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Title: Identification of radiopure titanium for the LZ dark matter experiment and future rare event searches

Abstract

The LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment will search for dark matter particle interactions with a detector containing a total of 10 tonnes of liquid xenon within a double-vessel cryostat. The large mass and proximity of the cryostat to the active detector volume demand the use of material with extremely low intrinsic radioactivity. We report on the radioassay campaign conducted to identify suitable metals, the determination of factors limiting radiopure production, and the selection of titanium for construction of the LZ cryostat and other detector components. This titanium has been measured with activities of 238Ue < 1.6 mBq/kg, 238Ul< 0.09 mBq/kg, 232The =0.28 ± 0.03 mBq/kg, 232Thl = 0.25 ± 0.02 mBq/kg, 40K < 0.54 mBq/kg, and 60Co < 0.02 mBq/kg (68% CL). Such low intrinsic activities, which are some of the lowest ever reported for titanium, enable its use for future dark matter and other rare event searches. Monte Carlo simulations have been performed to assess the expected background contribution from the LZ cryostat with this radioactivity. In 1,000 days of WIMP search exposure of a 5.6-tonne fiducial mass, the cryostat will contribute only a mean background of 0.160 ± 0.001(stat) ±0.030(sys) counts.

Authors:
 [1]; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; more »; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;  [2] « less
+ Show Author Affiliations
  1. SLAC National Accelerator Lab., Menlo Park, CA (United States); Stanford Univ., CA (United States); LUX-ZEPLIN Collaboration. et al.
  2. ( (LZ) Collaboration),
Publication Date:
Research Org.:
Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States); SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States); Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (FNAL), Batavia, IL (United States); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States); Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States); Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States); Univ. of California, Santa Barbara, CA (United States)
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE Office of Science (SC), High Energy Physics (HEP); USDOE National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA)
Contributing Org.:
LZ; LUX-ZEPLIN Collaboration
OSTI Identifier:
1354875
Alternate Identifier(s):
OSTI ID: 1395351; OSTI ID: 1419425; OSTI ID: 1436647; OSTI ID: 1549306; OSTI ID: 1601967; OSTI ID: 1866171
Report Number(s):
FERMILAB-PUB-17-069-AE-PPD; arXiv:1702.02646; PNNL-SA-129064; LLNL-JRNL-825704
Journal ID: ISSN 0927-6505; oai:inspirehep.net:1512771
Grant/Contract Number:  
AC02-07CH11359; AC52-07NA27344; AC05-76RL01830; AC02-76SF00515; SC0012704; SC0010010; AC02-05CH11231; SC0012161; SC0014223; FG02- 13ER42020; FG02-91ER40674; NA0000979; SC0011702; SC0006572; SC0012034; SC0006605; FG02-10ER46709; NSF PHY-110447; NSF PHY-1506068; NSF PHY-1312561; NSF PHY-1406943; NSF PHY-1642619; ST/K006428/1; ST/M003655/1; ST/M003981/1; ST/M003744/1; ST/M003639/1; ST/M003604/1; ST/M003469/1; CERN/FP/123610/2011; PTDC/FIS-NUC/1525/2014; IE141517; UW PRJ82AJ; SC005336; DESC0012704; DESC0006572; DESC0012034
Resource Type:
Accepted Manuscript
Journal Name:
Astroparticle Physics
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Volume: 96; Journal ID: ISSN 0927-6505
Publisher:
Elsevier
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY; 72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS; 79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS

Citation Formats

Akerib, D. S., Akerlof, C. W., Akimov, D. Yu., Alsum, S. K., Araújo, H. M., Arnquist, I. J., Arthurs, M., Bai, X., Bailey, A. J., Balajthy, J., Balashov, S., Barry, M. J., Belle, J., Beltrame, P., Benson, T., Bernard, E. P., Bernstein, A., Biesiadzinski, T. P., Boast, K. E., Bolozdynya, A., Boxer, B., Bramante, R., Brás, P., Buckley, J. H., Bugaev, V. V., Bunker, R., Burdin, S., Busenitz, J. K., Carels, C., Carlsmith, D. L., Carlson, B., Carmona-Benitez, M. C., Chan, C., Cherwinka, J. J., Chiller, A. A., Chiller, C., Cottle, A., Coughlen, R., Craddock, W. W., Currie, A., Dahl, C. E., Davison, T. J.R., Dobi, A., Dobson, J. E.Y., Druszkiewicz, E., Edberg, T. K., Edwards, W. R., Emmet, W. T., Faham, C. H., Fiorucci, S., Fruth, T., Gaitskell, R. J., Gantos, N. J., Gehman, V. M., Gerhard, R. M., Ghag, C., Gilchriese, M. G.D., Gomber, B., Hall, C. R., Hans, S., Hanzel, K., Haselschwardt, S. J., Hertel, S. A., Hillbrand, S., Hjemfelt, C., Hoff, M. D., Holbrook, B., Holtom, E., Hoppe, E. W., Hor, J. Y-K., Horn, M., Huang, D. Q., Hurteau, T. W., Ignarra, C. M., Jacobsen, R. G., Ji, W., Kaboth, A., Kamdin, K., Kazkaz, K., Khaitan, D., Khazov, A., Khromov, A. V., Konovalov, A. M., Korolkova, E. V., Koyuncu, M., Kraus, H., Krebs, H. J., Kudryavtsev, V. A., Kumpan, A. V., Kyre, S., Lee, C., Lee, H. S., Lee, J., Leonard, D. S., Leonard, R., Lesko, K. T., Levy, C., Liao, F. -T., Lin, J., Lindote, A., Linehan, R. E., Lippincott, W. H., Liu, X., Lopes, M. I., Lopez Paredes, B., Lorenzon, W., Luitz, S., Majewski, P., Manalaysay, A., Manenti, L., Mannino, R. L., Markley, D. J., Martin, T. J., Marzioni, M. F., McConnell, C. T., McKinsey, D. N., Mei, D. -M., Meng, Y., Miller, E. H., Mizrachi, E., Mock, J., Monzani, M. E., Morad, J. A., Mount, B. J., Murphy, A. St.J., Nehrkorn, C., Nelson, H. N., Neves, F., Nikkel, J. A., O’Dell, J., O’Sullivan, K., Olcina, I., Olevitch, M. A., Oliver-Mallory, K. C., Palladino, K. J., Pease, E. K., Piepke, A., Powell, S., Preece, R. M., Pushkin, K., Ratcliff, B. N., Reichenbacher, J., Reichhart, L., Rhyne, C. A., Richards, A., Rodrigues, J. P., Rose, H. J., Rosero, R., Rossiter, P., Saba, J. S., Sarychev, M., Schnee, R. W., Schubnell, M., Scovell, P. R., Shaw, S., Shutt, T. A., Silva, C., Skarpaas, K., Skulski, W., Solmaz, M., Solovov, V. N., Sorensen, P., Sosnovtsev, V. V., Stancu, I., Stark, M. R., Stephenson, S., Stiegler, T. M., Stifter, K., Sumner, T. J., Szydagis, M., Taylor, D. J., Taylor, W. C., Temples, D., Terman, P. A., Thomas, K. J., Thomson, J. A., Tiedt, D. R., Timalsina, M., To, W. H., Tomás, A., Tope, T. E., Tripathi, M., Tvrznikova, L., Va’vra, J., Vacheret, A., van der Grinten, M. G.D., Verbus, J. R., Vuosalo, C. O., Waldron, W. L., Wang, R., Watson, R., Webb, R. C., Wei, W. -Z., While, M., White, D. T., Whitis, T. J., Wisniewski, W. J., Witherell, M. S., Wolfs, F. L.H., Woodward, D., Worm, S., Xu, J., Yeh, M., Yin, J., Zhang, C., and The LUX-ZEPLIN. Identification of radiopure titanium for the LZ dark matter experiment and future rare event searches. United States: N. p., 2017. Web. doi:10.1016/j.astropartphys.2017.09.002.
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Akerib, D. S., Akerlof, C. W., Akimov, D. Yu., Alsum, S. K., Araújo, H. M., Arnquist, I. J., Arthurs, M., Bai, X., Bailey, A. J., Balajthy, J., Balashov, S., Barry, M. J., Belle, J., Beltrame, P., Benson, T., Bernard, E. P., Bernstein, A., Biesiadzinski, T. P., Boast, K. E., Bolozdynya, A., Boxer, B., Bramante, R., Brás, P., Buckley, J. H., Bugaev, V. V., Bunker, R., Burdin, S., Busenitz, J. K., Carels, C., Carlsmith, D. L., Carlson, B., Carmona-Benitez, M. C., Chan, C., Cherwinka, J. J., Chiller, A. A., Chiller, C., Cottle, A., Coughlen, R., Craddock, W. W., Currie, A., Dahl, C. E., Davison, T. J.R., Dobi, A., Dobson, J. E.Y., Druszkiewicz, E., Edberg, T. K., Edwards, W. R., Emmet, W. T., Faham, C. H., Fiorucci, S., Fruth, T., Gaitskell, R. J., Gantos, N. J., Gehman, V. M., Gerhard, R. M., Ghag, C., Gilchriese, M. G.D., Gomber, B., Hall, C. R., Hans, S., Hanzel, K., Haselschwardt, S. J., Hertel, S. A., Hillbrand, S., Hjemfelt, C., Hoff, M. D., Holbrook, B., Holtom, E., Hoppe, E. W., Hor, J. Y-K., Horn, M., Huang, D. Q., Hurteau, T. W., Ignarra, C. M., Jacobsen, R. G., Ji, W., Kaboth, A., Kamdin, K., Kazkaz, K., Khaitan, D., Khazov, A., Khromov, A. V., Konovalov, A. M., Korolkova, E. V., Koyuncu, M., Kraus, H., Krebs, H. J., Kudryavtsev, V. A., Kumpan, A. V., Kyre, S., Lee, C., Lee, H. S., Lee, J., Leonard, D. S., Leonard, R., Lesko, K. T., Levy, C., Liao, F. -T., Lin, J., Lindote, A., Linehan, R. E., Lippincott, W. H., Liu, X., Lopes, M. I., Lopez Paredes, B., Lorenzon, W., Luitz, S., Majewski, P., Manalaysay, A., Manenti, L., Mannino, R. L., Markley, D. J., Martin, T. J., Marzioni, M. F., McConnell, C. T., McKinsey, D. N., Mei, D. -M., Meng, Y., Miller, E. H., Mizrachi, E., Mock, J., Monzani, M. E., Morad, J. A., Mount, B. J., Murphy, A. St.J., Nehrkorn, C., Nelson, H. N., Neves, F., Nikkel, J. A., O’Dell, J., O’Sullivan, K., Olcina, I., Olevitch, M. A., Oliver-Mallory, K. C., Palladino, K. J., Pease, E. K., Piepke, A., Powell, S., Preece, R. M., Pushkin, K., Ratcliff, B. N., Reichenbacher, J., Reichhart, L., Rhyne, C. A., Richards, A., Rodrigues, J. P., Rose, H. J., Rosero, R., Rossiter, P., Saba, J. S., Sarychev, M., Schnee, R. W., Schubnell, M., Scovell, P. R., Shaw, S., Shutt, T. A., Silva, C., Skarpaas, K., Skulski, W., Solmaz, M., Solovov, V. N., Sorensen, P., Sosnovtsev, V. V., Stancu, I., Stark, M. R., Stephenson, S., Stiegler, T. M., Stifter, K., Sumner, T. J., Szydagis, M., Taylor, D. J., Taylor, W. C., Temples, D., Terman, P. A., Thomas, K. J., Thomson, J. A., Tiedt, D. R., Timalsina, M., To, W. H., Tomás, A., Tope, T. E., Tripathi, M., Tvrznikova, L., Va’vra, J., Vacheret, A., van der Grinten, M. G.D., Verbus, J. R., Vuosalo, C. O., Waldron, W. L., Wang, R., Watson, R., Webb, R. C., Wei, W. -Z., While, M., White, D. T., Whitis, T. J., Wisniewski, W. J., Witherell, M. S., Wolfs, F. L.H., Woodward, D., Worm, S., Xu, J., Yeh, M., Yin, J., Zhang, C., & The LUX-ZEPLIN. Identification of radiopure titanium for the LZ dark matter experiment and future rare event searches. United States. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.astropartphys.2017.09.002
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Akerib, D. S., Akerlof, C. W., Akimov, D. Yu., Alsum, S. K., Araújo, H. M., Arnquist, I. J., Arthurs, M., Bai, X., Bailey, A. J., Balajthy, J., Balashov, S., Barry, M. J., Belle, J., Beltrame, P., Benson, T., Bernard, E. P., Bernstein, A., Biesiadzinski, T. P., Boast, K. E., Bolozdynya, A., Boxer, B., Bramante, R., Brás, P., Buckley, J. H., Bugaev, V. V., Bunker, R., Burdin, S., Busenitz, J. K., Carels, C., Carlsmith, D. L., Carlson, B., Carmona-Benitez, M. C., Chan, C., Cherwinka, J. J., Chiller, A. A., Chiller, C., Cottle, A., Coughlen, R., Craddock, W. W., Currie, A., Dahl, C. E., Davison, T. J.R., Dobi, A., Dobson, J. E.Y., Druszkiewicz, E., Edberg, T. K., Edwards, W. R., Emmet, W. T., Faham, C. H., Fiorucci, S., Fruth, T., Gaitskell, R. J., Gantos, N. J., Gehman, V. M., Gerhard, R. M., Ghag, C., Gilchriese, M. G.D., Gomber, B., Hall, C. R., Hans, S., Hanzel, K., Haselschwardt, S. J., Hertel, S. A., Hillbrand, S., Hjemfelt, C., Hoff, M. D., Holbrook, B., Holtom, E., Hoppe, E. W., Hor, J. Y-K., Horn, M., Huang, D. Q., Hurteau, T. W., Ignarra, C. M., Jacobsen, R. G., Ji, W., Kaboth, A., Kamdin, K., Kazkaz, K., Khaitan, D., Khazov, A., Khromov, A. V., Konovalov, A. M., Korolkova, E. V., Koyuncu, M., Kraus, H., Krebs, H. J., Kudryavtsev, V. A., Kumpan, A. V., Kyre, S., Lee, C., Lee, H. S., Lee, J., Leonard, D. S., Leonard, R., Lesko, K. T., Levy, C., Liao, F. -T., Lin, J., Lindote, A., Linehan, R. E., Lippincott, W. H., Liu, X., Lopes, M. I., Lopez Paredes, B., Lorenzon, W., Luitz, S., Majewski, P., Manalaysay, A., Manenti, L., Mannino, R. L., Markley, D. J., Martin, T. J., Marzioni, M. F., McConnell, C. T., McKinsey, D. N., Mei, D. -M., Meng, Y., Miller, E. H., Mizrachi, E., Mock, J., Monzani, M. E., Morad, J. A., Mount, B. J., Murphy, A. St.J., Nehrkorn, C., Nelson, H. N., Neves, F., Nikkel, J. A., O’Dell, J., O’Sullivan, K., Olcina, I., Olevitch, M. A., Oliver-Mallory, K. C., Palladino, K. J., Pease, E. K., Piepke, A., Powell, S., Preece, R. M., Pushkin, K., Ratcliff, B. N., Reichenbacher, J., Reichhart, L., Rhyne, C. A., Richards, A., Rodrigues, J. P., Rose, H. J., Rosero, R., Rossiter, P., Saba, J. S., Sarychev, M., Schnee, R. W., Schubnell, M., Scovell, P. R., Shaw, S., Shutt, T. A., Silva, C., Skarpaas, K., Skulski, W., Solmaz, M., Solovov, V. N., Sorensen, P., Sosnovtsev, V. V., Stancu, I., Stark, M. R., Stephenson, S., Stiegler, T. M., Stifter, K., Sumner, T. J., Szydagis, M., Taylor, D. J., Taylor, W. C., Temples, D., Terman, P. A., Thomas, K. J., Thomson, J. A., Tiedt, D. R., Timalsina, M., To, W. H., Tomás, A., Tope, T. E., Tripathi, M., Tvrznikova, L., Va’vra, J., Vacheret, A., van der Grinten, M. G.D., Verbus, J. R., Vuosalo, C. O., Waldron, W. L., Wang, R., Watson, R., Webb, R. C., Wei, W. -Z., While, M., White, D. T., Whitis, T. J., Wisniewski, W. J., Witherell, M. S., Wolfs, F. L.H., Woodward, D., Worm, S., Xu, J., Yeh, M., Yin, J., Zhang, C., and The LUX-ZEPLIN. Wed . "Identification of radiopure titanium for the LZ dark matter experiment and future rare event searches". United States. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.astropartphys.2017.09.002. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1354875.
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@article{osti_1354875,
title = {Identification of radiopure titanium for the LZ dark matter experiment and future rare event searches},
author = {Akerib, D. S. and Akerlof, C. W. and Akimov, D. Yu. and Alsum, S. K. and Araújo, H. M. and Arnquist, I. J. and Arthurs, M. and Bai, X. and Bailey, A. J. and Balajthy, J. and Balashov, S. and Barry, M. J. and Belle, J. and Beltrame, P. and Benson, T. and Bernard, E. P. and Bernstein, A. and Biesiadzinski, T. P. and Boast, K. E. and Bolozdynya, A. and Boxer, B. and Bramante, R. and Brás, P. and Buckley, J. H. and Bugaev, V. V. and Bunker, R. and Burdin, S. and Busenitz, J. K. and Carels, C. and Carlsmith, D. L. and Carlson, B. and Carmona-Benitez, M. C. and Chan, C. and Cherwinka, J. J. and Chiller, A. A. and Chiller, C. and Cottle, A. and Coughlen, R. and Craddock, W. W. and Currie, A. and Dahl, C. E. and Davison, T. J.R. and Dobi, A. and Dobson, J. E.Y. and Druszkiewicz, E. and Edberg, T. K. and Edwards, W. R. and Emmet, W. T. and Faham, C. H. and Fiorucci, S. and Fruth, T. and Gaitskell, R. J. and Gantos, N. J. and Gehman, V. M. and Gerhard, R. M. and Ghag, C. and Gilchriese, M. G.D. and Gomber, B. and Hall, C. R. and Hans, S. and Hanzel, K. and Haselschwardt, S. J. and Hertel, S. A. and Hillbrand, S. and Hjemfelt, C. and Hoff, M. D. and Holbrook, B. and Holtom, E. and Hoppe, E. W. and Hor, J. Y-K. and Horn, M. and Huang, D. Q. and Hurteau, T. W. and Ignarra, C. M. and Jacobsen, R. G. and Ji, W. and Kaboth, A. and Kamdin, K. and Kazkaz, K. and Khaitan, D. and Khazov, A. and Khromov, A. V. and Konovalov, A. M. and Korolkova, E. V. and Koyuncu, M. and Kraus, H. and Krebs, H. J. and Kudryavtsev, V. A. and Kumpan, A. V. and Kyre, S. and Lee, C. and Lee, H. S. and Lee, J. and Leonard, D. S. and Leonard, R. and Lesko, K. T. and Levy, C. and Liao, F. -T. and Lin, J. and Lindote, A. and Linehan, R. E. and Lippincott, W. H. and Liu, X. and Lopes, M. I. and Lopez Paredes, B. and Lorenzon, W. and Luitz, S. and Majewski, P. and Manalaysay, A. and Manenti, L. and Mannino, R. L. and Markley, D. J. and Martin, T. J. and Marzioni, M. F. and McConnell, C. T. and McKinsey, D. N. and Mei, D. -M. and Meng, Y. and Miller, E. H. and Mizrachi, E. and Mock, J. and Monzani, M. E. and Morad, J. A. and Mount, B. J. and Murphy, A. St.J. and Nehrkorn, C. and Nelson, H. N. and Neves, F. and Nikkel, J. A. and O’Dell, J. and O’Sullivan, K. and Olcina, I. and Olevitch, M. A. and Oliver-Mallory, K. C. and Palladino, K. J. and Pease, E. K. and Piepke, A. and Powell, S. and Preece, R. M. and Pushkin, K. and Ratcliff, B. N. and Reichenbacher, J. and Reichhart, L. and Rhyne, C. A. and Richards, A. and Rodrigues, J. P. and Rose, H. J. and Rosero, R. and Rossiter, P. and Saba, J. S. and Sarychev, M. and Schnee, R. W. and Schubnell, M. and Scovell, P. R. and Shaw, S. and Shutt, T. A. and Silva, C. and Skarpaas, K. and Skulski, W. and Solmaz, M. and Solovov, V. N. and Sorensen, P. and Sosnovtsev, V. V. and Stancu, I. and Stark, M. R. and Stephenson, S. and Stiegler, T. M. and Stifter, K. and Sumner, T. J. and Szydagis, M. and Taylor, D. J. and Taylor, W. C. and Temples, D. and Terman, P. A. and Thomas, K. J. and Thomson, J. A. and Tiedt, D. R. and Timalsina, M. and To, W. H. and Tomás, A. and Tope, T. E. and Tripathi, M. and Tvrznikova, L. and Va’vra, J. and Vacheret, A. and van der Grinten, M. G.D. and Verbus, J. R. and Vuosalo, C. O. and Waldron, W. L. and Wang, R. and Watson, R. and Webb, R. C. and Wei, W. -Z. and While, M. and White, D. T. and Whitis, T. J. and Wisniewski, W. J. and Witherell, M. S. and Wolfs, F. L.H. and Woodward, D. and Worm, S. and Xu, J. and Yeh, M. and Yin, J. and Zhang, C. and The LUX-ZEPLIN},
abstractNote = {The LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment will search for dark matter particle interactions with a detector containing a total of 10 tonnes of liquid xenon within a double-vessel cryostat. The large mass and proximity of the cryostat to the active detector volume demand the use of material with extremely low intrinsic radioactivity. We report on the radioassay campaign conducted to identify suitable metals, the determination of factors limiting radiopure production, and the selection of titanium for construction of the LZ cryostat and other detector components. This titanium has been measured with activities of 238Ue < 1.6 mBq/kg, 238Ul< 0.09 mBq/kg, 232The =0.28 ± 0.03 mBq/kg, 232Thl = 0.25 ± 0.02 mBq/kg, 40K < 0.54 mBq/kg, and 60Co < 0.02 mBq/kg (68% CL). Such low intrinsic activities, which are some of the lowest ever reported for titanium, enable its use for future dark matter and other rare event searches. Monte Carlo simulations have been performed to assess the expected background contribution from the LZ cryostat with this radioactivity. In 1,000 days of WIMP search exposure of a 5.6-tonne fiducial mass, the cryostat will contribute only a mean background of 0.160 ± 0.001(stat) ±0.030(sys) counts.},
doi = {10.1016/j.astropartphys.2017.09.002},
journal = {Astroparticle Physics},
number = ,
volume = 96,
place = {United States},
year = {Wed Nov 01 00:00:00 EDT 2017},
month = {Wed Nov 01 00:00:00 EDT 2017}
}
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journal, March 2012

The background in the $$0\nu \beta \beta $$ 0 ν β β experiment Gerda
journal, April 2014

High voltage testing for the Majorana Demonstrator
journal, July 2016

  • Abgrall, N.; Arnquist, I. J.; Avignone, F. T.
  • Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 823
  • DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2016.04.006

LUXSim: A component-centric approach to low-background simulations
journal, May 2012

  • Akerib, D. S.; Bai, X.; Bedikian, S.
  • Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 675
  • DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2012.02.010

Sources: A code for calculating (alpha, n), spontaneous fission, and delayed neutron sources and spectra
journal, May 2009

Neutron background in large-scale xenon detectors for dark matter searches
journal, September 2004

Low-energy neutron propagation in MCNPX and GEANT4
journal, May 2006

  • Lemrani, R.; Robinson, M.; Kudryavtsev, V. A.
  • Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 560, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2005.12.238

Calculation of neutron background for underground experiments
journal, October 2008

  • Tomasello, V.; Kudryavtsev, V. A.; Robinson, M.
  • Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 595, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2008.07.071

Radioactive background in a cryogenic dark matter experiment
journal, September 2010

EMPIRE: Nuclear Reaction Model Code System for Data Evaluation
journal, December 2007

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