 00:00:00 EDT 2011},
month = {Wed Aug 24 00:00:00 EDT 2011}
}

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  • DOI: 10.3389/fspas.2019.00023

COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF THE X-RAY FLARES FROM GAMMA-RAY BURSTS OBSERVED BY SWIFT
journal, June 2016

  • Yi, Shuang-Xi; Xi, Shao-Qiang; Yu, Hai
  • The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 224, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.3847/0067-0049/224/2/20

The Post-starburst Evolution of Tidal Disruption Event Host Galaxies
journal, January 2017


New Physical Insights about Tidal Disruption Events from a Comprehensive Observational Inventory at X-Ray Wavelengths
journal, April 2017

  • Auchettl, Katie; Guillochon, James; Ramirez-Ruiz, Enrico
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 838, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/aa633b

High-energy Neutrino Flares from X-Ray Bright and Dark Tidal Disruption Events
journal, March 2017

  • Senno, Nicholas; Murase, Kohta; Mészáros, Peter
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 838, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/aa6344

Revisiting Optical Tidal Disruption Events with iPTF16axa
journal, June 2017


iPTF16fnl: A Faint and Fast Tidal Disruption Event in an E+A Galaxy
journal, July 2017


Radio Monitoring of the Tidal Disruption Event Swift J164449.3+573451. III. Late-time Jet Energetics and a Deviation from Equipartition
journal, February 2018


Classification of Tidal Disruption Events Based on Stellar Orbital Properties
journal, March 2018

  • Hayasaki, Kimitake; Zhong, Shiyan; Li, Shuo
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 855, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/aab0a5

On the Missing Energy Puzzle of Tidal Disruption Events
journal, September 2018


Weighing Black Holes Using Tidal Disruption Events
journal, February 2019

  • Mockler, Brenna; Guillochon, James; Ramirez-Ruiz, Enrico
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 872, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab010f

The Broad Absorption Line Tidal Disruption Event iPTF15af: Optical and Ultraviolet Evolution
journal, March 2019

  • Blagorodnova, N.; Cenko, S. B.; Kulkarni, S. R.
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 873, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab04b0

A Broadband Look at the Old and New ULXs of NGC 6946
journal, August 2019

  • Earnshaw, Hannah P.; Grefenstette, Brian W.; Brightman, Murray
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 881, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab20cd

Polarization of Astrophysical Events with Precessing Jets
journal, June 2019


Tidal Disruption Events in Active Galactic Nuclei
journal, August 2019

  • Chan, Chi-Ho; Piran, Tsvi; Krolik, Julian H.
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 881, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab2b40

Discovery and Early Evolution of ASASSN-19bt, the First TDE Detected by TESS
journal, September 2019

  • Holoien, Thomas W. -S.; Vallely, Patrick J.; Auchettl, Katie
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 883, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab3c66

Neutrino Emissions from Tidal Disruption Remnants
journal, November 2019


A New Microquasar Candidate in M83
journal, January 2020

  • Soria, Roberto; Blair, William P.; Long, Knox S.
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 888, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab5b0c

A Unified Model for Tidal Disruption Events
journal, May 2018

  • Dai, Lixin; McKinney, Jonathan C.; Roth, Nathaniel
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 859, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/aab429

X-Ray Fluorescence from Super-Eddington Accreting Black Holes
journal, October 2019

  • Thomsen, Lars Lund; Dai, Jane Lixin; Ramirez-Ruiz, Enrico
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 884, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/ab4518

CDF-S XT1 and XT2: White Dwarf Tidal Disruption Events by Intermediate-mass Black Holes?
journal, October 2019

  • Peng, Zong-Kai; Yang, Yi-Si; Shen, Rong-Feng
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 884, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/ab481b

A Bright Electromagnetic Counterpart to Extreme Mass Ratio Inspirals
journal, November 2019


Energetic and Broad Band Spectral Distribution of Emission from Astronomical Jets
book, January 2013


Radio Afterglow of the Jetted Tidal Disruption Event Swift J1644+57
book, November 2020


Evolution of Accretion Disks in Tidal Disruption Events
journal, March 2014


Recurring flares from supermassive black hole binaries: implications for tidal disruption candidates and OJ 287
journal, July 2013

  • Tanaka, Takamitsu L.
  • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 434, Issue 3
  • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stt1164

Six months of multiwavelength follow-up of the tidal disruption candidate ASASSN-14li and implied TDE rates from ASAS-SN
journal, November 2015

  • Holoien, T. W. -S.; Kochanek, C. S.; Prieto, J. L.
  • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 455, Issue 3
  • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stv2486

ASASSN-15oi: a rapidly evolving, luminous tidal disruption event at 216 Mpc
journal, September 2016

  • Holoien, T. W. -S.; Kochanek, C. S.; Prieto, J. L.
  • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 463, Issue 4
  • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stw2272

Swift spectra of AT2018cow: a white dwarf tidal disruption event?
journal, January 2019

  • Kuin, N. Paul M.; Wu, Kinwah; Oates, Samantha
  • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 487, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stz053

Explosions throughout the universe
conference, December 2017

  • Gehrels, Neil; Cannizzo, John K.
  • Proceedings of the MG14 Meeting on General Relativity, The Fourteenth Marcel Grossmann Meeting
  • DOI: 10.1142/9789813226609_0007

Very high energy gamma-ray observation of the peculiar transient event Swift J1644+57 with the MAGIC telescopes and AGILE
text, January 2013

  • Aleksić, J.; Antonelli, L. A.; Antoranz, P.
  • Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg
  • DOI: 10.3204/desy-2014-00787

High energy neutrinos from the tidal disruption of stars
text, January 2017


Radio afterglow of the jetted tidal disruption event Swift J1644+57
journal, January 2012


Relativistic effects in the tidal interaction between a white dwarf and a massive black hole in Fermi normal coordinates
text, January 2013

  • M., Cheng, Roseanne; R., Evans, Charles
  • The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
  • DOI: 10.17615/evqw-gg56

Tidally disrupted stars as a possible origin of both cosmic rays and neutrinos at the highest energies
text, January 2018

  • Biehl, Daniel; Boncioli, Denise; Lunardini, Cecilia
  • Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg
  • DOI: 10.3204/pubdb-2018-02925

A multi-component model for observed astrophysical neutrinos
text, January 2018


Open Questions in Cosmic-Ray Research at Ultrahigh Energies
text, January 2019


Radio Afterglow of the Jetted Tidal Disruption Event Swift J1644+57
book, November 2020


High Energy Neutrinos from the Tidal Disruption of Stars
text, January 2016


Tidally disrupted stars as a possible origin of both cosmic rays and neutrinos at the highest energies
text, January 2017

  • Biehl, Daniel; Boncioli, Denise; Lunardini, Cecilia
  • Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg
  • DOI: 10.3204/pubdb-2017-13829

A multi-component model for observed astrophysical neutrinos
text, January 2018


Open Questions in Cosmic-Ray Research at Ultrahigh Energies
text, January 2019

  • Alves Batista, Rafael; Biteau, Jonathan; Bustamante, Mauricio
  • Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg
  • DOI: 10.3204/pubdb-2019-02725

Can a Satellite Galaxy Merger Explain the Active Past of the Galactic Center?
text, January 2011


Observing Lense-Thirring Precession in Tidal Disruption Flares
text, January 2011


Time Scales in Tidal Disruption Events
text, January 2012


GRB060218 as a Tidal Disruption of a White Dwarf by an Intermediate Mass Black Hole
text, January 2012


Prompt Emission from Tidal Disruptions of White Dwarfs by Intermediate Mass Black Holes
text, January 2012


A new population of ultra-long duration gamma-ray bursts
text, January 2013


SRG/eROSITA prospects for the detection of stellar tidal disruption flares
text, January 2013


Evolution of Accretion Disks in Tidal Disruption Events
text, January 2013


A Tidal Flare Candidate in Abell 1795
text, January 2013


A Continuum of H- to He-Rich Tidal Disruption Candidates With a Preference for E+A Galaxies
text, January 2014


Double tidal disruptions in galactic nuclei
text, January 2015


Hidden Cosmic-Ray Accelerators as an Origin of TeV-PeV Cosmic Neutrinos
text, January 2015


An Ultrasoft X-ray Flare from 3XMM J152130.7+074916: a Tidal Disruption Event Candidate
text, January 2015


Tidal Disruption Events Prefer Unusual Host Galaxies
text, January 2016


Comprehensive study of the X-ray flares from gamma-ray bursts observed by Swift
text, January 2016


The Post-Starburst Evolution of Tidal Disruption Event Host Galaxies
text, January 2016


A New, Faint Population of X-ray Transients
text, January 2017


iPTF16fnl: a faint and fast tidal disruption event in an E+A galaxy
text, January 2017


Revisiting optical tidal disruption events with iPTF16axa
text, January 2017


The GRB-SLSN Connection: mis-aligned magnetars, weak jet emergence, and observational signatures
text, January 2017


The Optical/NIR afterglow of GRB 111209A: Complex yet not Unprecedented
text, January 2017


Tidally disrupted stars as a possible origin of both cosmic rays and neutrinos at the highest energies
text, January 2017


A Multi-Component Model for the Observed Astrophysical Neutrinos
text, January 2018


Weighing Black Holes using Tidal Disruption Events
text, January 2018


On the Missing Energy Puzzle of Tidal Disruption Events
text, January 2018


Classification of Tidal Disruption Events Based on Stellar Orbital Properties
text, January 2018


The Broad Absorption Line Tidal Disruption Event iPTF15af: Optical and Ultraviolet Evolution
text, January 2018


Observatory science with eXTP
text, January 2018


Probing the Black Hole Merger History in Clusters using Stellar Tidal Disruptions
text, January 2019


Tidal disruption events in active galactic nuclei
text, January 2019


Neutrino Emissions from Tidal Disruption Remnants
text, January 2019


Polarimetry of relativistic tidal disruption event Swift J2058+0516
text, January 2019


A bright electromagnetic counterpart to extreme mass ratio inspirals
text, January 2019


A New Microquasar Candidate in M83
text, January 2019


Estimation of the jet inclination angle for the TDE Swift J1644+57
text, January 2019


Liverpool telescope 2: a new robotic facility for rapid transient follow-up
journal, March 2015


The Physics of Accretion Discs, Winds and Jets in Tidal Disruption Events
journal, January 2021


The THESEUS space mission concept: science case, design and expected performances
journal, July 2018


Multi-Messenger Signatures of PeV-ZeV Cosmic Ray Sources
journal, April 2018


Tidally disrupted stars as a possible origin of both cosmic rays and neutrinos at the highest energies
text, January 2017


Radiative Emission Mechanisms of Tidal Disruption Events
text, January 2020


X-ray properties of TDEs
text, January 2021