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Title: The Fermi Large Area Telescope on Orbit: Event Classification, Instrument Response Functions, and Calibration

Abstract

The Fermi Large Area Telescope (Fermi-LAT, hereafter LAT), the primary instrument on the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope (Fermi) mission, is an imaging, wide field-of-view, high-energy \gamma-ray telescope, covering the energy range from 20 MeV to more than 300 GeV. During the first years of the mission the LAT team has gained considerable insight into the in-flight performance of the instrument. Accordingly, we have updated the analysis used to reduce LAT data for public release as well as the Instrument Response Functions (IRFs), the description of the instrument performance provided for data analysis. In this paper we describe the effects that motivated these updates. Furthermore, we discuss how we originally derived IRFs from Monte Carlo simulations and later corrected those IRFs for discrepancies observed between flight and simulated data. We also give details of the validations performed using flight data and quantify the residual uncertainties in the IRFs. Finally, we describe techniques the LAT team has developed to propagate those uncertainties into estimates of the systematic errors on common measurements such as fluxes and spectra of astrophysical sources.

Authors:
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; more »; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; « less
Publication Date:
Research Org.:
SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States)
Sponsoring Org.:
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA); USDOE Office of Science (SC), High Energy Physics (HEP)
Contributing Org.:
Fermi-LAT Collaboration
OSTI Identifier:
1356610
Alternate Identifier(s):
OSTI ID: 1878216
Report Number(s):
SLAC-PUB-17078
Journal ID: ISSN 0067-0049
Grant/Contract Number:  
AC02-76SF00515
Resource Type:
Accepted Manuscript
Journal Name:
The Astrophysical Journal. Supplement Series
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Volume: 203; Journal Issue: 1; Journal ID: ISSN 0067-0049
Publisher:
IOP Publishing
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS; instrumentation detectors; instrumentation; data analysis methods; observational methods; telescopes

Citation Formats

Ackermann, M., Ajello, M., Albert, A., Allafort, A., Atwood, W. B., Axelsson, M., Baldini, L., Ballet, J., Barbiellini, G., Bastieri, D., Bechtol, K., Bellazzini, R., Bissaldi, E., Blandford, R. D., Bloom, E. D., Bogart, J. R., Bonamente, E., Borgland, A. W., Bottacini, E., Bouvier, A., Brandt, T. J., Bregeon, J., Brigida, M., Bruel, P., Buehler, R., Burnett, T. H., Buson, S., Caliandro, G. A., Cameron, R. A., Caraveo, P. A., Casandjian, J. M., Cavazzuti, E., Cecchi, C., Çelik, Ö., Charles, E., Chaves, R. C. G., Chekhtman, A., Cheung, C. C., Chiang, J., Ciprini, S., Claus, R., Cohen-Tanugi, J., Conrad, J., Corbet, R., Cutini, S., D’Ammando, F., Davis, D. S., de Angelis, A., DeKlotz, M., de Palma, F., Dermer, C. D., Digel, S. W., do Couto e Silva, E., Drell, P. S., Drlica-Wagner, A., Dubois, R., Favuzzi, C., Fegan, S. J., Ferrara, E. C., Focke, W. B., Fortin, P., Fukazawa, Y., Funk, S., Fusco, P., Gargano, F., Gasparrini, D., Gehrels, N., Giebels, B., Giglietto, N., Giordano, F., Giroletti, M., Glanzman, T., Godfrey, G., Grenier, I. A., Grove, J. E., Guiriec, S., Hadasch, D., Hayashida, M., Hays, E., Horan, D., Hou, X., Hughes, R. E., Jackson, M. S., Jogler, T., Jóhannesson, G., Johnson, R. P., Johnson, T. J., Johnson, W. N., Kamae, T., Katagiri, H., Kataoka, J., Kerr, M., Knödlseder, J., Kuss, M., Lande, J., Larsson, S., Latronico, L., Lavalley, C., Lemoine-Goumard, M., Longo, F., Loparco, F., Lott, B., Lovellette, M. N., Lubrano, P., Mazziotta, M. N., McConville, W., McEnery, J. E., Mehault, J., Michelson, P. F., Mitthumsiri, W., Mizuno, T., Moiseev, A. A., Monte, C., Monzani, M. E., Morselli, A., Moskalenko, I. V., Murgia, S., Naumann-Godo, M., Nemmen, R., Nishino, S., Norris, J. P., Nuss, E., Ohno, M., Ohsugi, T., Okumura, A., Omodei, N., Orienti, M., Orlando, E., Ormes, J. F., Paneque, D., Panetta, J. H., Perkins, J. S., Pesce-Rollins, M., Pierbattista, M., Piron, F., Pivato, G., Porter, T. A., Racusin, J. L., Rainò, S., Rando, R., Razzano, M., Razzaque, S., Reimer, A., Reimer, O., Reposeur, T., Reyes, L. C., Ritz, S., Rochester, L. S., Romoli, C., Roth, M., Sadrozinski, H. F. -W., Sanchez, D. A., Saz Parkinson, P. M., Sbarra, C., Scargle, J. D., Sgrò, C., Siegal-Gaskins, J., Siskind, E. J., Spandre, G., Spinelli, P., Stephens, T. E., Suson, D. J., Tajima, H., Takahashi, H., Tanaka, T., Thayer, J. G., Thayer, J. B., Thompson, D. J., Tibaldo, L., Tinivella, M., Tosti, G., Troja, E., Usher, T. L., Vandenbroucke, J., Van Klaveren, B., Vasileiou, V., Vianello, G., Vitale, V., Waite, A. P., Wallace, E., Winer, B. L., Wood, D. L., Wood, K. S., Wood, M., Yang, Z., and Zimmer, S. The Fermi Large Area Telescope on Orbit: Event Classification, Instrument Response Functions, and Calibration. United States: N. p., 2012. Web. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/203/1/4.
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Ackermann, M., Ajello, M., Albert, A., Allafort, A., Atwood, W. B., Axelsson, M., Baldini, L., Ballet, J., Barbiellini, G., Bastieri, D., Bechtol, K., Bellazzini, R., Bissaldi, E., Blandford, R. D., Bloom, E. D., Bogart, J. R., Bonamente, E., Borgland, A. W., Bottacini, E., Bouvier, A., Brandt, T. J., Bregeon, J., Brigida, M., Bruel, P., Buehler, R., Burnett, T. H., Buson, S., Caliandro, G. A., Cameron, R. A., Caraveo, P. A., Casandjian, J. M., Cavazzuti, E., Cecchi, C., Çelik, Ö., Charles, E., Chaves, R. C. G., Chekhtman, A., Cheung, C. C., Chiang, J., Ciprini, S., Claus, R., Cohen-Tanugi, J., Conrad, J., Corbet, R., Cutini, S., D’Ammando, F., Davis, D. S., de Angelis, A., DeKlotz, M., de Palma, F., Dermer, C. D., Digel, S. W., do Couto e Silva, E., Drell, P. S., Drlica-Wagner, A., Dubois, R., Favuzzi, C., Fegan, S. J., Ferrara, E. C., Focke, W. B., Fortin, P., Fukazawa, Y., Funk, S., Fusco, P., Gargano, F., Gasparrini, D., Gehrels, N., Giebels, B., Giglietto, N., Giordano, F., Giroletti, M., Glanzman, T., Godfrey, G., Grenier, I. A., Grove, J. E., Guiriec, S., Hadasch, D., Hayashida, M., Hays, E., Horan, D., Hou, X., Hughes, R. E., Jackson, M. S., Jogler, T., Jóhannesson, G., Johnson, R. P., Johnson, T. J., Johnson, W. N., Kamae, T., Katagiri, H., Kataoka, J., Kerr, M., Knödlseder, J., Kuss, M., Lande, J., Larsson, S., Latronico, L., Lavalley, C., Lemoine-Goumard, M., Longo, F., Loparco, F., Lott, B., Lovellette, M. N., Lubrano, P., Mazziotta, M. N., McConville, W., McEnery, J. E., Mehault, J., Michelson, P. F., Mitthumsiri, W., Mizuno, T., Moiseev, A. A., Monte, C., Monzani, M. E., Morselli, A., Moskalenko, I. V., Murgia, S., Naumann-Godo, M., Nemmen, R., Nishino, S., Norris, J. P., Nuss, E., Ohno, M., Ohsugi, T., Okumura, A., Omodei, N., Orienti, M., Orlando, E., Ormes, J. F., Paneque, D., Panetta, J. H., Perkins, J. S., Pesce-Rollins, M., Pierbattista, M., Piron, F., Pivato, G., Porter, T. A., Racusin, J. L., Rainò, S., Rando, R., Razzano, M., Razzaque, S., Reimer, A., Reimer, O., Reposeur, T., Reyes, L. C., Ritz, S., Rochester, L. S., Romoli, C., Roth, M., Sadrozinski, H. F. -W., Sanchez, D. A., Saz Parkinson, P. M., Sbarra, C., Scargle, J. D., Sgrò, C., Siegal-Gaskins, J., Siskind, E. J., Spandre, G., Spinelli, P., Stephens, T. E., Suson, D. J., Tajima, H., Takahashi, H., Tanaka, T., Thayer, J. G., Thayer, J. B., Thompson, D. J., Tibaldo, L., Tinivella, M., Tosti, G., Troja, E., Usher, T. L., Vandenbroucke, J., Van Klaveren, B., Vasileiou, V., Vianello, G., Vitale, V., Waite, A. P., Wallace, E., Winer, B. L., Wood, D. L., Wood, K. S., Wood, M., Yang, Z., & Zimmer, S. The Fermi Large Area Telescope on Orbit: Event Classification, Instrument Response Functions, and Calibration. United States. https://doi.org/10.1088/0067-0049/203/1/4
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Ackermann, M., Ajello, M., Albert, A., Allafort, A., Atwood, W. B., Axelsson, M., Baldini, L., Ballet, J., Barbiellini, G., Bastieri, D., Bechtol, K., Bellazzini, R., Bissaldi, E., Blandford, R. D., Bloom, E. D., Bogart, J. R., Bonamente, E., Borgland, A. W., Bottacini, E., Bouvier, A., Brandt, T. J., Bregeon, J., Brigida, M., Bruel, P., Buehler, R., Burnett, T. H., Buson, S., Caliandro, G. A., Cameron, R. A., Caraveo, P. A., Casandjian, J. M., Cavazzuti, E., Cecchi, C., Çelik, Ö., Charles, E., Chaves, R. C. G., Chekhtman, A., Cheung, C. C., Chiang, J., Ciprini, S., Claus, R., Cohen-Tanugi, J., Conrad, J., Corbet, R., Cutini, S., D’Ammando, F., Davis, D. S., de Angelis, A., DeKlotz, M., de Palma, F., Dermer, C. D., Digel, S. W., do Couto e Silva, E., Drell, P. S., Drlica-Wagner, A., Dubois, R., Favuzzi, C., Fegan, S. J., Ferrara, E. C., Focke, W. B., Fortin, P., Fukazawa, Y., Funk, S., Fusco, P., Gargano, F., Gasparrini, D., Gehrels, N., Giebels, B., Giglietto, N., Giordano, F., Giroletti, M., Glanzman, T., Godfrey, G., Grenier, I. A., Grove, J. E., Guiriec, S., Hadasch, D., Hayashida, M., Hays, E., Horan, D., Hou, X., Hughes, R. E., Jackson, M. S., Jogler, T., Jóhannesson, G., Johnson, R. P., Johnson, T. J., Johnson, W. N., Kamae, T., Katagiri, H., Kataoka, J., Kerr, M., Knödlseder, J., Kuss, M., Lande, J., Larsson, S., Latronico, L., Lavalley, C., Lemoine-Goumard, M., Longo, F., Loparco, F., Lott, B., Lovellette, M. N., Lubrano, P., Mazziotta, M. N., McConville, W., McEnery, J. E., Mehault, J., Michelson, P. F., Mitthumsiri, W., Mizuno, T., Moiseev, A. A., Monte, C., Monzani, M. E., Morselli, A., Moskalenko, I. V., Murgia, S., Naumann-Godo, M., Nemmen, R., Nishino, S., Norris, J. P., Nuss, E., Ohno, M., Ohsugi, T., Okumura, A., Omodei, N., Orienti, M., Orlando, E., Ormes, J. F., Paneque, D., Panetta, J. H., Perkins, J. S., Pesce-Rollins, M., Pierbattista, M., Piron, F., Pivato, G., Porter, T. A., Racusin, J. L., Rainò, S., Rando, R., Razzano, M., Razzaque, S., Reimer, A., Reimer, O., Reposeur, T., Reyes, L. C., Ritz, S., Rochester, L. S., Romoli, C., Roth, M., Sadrozinski, H. F. -W., Sanchez, D. A., Saz Parkinson, P. M., Sbarra, C., Scargle, J. D., Sgrò, C., Siegal-Gaskins, J., Siskind, E. J., Spandre, G., Spinelli, P., Stephens, T. E., Suson, D. J., Tajima, H., Takahashi, H., Tanaka, T., Thayer, J. G., Thayer, J. B., Thompson, D. J., Tibaldo, L., Tinivella, M., Tosti, G., Troja, E., Usher, T. L., Vandenbroucke, J., Van Klaveren, B., Vasileiou, V., Vianello, G., Vitale, V., Waite, A. P., Wallace, E., Winer, B. L., Wood, D. L., Wood, K. S., Wood, M., Yang, Z., and Zimmer, S. Fri . "The Fermi Large Area Telescope on Orbit: Event Classification, Instrument Response Functions, and Calibration". United States. https://doi.org/10.1088/0067-0049/203/1/4. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1356610.
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@article{osti_1356610,
title = {The Fermi Large Area Telescope on Orbit: Event Classification, Instrument Response Functions, and Calibration},
author = {Ackermann, M. and Ajello, M. and Albert, A. and Allafort, A. and Atwood, W. B. and Axelsson, M. and Baldini, L. and Ballet, J. and Barbiellini, G. and Bastieri, D. and Bechtol, K. and Bellazzini, R. and Bissaldi, E. and Blandford, R. D. and Bloom, E. D. and Bogart, J. R. and Bonamente, E. and Borgland, A. W. and Bottacini, E. and Bouvier, A. and Brandt, T. J. and Bregeon, J. and Brigida, M. and Bruel, P. and Buehler, R. and Burnett, T. H. and Buson, S. and Caliandro, G. A. and Cameron, R. A. and Caraveo, P. A. and Casandjian, J. M. and Cavazzuti, E. and Cecchi, C. and Çelik, Ö. and Charles, E. and Chaves, R. C. G. and Chekhtman, A. and Cheung, C. C. and Chiang, J. and Ciprini, S. and Claus, R. and Cohen-Tanugi, J. and Conrad, J. and Corbet, R. and Cutini, S. and D’Ammando, F. and Davis, D. S. and de Angelis, A. and DeKlotz, M. and de Palma, F. and Dermer, C. D. and Digel, S. W. and do Couto e Silva, E. and Drell, P. S. and Drlica-Wagner, A. and Dubois, R. and Favuzzi, C. and Fegan, S. J. and Ferrara, E. C. and Focke, W. B. and Fortin, P. and Fukazawa, Y. and Funk, S. and Fusco, P. and Gargano, F. and Gasparrini, D. and Gehrels, N. and Giebels, B. and Giglietto, N. and Giordano, F. and Giroletti, M. and Glanzman, T. and Godfrey, G. and Grenier, I. A. and Grove, J. E. and Guiriec, S. and Hadasch, D. and Hayashida, M. and Hays, E. and Horan, D. and Hou, X. and Hughes, R. E. and Jackson, M. S. and Jogler, T. and Jóhannesson, G. and Johnson, R. P. and Johnson, T. J. and Johnson, W. N. and Kamae, T. and Katagiri, H. and Kataoka, J. and Kerr, M. and Knödlseder, J. and Kuss, M. and Lande, J. and Larsson, S. and Latronico, L. and Lavalley, C. and Lemoine-Goumard, M. and Longo, F. and Loparco, F. and Lott, B. and Lovellette, M. N. and Lubrano, P. and Mazziotta, M. N. and McConville, W. and McEnery, J. E. and Mehault, J. and Michelson, P. F. and Mitthumsiri, W. and Mizuno, T. and Moiseev, A. A. and Monte, C. and Monzani, M. E. and Morselli, A. and Moskalenko, I. V. and Murgia, S. and Naumann-Godo, M. and Nemmen, R. and Nishino, S. and Norris, J. P. and Nuss, E. and Ohno, M. and Ohsugi, T. and Okumura, A. and Omodei, N. and Orienti, M. and Orlando, E. and Ormes, J. F. and Paneque, D. and Panetta, J. H. and Perkins, J. S. and Pesce-Rollins, M. and Pierbattista, M. and Piron, F. and Pivato, G. and Porter, T. A. and Racusin, J. L. and Rainò, S. and Rando, R. and Razzano, M. and Razzaque, S. and Reimer, A. and Reimer, O. and Reposeur, T. and Reyes, L. C. and Ritz, S. and Rochester, L. S. and Romoli, C. and Roth, M. and Sadrozinski, H. F. -W. and Sanchez, D. A. and Saz Parkinson, P. M. and Sbarra, C. and Scargle, J. D. and Sgrò, C. and Siegal-Gaskins, J. and Siskind, E. J. and Spandre, G. and Spinelli, P. and Stephens, T. E. and Suson, D. J. and Tajima, H. and Takahashi, H. and Tanaka, T. and Thayer, J. G. and Thayer, J. B. and Thompson, D. J. and Tibaldo, L. and Tinivella, M. and Tosti, G. and Troja, E. and Usher, T. L. and Vandenbroucke, J. and Van Klaveren, B. and Vasileiou, V. and Vianello, G. and Vitale, V. and Waite, A. P. and Wallace, E. and Winer, B. L. and Wood, D. L. and Wood, K. S. and Wood, M. and Yang, Z. and Zimmer, S.},
abstractNote = {The Fermi Large Area Telescope (Fermi-LAT, hereafter LAT), the primary instrument on the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope (Fermi) mission, is an imaging, wide field-of-view, high-energy \gamma-ray telescope, covering the energy range from 20 MeV to more than 300 GeV. During the first years of the mission the LAT team has gained considerable insight into the in-flight performance of the instrument. Accordingly, we have updated the analysis used to reduce LAT data for public release as well as the Instrument Response Functions (IRFs), the description of the instrument performance provided for data analysis. In this paper we describe the effects that motivated these updates. Furthermore, we discuss how we originally derived IRFs from Monte Carlo simulations and later corrected those IRFs for discrepancies observed between flight and simulated data. We also give details of the validations performed using flight data and quantify the residual uncertainties in the IRFs. Finally, we describe techniques the LAT team has developed to propagate those uncertainties into estimates of the systematic errors on common measurements such as fluxes and spectra of astrophysical sources.},
doi = {10.1088/0067-0049/203/1/4},
journal = {The Astrophysical Journal. Supplement Series},
number = 1,
volume = 203,
place = {United States},
year = {Fri Oct 12 00:00:00 EDT 2012},
month = {Fri Oct 12 00:00:00 EDT 2012}
}
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    Simulation of Astronomical Images from Optical Survey Telescopes Using a Comprehensive Photon Monte Carlo Approach
    journal, May 2015

    • Peterson, J. R.; Jernigan, J. G.; Kahn, S. M.
    • The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 218, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.1088/0067-0049/218/1/14

    THE SECOND FERMI LARGE AREA TELESCOPE CATALOG OF GAMMA-RAY PULSARS
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    • Abdo, A. A.; Ajello, M.; Allafort, A.
    • The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 208, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.1088/0067-0049/208/2/17

    MAGIC detection of short-term variability of the high-peaked BL Lac object 1ES 0806+524
    text, January 2015

    • Aleksi, J.; Ansoldi, S.; Antonelli, L. A.
    • Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg
    • DOI: 10.3204/pubdb-2016-00399

    Fermi -LAT γ -Ray Study of the Interstellar Medium and Cosmic Rays in the Chamaeleon Molecular Cloud Complex: A Look at the Dark Gas as Optically Thick H i
    journal, October 2019

    • Hayashi, Katsuhiro; Mizuno, Tsunefumi; Fukui, Yasuo
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 884, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab4351

    AMON Multimessenger Alerts: Past and Future
    journal, January 2019

    BOW TIES IN THE SKY. I. THE ANGULAR STRUCTURE OF INVERSE COMPTON GAMMA-RAY HALOS IN THE FERMI SKY
    journal, November 2016

    Fermi Large Area Telescope Fourth Source Catalog
    text, January 2020

    • Abdollahi, S.; Acero, F.; Ackermann, Markus
    • Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg
    • DOI: 10.3204/pubdb-2020-01400

    Study of the Diffuse Gamma-Ray Emission from the Galactic Plane with Argo-Ybj
    journal, June 2015

    First ground-based measurement of sub-20 GeV to 100 GeV $\gamma$-Rays from the Vela pulsar with H.E.S.S. II
    text, January 2018

    • Abdalla, H.; Aharonian, F.; Ait Benkhali, F.
    • Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg
    • DOI: 10.3204/pubdb-2018-05469

    The mid-2016 flaring activity of the flat spectrum radio quasar PKS 2023-07
    journal, August 2018

    Constraints on axions and axionlike particles from Fermi Large Area Telescope observations of neutron stars
    journal, February 2016

    Multimessenger Multi-TeV Dark Matter
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    Analysis of GeV-band γ -ray emission from supernova remnant RX J1713.7-3946
    journal, April 2015

    Search for gamma-ray spectral modulations in Galactic pulsars
    journal, April 2018

    • Majumdar, Jhilik; Calore, Francesca; Horns, Dieter
    • Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, Vol. 2018, Issue 04
    • DOI: 10.1088/1475-7516/2018/04/048

    Discovery of TeV γ -ray emission from the pulsar wind nebula 3C 58 by MAGIC
    journal, July 2014

    Bayesian Inference on the Radio-quietness of Gamma-ray Pulsars
    journal, April 2018

    • Yu, Hoi-Fung; Hui, Chung Yue; Kong, Albert K. H.
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 857, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/aab959

    A Search for Cosmic-Ray Proton Anisotropy with the Fermi Large Area Telescope
    journal, September 2019

    Discovery of TeV gamma-ray emission from the pulsar wind nebula 3C 58 by MAGIC
    text, January 2014

    Fermi Large Area Telescope Fourth Source Catalog
    journal, March 2020

    • Abdollahi, S.; Acero, F.; Ackermann, M.
    • The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 247, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4365/ab6bcb

    Disentangling multiple high-energy emission components in the Vela X pulsar wind nebula with the Fermi Large Area Telescope
    journal, September 2018

    A review of indirect searches for particle dark matter
    journal, June 2016

    Location of γ -ray emission and magnetic field strengths in OJ 287
    journal, January 2017

    X-ray study of Variable Gamma-ray Pulsar PSR J2021+4026
    text, January 2018

    FIRST DETECTION IN GAMMA-RAYS OF A YOUNG RADIO GALAXY: FERMI -LAT OBSERVATIONS OF THE COMPACT SYMMETRIC OBJECT PKS 1718−649
    journal, April 2016

    SDSS J211852.96−073227.5: a new γ-ray flaring narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy
    journal, April 2018

    • Yang, Hui; Yuan, Weimin; Yao, Su
    • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 477, Issue 4
    • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/sty904

    Deformation of Optics for Photon Monte Carlo Simulations
    journal, March 2019

    Observing and Modeling the Gamma-Ray Emission from Pulsar/Pulsar Wind Nebula Complex PSR J0205+6449/3C 58
    journal, May 2018

    TIME-RESOLVED ANALYSIS OF FERMI GAMMA-RAY BURSTS WITH FAST- AND SLOW-COOLED SYNCHROTRON PHOTON MODELS
    journal, February 2014

    Cosmic rays, gas and dust in nearby anticentre clouds: I. CO-to-H
    journal, May 2017

    Discovery of very high energy gamma-ray emission from the blazar 1ES 1727+502 with the MAGIC Telescopes
    journal, March 2014

    Very high energy outburst of Markarian 501 in May 2009
    text, January 2016

    PSR J2021+4026 IN THE GAMMA CYGNI REGION: THE FIRST VARIABLE γ-RAY PULSAR SEEN BY THE Fermi LAT
    journal, October 2013

    Search for Spectral Irregularities due to Photon–Axionlike-Particle Oscillations with the Fermi Large Area Telescope
    text, January 2016

    A MST catalogue of γ -ray source candidates above 10 GeV and at Galactic latitudes higher than 20°
    journal, October 2018

    Constraints on diffuse gamma-ray emission from structure formation processes in the Coma cluster
    journal, March 2014

    • Zandanel, Fabio; Ando, Shin'ichiro
    • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 440, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stu324

    MAGIC detection of short-term variability of the high-peaked BL Lac object 1ES 0806+524
    journal, May 2015

    • Aleksić, J.; Ansoldi, S.; Antonelli, L. A.
    • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 451, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stv895

    The supernova remnant W44: Confirmations and challenges for cosmic-ray acceleration
    journal, May 2014

    Time-dependent spectral modelling of Markarian 421 during a violent outburst in 2010
    journal, May 2019

    • Banerjee, B.; Joshi, M.; Majumdar, P.
    • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 487, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stz1292

    Minimum Spanning Tree cluster analysis of the LMC region above 10 GeV: detection of the SNRs N 49B and N 63A
    journal, June 2018

    Fermi -LAT Observations of the 2017 September 10 Solar Flare
    journal, September 2018

    • Omodei, Nicola; Pesce-Rollins, Melissa; Longo, Francesco
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 865, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/aae077

    The Origins of the Gamma-Ray Flux Variations of NGC 1275 Based on Eight Years of Fermi -LAT Observations
    journal, June 2018

    Limits on dark matter annihilation signals from the Fermi LAT 4-year measurement of the isotropic gamma-ray background
    journal, September 2015

    Discovery of the VHE gamma-ray source HESS J1832-093 in the vicinity of SNR G22.7-0.2
    journal, November 2014

    • Abramowski, A.; Acero, F.; Aharonian, F.
    • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 446, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stu2148

    Discovery of TeV gamma-ray emission from the pulsar wind nebula 3C 58 by MAGIC
    conference, August 2016

    • Lopez-Coto, Ruben
    • Proceedings of The 34th International Cosmic Ray Conference — PoS(ICRC2015)
    • DOI: 10.22323/1.236.0730

    First ground-based measurement of sub-20 GeV to 100 GeV γ -Rays from the Vela pulsar with H.E.S.S. II
    journal, December 2018

    Measurement of redshift-dependent cross-correlation of HSC clusters and Fermi γ-rays
    journal, February 2019

    • Hashimoto, Daiki; Nishizawa, Atsushi J.; Shirasaki, Masato
    • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 484, Issue 4
    • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stz321

    Characteristics and Performance of the CALorimetric Electron Telescope (CALET) Calorimeter for Gamma-Ray Observations
    journal, September 2018

    • Cannady, N.; Asaoka, Y.; Satoh, F.
    • The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 238, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4365/aad6a3

    Unidentified γ -ray emission towards the SNR Kes 41 revisited
    journal, November 2018

    Insights into the emission of the blazar 1ES 1011+496 through unprecedented broadband observations during 2011 and 2012
    journal, June 2016

    Deformation of Optics for Photon Monte Carlo Simulations
    text, January 2019

    Unprecedented study of the broadband emission of Mrk 421 during flaring activity in March 2010
    journal, May 2015

    The most powerful flaring activity from the NLSy1 PMN J0948+0022
    journal, November 2014

    • D'Ammando, F.; Orienti, M.; Finke, J.
    • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 446, Issue 3
    • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stu2251

    The TANAMI Multiwavelength Program: Dynamic spectral energy distributions of southern blazars
    journal, June 2016

    2FGL J0846.0+2820: A New Neutron Star Binary with a Giant Secondary and Variable γ -Ray Emission
    journal, December 2017

    • Swihart, Samuel J.; Strader, Jay; Johnson, Tyrel J.
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 851, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/aa9937

    Bow Ties in the Sky II: Searching for Gamma-ray Halos in the Fermi Sky Using Anisotropy
    text, January 2017

    Prospects for the detection of high-energy (E > 25 GeV) Fermi pulsars with the Cherenkov Telescope Array
    journal, June 2017

    • Burtovoi, A.; Saito, T. Y.; Zampieri, L.
    • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 471, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stx1582

    Bow Ties in the Sky. II. Searching for Gamma-Ray Halos in the Fermi Sky Using Anisotropy
    journal, November 2017

    • Tiede, Paul; Broderick, Avery E.; Shalaby, Mohamad
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 850, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/aa9375

    Insights into the emission of the blazar 1ES 1011+496 through unprecedented broadband observations during 2011 and 2012
    text, January 2016

    • Aleksić, J.; Ansoldi, S.; Antonelli, L. A.
    • Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg
    • DOI: 10.3204/pubdb-2016-06242

    Sensor Distortion Effects in Photon Monte Carlo Simulations
    journal, February 2020

    • Peterson, J. R.; O’Connor, P.; Nomerotski, A.
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 889, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab64e0

    Lorentz Factor Evolution of an Expanding Jet Shell Observed in a Gamma-Ray Burst: Case Study of GRB 160625B
    journal, October 2019

    Detection of the Characteristic Pion-Decay Signature in Supernova Remnants
    journal, February 2013

    Discovery of the supernova remnant G351.0-5.4
    text, January 2014

    Fermi -LAT Observations of γ -Ray Emission toward the Outer Halo of M31
    journal, July 2019

    • Karwin, Christopher M.; Murgia, Simona; Campbell, Sheldon
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 880, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab2880

    Limits to dark matter annihilation cross-section from a combined analysis of MAGIC and Fermi-LAT observations of dwarf satellite galaxies
    journal, February 2016

    The Connection Between the Radio jet and the Gamma-Ray Emission in the Radio Galaxy 3c 120
    journal, July 2015

    Broadband characterisation of the very intense TeV flares of the blazar 1ES 1959+650 in 2016
    text, January 2020

    PSR J2021+4026 IN THE GAMMA CYGNI REGION: THE FIRST VARIABLE γ-RAY PULSAR SEEN BY THE Fermi LAT
    text, January 2013

    • Allafort, A.; Baldini, L.; Ballet, J.
    • Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg
    • DOI: 10.3204/desy-2014-01043

    Constraints on decaying dark matter from the isotropic gamma-ray background
    journal, March 2019

    Search for gamma-ray spectral lines with the Fermi Large Area Telescope and dark matter implications
    text, January 2013

    • Ackermann, Markus; Ajello, M.; Albert, A.
    • Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg
    • DOI: 10.3204/desy-2014-01050

    Gamma-ray flaring activity of NGC1275 in 2016–2017 measured by MAGIC
    journal, September 2018

    HESS and Fermi-LAT discovery of -rays from the blazar 1ES 1312-423
    text, January 2013

    • Abramowski, A.; Acero, F.; Aharonian, F.
    • Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg
    • DOI: 10.3204/desy-2014-00648

    Location of Gamma-ray emission and magnetic field strengths in OJ 287
    text, January 2016

    A State Change in the Missing link Binary Pulsar System psr J1023+0038
    journal, July 2014

    • Stappers, B. W.; Archibald, A. M.; Hessels, J. W. T.
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 790, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.1088/0004-637x/790/1/39

    Discovery of high and very high-energy emission from the BL Lacertae object SHBL J001355.9–185406
    text, January 2013

    • Abramowski, A.; Acero, F.; Aharonian, F.
    • Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg
    • DOI: 10.3204/desy-2014-00641

    Discovery of high and very high-energy emission from the BL Lacertae object SHBL J001355.9–185406
    journal, June 2013

    Discovery of very high energy gamma rays from 1ES 1440+122
    journal, June 2016

    • Archambault, S.; Archer, A.; Barnacka, A.
    • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 461, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stw1319

    TOMOGRAPHY OF THE FERMI -LAT γ -RAY DIFFUSE EXTRAGALACTIC SIGNAL VIA CROSS CORRELATIONS WITH GALAXY CATALOGS
    journal, March 2015

    • Xia, Jun-Qing; Cuoco, Alessandro; Branchini, Enzo
    • The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 217, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.1088/0067-0049/217/1/15

    The Blazar PG 1553+113 as a Binary System of Supermassive Black Holes
    journal, February 2018

    • Tavani, M.; Cavaliere, A.; Munar-Adrover, Pere
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 854, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/aaa3f4

    Investigating the peculiar emission from the new VHE gamma-ray source H1722+119
    journal, March 2016

    • Ahnen, M. L.; Ansoldi, S.; Antonelli, L. A.
    • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 459, Issue 3
    • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stw689

    Discovery of high and very high-energy emission from the BL Lac object SHBL J001355.9-185406
    text, January 2013

    Study of the diffuse gamma-ray emission from the Galactic plane with ARGO-YBJ
    text, January 2015

    Unprecedented study of the broadband emission of Mrk 421 during flaring activity in March 2010
    text, January 2014

    JET EMISSION IN YOUNG RADIO SOURCES: A FERMI LARGE AREA TELESCOPE GAMMA-RAY VIEW
    journal, December 2013

    Discovery of very high energy gamma-ray emission from the blazar 1ES 1727+502 with the MAGIC Telescopes
    text, January 2014

    • Aleksić, J.; Antonelli, L. A.; Antoranz, P.
    • Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg
    • DOI: 10.3204/desy-2014-00625

    GeV Detection of HESS J0632+057
    journal, September 2017

    The Second Fermi Large area Telescope Catalog of Gamma-Ray Pulsars
    text, January 2013

    • Abdo, A. A.; Ajello, M.; Allafort, A.
    • Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg
    • DOI: 10.3204/desy-2014-00864

    Evidence of cross-correlation between the CMB lensing and the gamma-ray sky
    text, January 2014

    A review of indirect searches for particle dark matter
    text, January 2016

    Detection of the Characteristic Pion-Decay Signature in Supernova Remnants
    text, January 2013

    • Ackermann, Markus; Ajello, M.; Allafort, A.
    • Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg
    • DOI: 10.3204/desy-2014-01153

    Discovery of the VHE gamma-ray source HESS J1832-093 in the vicinity of SNR G22.7-0.2
    text, January 2015

    • Abramowski, A.; Acero, F.; Aharonian, F.
    • Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg
    • DOI: 10.3204/pubdb-2016-00464

    HIGH-ENERGY GAMMA-RAY EMISSION FROM SOLAR FLARES: SUMMARY OF FERMI LARGE AREA TELESCOPE DETECTIONS AND ANALYSIS OF TWO M-CLASS FLARES
    journal, April 2014

    Fermi Large Area Telescope Fourth Source Catalog
    collection, January 2020

    Probing the very high energy γ-ray spectral curvature in the blazar PG 1553+113 with the MAGIC telescopes
    journal, May 2015

    • Aleksić, J.; Ansoldi, S.; Antonelli, L. A.
    • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 450, Issue 4
    • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stv811

    FERMI LARGE AREA TELESCOPE THIRD SOURCE CATALOG
    journal, June 2015

    • Acero, F.; Ackermann, M.; Ajello, M.
    • The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 218, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.1088/0067-0049/218/2/23

    The Gamma-Ray Source agl J2241+4454 as the Possible Counterpart of mwc 656
    journal, September 2016

    Impulsive and long Duration High-Energy Gamma-Ray Emission from the very Bright 2012 March 7 Solar Flares
    journal, June 2014

    On the origin of gamma-rays in Fermi blazars: beyondthe broad-line region
    journal, May 2018

    • Costamante, L.; Cutini, S.; Tosti, G.
    • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 477, Issue 4
    • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/sty887

    Discovery of the supernova remnant G351.0-5.4
    journal, August 2014

    Extended Gamma-Ray Emission from the G25.0+0.0 Region: A Star-forming Region Powered by the Newly Found OB Association?
    journal, April 2017

    Broadband characterisation of the very intense TeV flares of the blazar 1ES 1959+650 in 2016
    journal, June 2020

    MAGIC detection of short-term variability of the high-peaked BL Lac object 1ES 0806+524
    text, January 2015

    The Bright and the Slow—GRBs 100724B and 160509A with High-energy Cutoffs at ≲100 MeV
    journal, September 2018

    Probing the very high energy $\gamma$-ray spectral curvature in the blazar PG 1553+113 with the MAGIC telescopes
    text, January 2015

    • Aleksi, J.; Ansoldi, S.; Antonelli, L. A.
    • Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg
    • DOI: 10.3204/pubdb-2016-00403

    X-Ray Study of Variable Gamma-Ray Pulsar PSR J2021+4026
    journal, March 2018

    HESS and Fermi-LAT discovery of γ-rays from the blazar 1ES 1312−423
    journal, August 2013

    • Abramowski, A.; Acero, F.; Aharonian, F.
    • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 434, Issue 3
    • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stt1081

    Radio and gamma-ray properties of extragalactic jets from the TANAMI sample
    journal, May 2016

    Time dependent spectral modeling of Markarian 421 during a violent outburst in 2010
    text, January 2019

    Deep view of the Large Magellanic Cloud with six years of Fermi -LAT observations
    journal, January 2016

    A non-thermal study of the brightest cluster galaxy NGC 1275 – the Gamma-Radio connection over four decades
    journal, June 2014

    • Dutson, K. L.; Edge, A. C.; Hinton, J. A.
    • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 442, Issue 3
    • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stu975

    Long-term multiwavelength studies of high-redshift blazar 0836+710
    journal, July 2013

    Probing cosmic rays in nearby giant molecular clouds with the Fermi Large Area Telescope
    journal, June 2014

    Very high energy outburst of Markarian 501 in May 2009
    journal, October 2016

    A Search for Cosmic-Ray Proton Anisotropy with the Fermi Large Area Telescope
    text, January 2019

    • Ajello, M.; Baldini, L.; Barbiellini, G.
    • Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg
    • DOI: 10.3204/pubdb-2020-00204

    A realistic assessment of the CTA sensitivity to dark matter annihilation
    journal, March 2015

    • Silverwood, Hamish; Weniger, Christoph; Scott, Pat
    • Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, Vol. 2015, Issue 03
    • DOI: 10.1088/1475-7516/2015/03/055

    The denoised, deconvolved, and decomposed Fermi γ -ray sky : An application of the D
    journal, September 2015

    A fast, very-high-energy γ -ray flare from BL Lacertae during a period of multi-wavelength activity in June 2015
    journal, March 2019

    Search for line-like signals in the all-sky Fermi-LAT data
    journal, June 2019

    Constraints on Dark Matter with Gamma-Ray Experiments and Future Observational Strategies
    journal, February 2017

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