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Title: Gamma-ray flaring activity from the gravitationally lensed blazar PKS 1830-211 observed by Fermi LAT

Abstract

We present that the Large Area Telescope (LAT) on board the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope routinely detects the MeV-peaked flat-spectrum radio quasar PKS 1830–211 (z = 2.507). Its apparent isotropic γ-ray luminosity (E > 100 MeV), averaged over ~3 years of observations and peaking on 2010 October 14/15 at 2.9 × 1050 erg s–1, makes it among the brightest high-redshift Fermi blazars. No published model with a single lens can account for all of the observed characteristics of this complex system. Based on radio observations, one expects time-delayed variability to follow about 25 days after a primary flare, with flux about a factor of 1.5 less. Two large γ-ray flares of PKS 1830–211 have been detected by the LAT in the considered period, and no substantial evidence for such a delayed activity was found. This allows us to place a lower limit of about 6 on the γ-ray flux ratio between the two lensed images. Swift XRT observations from a dedicated Target of Opportunity program indicate a hard spectrum with no significant correlation of X-ray flux with the γ-ray variability. The spectral energy distribution can be modeled with inverse Compton scattering of thermal photons from the dusty torus. The implicationsmore » of the LAT data in terms of variability, the lack of evident delayed flare events, and different radio and γ-ray flux ratios are discussed. Lastly, microlensing effects, absorption, size and location of the emitting regions, the complex mass distribution of the system, an energy-dependent inner structure of the source, and flux suppression by the lens galaxy for one image path may be considered as hypotheses for understanding our results.« less

Authors:
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; more »; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; « less
Publication Date:
Research Org.:
SLAC National Accelerator Lab., Menlo Park, CA (United States)
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE
Contributing Org.:
Fermi LAT Collaboration
OSTI Identifier:
1355169
Grant/Contract Number:  
AC02-76SF00515
Resource Type:
Accepted Manuscript
Journal Name:
The Astrophysical Journal (Online)
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Name: The Astrophysical Journal (Online); Journal Volume: 799; Journal Issue: 2; Journal ID: ISSN 1538-4357
Publisher:
Institute of Physics (IOP)
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS; gamma rays; galaxies – gamma rays; general – gravitational lensing; strong – quasars; individual; (PKS 1830-211) – X-rays; individual (PKS 1830-211) – radiation mechanisms; nonthermal

Citation Formats

Abdo, A. A., Ackermann, M., Ajello, M., Allafort, A., Amin, M. A., Baldini, L., Barbiellini, G., Bastieri, D., Bechtol, K., Bellazzini, R., Blandford, R. D., Bonamente, E., Borgland, A. W., Bregeon, J., Brigida, M., Buehler, R., Bulmash, D., Buson, S., Caliandro, G. A., Cameron, R. A., Caraveo, P. A., Cavazzuti, E., Cecchi, C., Charles, E., Cheung, C. C., Chiang, J., Chiaro, G., Ciprini, S., Claus, R., Cohen-Tanugi, J., Conrad, J., Corbet, R. H. D., Cutini, S., D'Ammando, F., de Angelis, A., de Palma, F., Dermer, C. D., Drell, P. S., Drlica-Wagner, A., Favuzzi, C., Finke, J., Focke, W. B., Fukazawa, Y., Fusco, P., Gargano, F., Gasparrini, D., Gehrels, N., Giglietto, N., Giordano, F., Giroletti, M., Glanzman, T., Grenier, I. A., Grove, J. E., Guiriec, S., Hadasch, D., Hayashida, M., Hays, E., Hughes, R. E., Inoue, Y., Jackson, M. S., Jogler, T., Jóhannesson, G., Johnson, A. S., Kamae, T., Knödlseder, J., Kuss, M., Lande, J., Larsson, S., Latronico, L., Longo, F., Loparco, F., Lott, B., Lovellette, M. N., Lubrano, P., Madejski, G. M., Mazziotta, M. N., Mehault, J., Michelson, P. F., Mizuno, T., Monzani, M. E., Morselli, A., Moskalenko, I. V., Murgia, S., Nemmen, R., Nuss, E., Ohno, M., Ohsugi, T., Paneque, D., Perkins, J. S., Pesce-Rollins, M., Piron, F., Pivato, G., Porter, T. A., Rainò, S., Rando, R., Razzano, M., Reimer, A., Reimer, O., Reyes, L. C., Ritz, S., Romoli, C., Roth, M., Saz Parkinson, P. M., Sgrò, C., Siskind, E. J., Spandre, G., Spinelli, P., Takahashi, H., Takeuchi, Y., Tanaka, T., Thayer, J. G., Thayer, J. B., Thompson, D. J., Tibaldo, L., Tinivella, M., Torres, D. F., Tosti, G., Troja, E., Tronconi, V., Usher, T. L., Vandenbroucke, J., Vasileiou, V., Vianello, G., Vitale, V., Waite, A. P., Werner, M., Winer, B. L., and Wood, K. S. Gamma-ray flaring activity from the gravitationally lensed blazar PKS 1830-211 observed by Fermi LAT. United States: N. p., 2015. Web. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/799/2/143.
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Abdo, A. A., Ackermann, M., Ajello, M., Allafort, A., Amin, M. A., Baldini, L., Barbiellini, G., Bastieri, D., Bechtol, K., Bellazzini, R., Blandford, R. D., Bonamente, E., Borgland, A. W., Bregeon, J., Brigida, M., Buehler, R., Bulmash, D., Buson, S., Caliandro, G. A., Cameron, R. A., Caraveo, P. A., Cavazzuti, E., Cecchi, C., Charles, E., Cheung, C. C., Chiang, J., Chiaro, G., Ciprini, S., Claus, R., Cohen-Tanugi, J., Conrad, J., Corbet, R. H. D., Cutini, S., D'Ammando, F., de Angelis, A., de Palma, F., Dermer, C. D., Drell, P. S., Drlica-Wagner, A., Favuzzi, C., Finke, J., Focke, W. B., Fukazawa, Y., Fusco, P., Gargano, F., Gasparrini, D., Gehrels, N., Giglietto, N., Giordano, F., Giroletti, M., Glanzman, T., Grenier, I. A., Grove, J. E., Guiriec, S., Hadasch, D., Hayashida, M., Hays, E., Hughes, R. E., Inoue, Y., Jackson, M. S., Jogler, T., Jóhannesson, G., Johnson, A. S., Kamae, T., Knödlseder, J., Kuss, M., Lande, J., Larsson, S., Latronico, L., Longo, F., Loparco, F., Lott, B., Lovellette, M. N., Lubrano, P., Madejski, G. M., Mazziotta, M. N., Mehault, J., Michelson, P. F., Mizuno, T., Monzani, M. E., Morselli, A., Moskalenko, I. V., Murgia, S., Nemmen, R., Nuss, E., Ohno, M., Ohsugi, T., Paneque, D., Perkins, J. S., Pesce-Rollins, M., Piron, F., Pivato, G., Porter, T. A., Rainò, S., Rando, R., Razzano, M., Reimer, A., Reimer, O., Reyes, L. C., Ritz, S., Romoli, C., Roth, M., Saz Parkinson, P. M., Sgrò, C., Siskind, E. J., Spandre, G., Spinelli, P., Takahashi, H., Takeuchi, Y., Tanaka, T., Thayer, J. G., Thayer, J. B., Thompson, D. J., Tibaldo, L., Tinivella, M., Torres, D. F., Tosti, G., Troja, E., Tronconi, V., Usher, T. L., Vandenbroucke, J., Vasileiou, V., Vianello, G., Vitale, V., Waite, A. P., Werner, M., Winer, B. L., & Wood, K. S. Gamma-ray flaring activity from the gravitationally lensed blazar PKS 1830-211 observed by Fermi LAT. United States. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/799/2/143
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Abdo, A. A., Ackermann, M., Ajello, M., Allafort, A., Amin, M. A., Baldini, L., Barbiellini, G., Bastieri, D., Bechtol, K., Bellazzini, R., Blandford, R. D., Bonamente, E., Borgland, A. W., Bregeon, J., Brigida, M., Buehler, R., Bulmash, D., Buson, S., Caliandro, G. A., Cameron, R. A., Caraveo, P. A., Cavazzuti, E., Cecchi, C., Charles, E., Cheung, C. C., Chiang, J., Chiaro, G., Ciprini, S., Claus, R., Cohen-Tanugi, J., Conrad, J., Corbet, R. H. D., Cutini, S., D'Ammando, F., de Angelis, A., de Palma, F., Dermer, C. D., Drell, P. S., Drlica-Wagner, A., Favuzzi, C., Finke, J., Focke, W. B., Fukazawa, Y., Fusco, P., Gargano, F., Gasparrini, D., Gehrels, N., Giglietto, N., Giordano, F., Giroletti, M., Glanzman, T., Grenier, I. A., Grove, J. E., Guiriec, S., Hadasch, D., Hayashida, M., Hays, E., Hughes, R. E., Inoue, Y., Jackson, M. S., Jogler, T., Jóhannesson, G., Johnson, A. S., Kamae, T., Knödlseder, J., Kuss, M., Lande, J., Larsson, S., Latronico, L., Longo, F., Loparco, F., Lott, B., Lovellette, M. N., Lubrano, P., Madejski, G. M., Mazziotta, M. N., Mehault, J., Michelson, P. F., Mizuno, T., Monzani, M. E., Morselli, A., Moskalenko, I. V., Murgia, S., Nemmen, R., Nuss, E., Ohno, M., Ohsugi, T., Paneque, D., Perkins, J. S., Pesce-Rollins, M., Piron, F., Pivato, G., Porter, T. A., Rainò, S., Rando, R., Razzano, M., Reimer, A., Reimer, O., Reyes, L. C., Ritz, S., Romoli, C., Roth, M., Saz Parkinson, P. M., Sgrò, C., Siskind, E. J., Spandre, G., Spinelli, P., Takahashi, H., Takeuchi, Y., Tanaka, T., Thayer, J. G., Thayer, J. B., Thompson, D. J., Tibaldo, L., Tinivella, M., Torres, D. F., Tosti, G., Troja, E., Tronconi, V., Usher, T. L., Vandenbroucke, J., Vasileiou, V., Vianello, G., Vitale, V., Waite, A. P., Werner, M., Winer, B. L., and Wood, K. S. Fri . "Gamma-ray flaring activity from the gravitationally lensed blazar PKS 1830-211 observed by Fermi LAT". United States. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/799/2/143. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1355169.
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@article{osti_1355169,
title = {Gamma-ray flaring activity from the gravitationally lensed blazar PKS 1830-211 observed by Fermi LAT},
author = {Abdo, A. A. and Ackermann, M. and Ajello, M. and Allafort, A. and Amin, M. A. and Baldini, L. and Barbiellini, G. and Bastieri, D. and Bechtol, K. and Bellazzini, R. and Blandford, R. D. and Bonamente, E. and Borgland, A. W. and Bregeon, J. and Brigida, M. and Buehler, R. and Bulmash, D. and Buson, S. and Caliandro, G. A. and Cameron, R. A. and Caraveo, P. A. and Cavazzuti, E. and Cecchi, C. and Charles, E. and Cheung, C. C. and Chiang, J. and Chiaro, G. and Ciprini, S. and Claus, R. and Cohen-Tanugi, J. and Conrad, J. and Corbet, R. H. D. and Cutini, S. and D'Ammando, F. and de Angelis, A. and de Palma, F. and Dermer, C. D. and Drell, P. S. and Drlica-Wagner, A. and Favuzzi, C. and Finke, J. and Focke, W. B. and Fukazawa, Y. and Fusco, P. and Gargano, F. and Gasparrini, D. and Gehrels, N. and Giglietto, N. and Giordano, F. and Giroletti, M. and Glanzman, T. and Grenier, I. A. and Grove, J. E. and Guiriec, S. and Hadasch, D. and Hayashida, M. and Hays, E. and Hughes, R. E. and Inoue, Y. and Jackson, M. S. and Jogler, T. and Jóhannesson, G. and Johnson, A. S. and Kamae, T. and Knödlseder, J. and Kuss, M. and Lande, J. and Larsson, S. and Latronico, L. and Longo, F. and Loparco, F. and Lott, B. and Lovellette, M. N. and Lubrano, P. and Madejski, G. M. and Mazziotta, M. N. and Mehault, J. and Michelson, P. F. and Mizuno, T. and Monzani, M. E. and Morselli, A. and Moskalenko, I. V. and Murgia, S. and Nemmen, R. and Nuss, E. and Ohno, M. and Ohsugi, T. and Paneque, D. and Perkins, J. S. and Pesce-Rollins, M. and Piron, F. and Pivato, G. and Porter, T. A. and Rainò, S. and Rando, R. and Razzano, M. and Reimer, A. and Reimer, O. and Reyes, L. C. and Ritz, S. and Romoli, C. and Roth, M. and Saz Parkinson, P. M. and Sgrò, C. and Siskind, E. J. and Spandre, G. and Spinelli, P. and Takahashi, H. and Takeuchi, Y. and Tanaka, T. and Thayer, J. G. and Thayer, J. B. and Thompson, D. J. and Tibaldo, L. and Tinivella, M. and Torres, D. F. and Tosti, G. and Troja, E. and Tronconi, V. and Usher, T. L. and Vandenbroucke, J. and Vasileiou, V. and Vianello, G. and Vitale, V. and Waite, A. P. and Werner, M. and Winer, B. L. and Wood, K. S.},
abstractNote = {We present that the Large Area Telescope (LAT) on board the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope routinely detects the MeV-peaked flat-spectrum radio quasar PKS 1830–211 (z = 2.507). Its apparent isotropic γ-ray luminosity (E > 100 MeV), averaged over ~3 years of observations and peaking on 2010 October 14/15 at 2.9 × 1050 erg s–1, makes it among the brightest high-redshift Fermi blazars. No published model with a single lens can account for all of the observed characteristics of this complex system. Based on radio observations, one expects time-delayed variability to follow about 25 days after a primary flare, with flux about a factor of 1.5 less. Two large γ-ray flares of PKS 1830–211 have been detected by the LAT in the considered period, and no substantial evidence for such a delayed activity was found. This allows us to place a lower limit of about 6 on the γ-ray flux ratio between the two lensed images. Swift XRT observations from a dedicated Target of Opportunity program indicate a hard spectrum with no significant correlation of X-ray flux with the γ-ray variability. The spectral energy distribution can be modeled with inverse Compton scattering of thermal photons from the dusty torus. The implications of the LAT data in terms of variability, the lack of evident delayed flare events, and different radio and γ-ray flux ratios are discussed. Lastly, microlensing effects, absorption, size and location of the emitting regions, the complex mass distribution of the system, an energy-dependent inner structure of the source, and flux suppression by the lens galaxy for one image path may be considered as hypotheses for understanding our results.},
doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/799/2/143},
journal = {The Astrophysical Journal (Online)},
number = 2,
volume = 799,
place = {United States},
year = {Fri Jan 23 00:00:00 EST 2015},
month = {Fri Jan 23 00:00:00 EST 2015}
}
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FERMI LARGE AREA TELESCOPE SECOND SOURCE CATALOG
journal, March 2012

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  • The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 199, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.1088/0067-0049/199/2/31

ASCA Observation of the Lensed Blazar PKS 1830−211: An Implication of X‐Ray Microlensing
journal, April 2001

  • Oshima, T.; Mitsuda, K.; Ota, N.
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 551, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.1086/320246

Gravitational microlensing by the galactic halo
journal, May 1986

  • Paczynski, B.
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Gravitational lensing of anisotropic sources
journal, August 2009

A Strong X‐Ray Flux Ratio Anomaly in the Quadruply Lensed Quasar PG 1115+080
journal, September 2006

  • Pooley, David; Blackburne, Jeffrey A.; Rappaport, Saul
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 648, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1086/505860

1830–211 – a flat-spectrum radio source with double structure
journal, March 1988

  • Pramesh Rao, A.; Subrahmanyan, R.
  • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 231, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/231.2.229

The long-lasting activity of 3C 454.3: GASP-WEBT and satellite observations in 2008–2010 ⋆⋆⋆
journal, October 2011

Modeling the Production of Flares in Gamma‐Ray Quasars
journal, June 2001

  • Sikora, M.; Błażejowski, M.; Begelman, Mitchell C.
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 554, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1086/321329

Constraining Emission Models of Luminous Blazar Sources
journal, September 2009

Multi-wavelength study of the gravitational lens system RXS J1131-1231: III. Long slit spectroscopy: micro-lensing probes the QSO structure
journal, March 2007

Mid-infrared microlensing of accretion disc and dusty torus in quasars: effects on flux ratio anomalies
journal, May 2013

External Compton Radiation from Rapid Nonthermal Flares in Blazars
journal, August 2005

  • Sokolov, Andrei; Marscher, Alan P.
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 629, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1086/431321

Fermi LARGE AREA TELESCOPE DETECTION OF TWO VERY-HIGH-ENERGY ( E > 100 GeV) γ-RAY PHOTONS FROM THE z = 1.1 BLAZAR PKS 0426–380
journal, October 2013

Gravitational microlensing of  -ray blazars
journal, February 2003

Time delay in the Einstein ring PKS 1830-211
journal, May 1995

  • van Ommen, T. D.; Jones, D. L.; Preston, R. A.
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 444
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Microlensing of Quasars
journal, January 2001

  • Wambsganss, Joachim
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  • DOI: 10.1071/AS01016

The redshift of the gravitational lens of PKS1830–211 determined from molecular absorption lines
journal, January 1996

The Complex Molecular Absorption Line System at z = 0.886 toward PKS 1830−211
journal, June 1998

  • Wiklind, Tommy; Combes, Francoise
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 500, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1086/305701

PKS 1830−211: A Face‐on Spiral Galaxy Lens
journal, August 2002

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  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 575, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1086/341265

Analytic Time Delays and H 0 Estimates for Gravitational Lenses
journal, November 2000

  • Witt, Hans J.; Mao, Shude; Keeton, Charles R.
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 544, Issue 1
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An X-Ray Microlensing Test of AU-Scale Accretion Disk Structure in Q2237+0305
journal, July 1998

  • Yonehara, Atsunori; Mineshige, Shin; Manmoto, Tadahiro
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High‐Energy Properties of PKS 1830−211
journal, August 2008

  • Zhang, Shu; Chen, Yu‐peng; Collmar, Werner
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 683, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1086/589498

X-ray microlensing in the quadruply lensed quasar Q2237+0305: X-ray microlensing in Q2237+0305
journal, February 2011

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    Works referencing / citing this record:

    Submillimeter polarization and variability of quasar PKS 1830–211
    journal, December 2018

    The γ -ray sky seen at X-ray energies: I. Searching for the connection between X-rays and γ -rays in Fermi BL Lac objects
    journal, November 2019

    Resolving the High-Energy Universe with Strong Gravitational Lensing: the case of pks 1830–211
    journal, August 2015

    • Barnacka, Anna; Geller, Margaret J.; Dell’Antonio, Ian P.
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 809, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.1088/0004-637x/809/1/100

    Radio follow-up of the γ-ray flaring gravitational lens JVAS B0218+357
    journal, February 2016

    • Spingola, C.; Dallacasa, D.; Orienti, M.
    • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 457, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stw136

    H.E.S.S. observations of the flaring gravitationally lensed galaxy PKS 1830–211
    journal, April 2019

    • Abdalla, H.; Aharonian, F.; Ait Benkhali, F.
    • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 486, Issue 3
    • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stz1031

    Fast γ-ray Variability: A Common Feature and Powerful Probe for Jetted AGNs
    journal, July 2018

    Fast γ -Ray Variability in Blazars beyond Redshift 3
    journal, February 2018

    Fermi -LAT Detection of a Transient γ -Ray Source in the Direction of a Distant Blazar B3 1428+422 at z = 4.72
    journal, September 2018

    H.E.S.S. observations of the flaring gravitationally lensed galaxy PKS 1830–211
    text, January 2019

    • Abdalla, H.; Aharonian, F.; Ait Benkhali, F.
    • Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg
    • DOI: 10.3204/pubdb-2019-03434

    Resolving the High Energy Universe with Strong Gravitational Lensing: The Case of PKS 1830-211
    text, January 2015

    Radio follow-up of the gamma-ray flaring gravitational lens JVAS B0218+357
    text, January 2016

    Submillimeter polarization and variability of quasar PKS 1830-211
    text, January 2018

    H.E.S.S. observations of the flaring gravitationally lensed galaxy PKS 1830-211
    text, January 2019

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