A nonpyrrolysine member of the widely distributed trimethylamine methyltransferase family is a glycine betaine methyltransferase

Ticak, Tomislav; Kountz, D. J.; Girosky, K. E.; Krzycki, J. A.; Ferguson, D. J.

doi:10.1073/pnas.1409642111

Title: A nonpyrrolysine member of the widely distributed trimethylamine methyltransferase family is a glycine betaine methyltransferase

Abstract

COG5598 comprises a large number of proteins related to MttB, the trimethylamine:corrinoid methyltransferase. MttB has a genetically encoded pyrrolysine residue proposed essential for catalysis. MttB is the only known trimethylamine methyltransferase, yet the great majority of members of COG5598 lack pyrrolysine, leaving the activity of these proteins an open question. Here, we describe the function of one of the nonpyrrolysine members of this large protein family. Three nonpyrrolysine MttB homologs are encoded in Desulfitobacterium hafniense, a Gram-positive strict anaerobe present in both the environment and human intestine. D. hafniense was found capable of growth on glycine betaine with electron acceptors such as nitrate or fumarate, producing dimethylglycine and CO₂ as products. Examination of the genome revealed genes for tetrahydrofolate-linked oxidation of a methyl group originating from a methylated corrinoid protein, but no obvious means to carry out corrinoid methylation with glycine betaine. DSY3156, encoding one of the nonpyrrolysine MttB homologs, was up-regulated during growth on glycine betaine. The recombinant DSY3156 protein converts glycine betaine and cob(I)alamin to dimethylglycine and methylcobalamin. To our knowledge, DSY3156 is the first glycine betaine:corrinoid methyltransferase described, and a designation of MtgB is proposed. Additionally, DSY3157, an adjacently encoded protein, was shown to be a methylcobalamin:tetrahydrofolatemore »« less

Authors:

Ticak, Tomislav ^[1]; Kountz, D. J. ^[2]; Girosky, K. E. ^[2]; Krzycki, J. A. ^[3]; Ferguson, D. J. ^[4]

Miami Univ., Oxford, OH (United States). Dept. of Microbiology
The Ohio State Univ., Columbus, OH (United States). Dept. of Microbiology
The Ohio State Univ., Columbus, OH (United States). Dept. of Microbiology and Biochemistry Program
Miami Univ., Oxford, OH (United States). Dept. of Microbiology; Miami Univ., Hamilton, OH (United States)

Publication Date:: Mon Oct 13 00:00:00 EDT 2014

Research Org.:: The Ohio State Univ., Columbus, OH (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES)

OSTI Identifier:: 1348916

Grant/Contract Number:: FG02-91ER20042

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 111; Journal Issue: 43; Journal ID: ISSN 0027-8424

Publisher:: National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC (United States)

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES; glycine betaine; trimethylamine methyltransferase; COG5598; L-pyrrolysine; Desulfitobacterium hafniense

Citation Formats


                    Ticak, Tomislav, Kountz, D. J., Girosky, K. E., Krzycki, J. A., and Ferguson, D. J. A nonpyrrolysine member of the widely distributed trimethylamine methyltransferase family is a glycine betaine methyltransferase.  United States: N. p., 2014. 
Web.  doi:10.1073/pnas.1409642111.

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                    Ticak, Tomislav, Kountz, D. J., Girosky, K. E., Krzycki, J. A., & Ferguson, D. J. A nonpyrrolysine member of the widely distributed trimethylamine methyltransferase family is a glycine betaine methyltransferase.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1409642111

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                    Ticak, Tomislav, Kountz, D. J., Girosky, K. E., Krzycki, J. A., and Ferguson, D. J. Mon .  
"A nonpyrrolysine member of the widely distributed trimethylamine methyltransferase family is a glycine betaine methyltransferase".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1409642111.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1348916.

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@article{osti_1348916,

  title        = {A nonpyrrolysine member of the widely distributed trimethylamine methyltransferase family is a glycine betaine methyltransferase},

  author       = {Ticak, Tomislav and Kountz, D. J. and Girosky, K. E. and Krzycki, J. A. and Ferguson, D. J.},

  abstractNote = {COG5598 comprises a large number of proteins related to MttB, the trimethylamine:corrinoid methyltransferase. MttB has a genetically encoded pyrrolysine residue proposed essential for catalysis. MttB is the only known trimethylamine methyltransferase, yet the great majority of members of COG5598 lack pyrrolysine, leaving the activity of these proteins an open question. Here, we describe the function of one of the nonpyrrolysine members of this large protein family. Three nonpyrrolysine MttB homologs are encoded in Desulfitobacterium hafniense, a Gram-positive strict anaerobe present in both the environment and human intestine. D. hafniense was found capable of growth on glycine betaine with electron acceptors such as nitrate or fumarate, producing dimethylglycine and CO2 as products. Examination of the genome revealed genes for tetrahydrofolate-linked oxidation of a methyl group originating from a methylated corrinoid protein, but no obvious means to carry out corrinoid methylation with glycine betaine. DSY3156, encoding one of the nonpyrrolysine MttB homologs, was up-regulated during growth on glycine betaine. The recombinant DSY3156 protein converts glycine betaine and cob(I)alamin to dimethylglycine and methylcobalamin. To our knowledge, DSY3156 is the first glycine betaine:corrinoid methyltransferase described, and a designation of MtgB is proposed. Additionally, DSY3157, an adjacently encoded protein, was shown to be a methylcobalamin:tetrahydrofolate methyltransferase and is designated MtgA. Homologs of MtgB are widely distributed, especially in marine bacterioplankton and nitrogen-fixing plant symbionts. Lastly, they are also found in multiple members of the human microbiome, and may play a beneficial role in trimethylamine homeostasis, which in recent years has been directly tied to human cardiovascular health.},

  doi          = {10.1073/pnas.1409642111},

  journal      = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},

  number       = 43,

  volume       = 111,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Mon Oct 13 00:00:00 EDT 2014},

  month        = {Mon Oct 13 00:00:00 EDT 2014}

}

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MEGA6: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Version 6.0
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Tamura, Koichiro; Stecher, Glen; Peterson, Daniel
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Characterization of a Three-Component Vanillate O-Demethylase from Moorella thermoacetica
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Naidu, D.; Ragsdale, S. W.
Journal of Bacteriology, Vol. 183, Issue 11
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Metabolism of Trimethylamine, Choline, and Glycine Betaine by Sulfate-Reducing and Methanogenic Bacteria in Marine Sediments †
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Trimethylamine-N-oxide and its biological variations in vegetarians
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Chemical transformation of xenobiotics by the human gut microbiota
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M., Nigro, Lisa; S., Hyde, Andrew; Andreas, Teske,
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Chemical transformation of xenobiotics by the human gut microbiota
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Betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase (BHMT) is a zinc-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group from glycine betaine (Bet) to homocysteine (Hcy) to form dimethylglycine (DMG) and methionine (Met). Previous studies in other laboratories have indicated that catalysis proceeds through the formation of a ternary complex, with a transition state mimicked by the inhibitor S-({delta}-carboxybutyl)-l-homocysteine (CBHcy). Using changes in intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence to determine the affinity of human BHMT for substrates, products, or CBHcy, we now demonstrate that the enzyme-substrate complex reaches its transition state through an ordered bi-bi mechanism in which Hcy is the first substrate to bind andmore »« less
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Similar Records

Title: A nonpyrrolysine member of the widely distributed trimethylamine methyltransferase family is a glycine betaine methyltransferase

Abstract

Citation Formats

A Desulfitobacterium strain isolated from human feces that does not dechlorinate chloroethenes or chlorophenols journal, November 2001

Studies of Dimethylglycine Oxidase Isoenzymes in Arthrobacter globiformis Cells journal, December 2010

Cleavage of Structural Proteins during the Assembly of the Head of Bacteriophage T4 journal, August 1970

Comparative genomics of methylated amine utilization by marine Roseobacter clade bacteria and development of functional gene markers (tmm, gmaS): Methylamine utilization by Roseobacter journal, April 2012

Homeostasis and Catabolism of Choline and Glycine Betaine: Lessons from Pseudomonas aeruginosa journal, January 2013

Dissimilatory reduction of nitrate in seawater by a Methylophaga strain containing two highly divergent narG sequences journal, April 2010

O -Demethylation by the Homoacetogenic Anaerobe Holophaga Foetida Studied by a New Photometric Methylation Assay Using Electrochemically Produced Cob(I)Alamin journal, December 1994

Metaproteomic Survey of Six Aquatic Habitats: Discovering the Identities of Microbial Populations Active in Biogeochemical Cycling journal, January 2014

Methanol:coenzyme M methyltransferase from Methanosarcina barkeri -- substitution of the corrinoid harbouring subunit MtaC by free cob(I)alamin : Substitution of journal, May 1999

Glycine metabolism in anaerobes journal, January 1994

A New UAG-Encoded Residue in the Structure of a Methanogen Methyltransferase journal, May 2002

Regulatory Factors Associated with Synthesis of the Osmolyte Glycine Betaine in the Halophilic MethanoarchaeonMethanohalophilus portucalensis journal, February 1999

Analysis of Relative Gene Expression Data Using Real-Time Quantitative PCR and the 2−ΔΔCT Method journal, December 2001

The Expanding World of Methylotrophic Metabolism journal, October 2009

Prognostic value of choline and betaine depends on intestinal microbiota-generated metabolite trimethylamine-N-oxide journal, February 2014

Microbial conversion of choline to trimethylamine requires a glycyl radical enzyme journal, November 2012

Metabolic changes of rhizobia in legume nodules journal, April 2006

Reconstitution of Dimethylamine:Coenzyme M Methyl Transfer with a Discrete Corrinoid Protein and Two Methyltransferases Purified from Methanosarcina barkeri journal, June 2000

Occurrence of Choline and Glycine Betaine Uptake and Metabolism in the Family Rhizobiaceae and Their Roles in Osmoprotection journal, May 1999

A Desulfitobacterium strain isolated from human feces that does not dechlorinate chloroethenes or chlorophenols journal, June 2001

Complete Genome Sequence of the Dehalorespiring Bacterium Desulfitobacterium hafniense Y51 and Comparison with Dehalococcoides ethenogenes 195 journal, March 2006

Betaine Fermentation and Oxidation by Marine Desulfuromonas Strains journal, January 1989

The rapid generation of mutation data matrices from protein sequences journal, January 1992

Betaine: New Oxidant in the Stickland Reaction and Methanogenesis from Betaine and l-Alanine by a Clostridium sporogenes-Methanosarcina barkeri Coculture journal, January 1983

Ecological significance of compatible solute accumulation by micro-organisms: from single cells to global climate journal, July 2000

Stability and Robustness of Human Metabolic Phenotypes in Response to Sequential Food Challenges journal, December 2011

Pyrrolysine Encoded by UAG in Archaea: Charging of a UAG-Decoding Specialized tRNA journal, May 2002

Trimethylamine N-oxide metabolism by abundant marine heterotrophic bacteria journal, February 2014

Function of genetically encoded pyrrolysine in corrinoid-dependent methylamine methyltransferases journal, October 2004

Characterization of an O-Demethylase of Desulfitobacterium hafniense DCB-2 journal, April 2012

Carnitine: An osmolyte that plays a metabolic role journal, January 2000

The reductive acetyl coenzyme A pathway: sequence and heterologous expression of active methyltetrahydrofolate:corrinoid/iron-sulfur protein methyltransferase from Clostridium thermoaceticum journal, October 1994

The energy conserving methyltetrahydromethanopterin:coenzyme M methyltransferase complex from methanogenic archaea: function of the subunit MtrH journal, April 1999

MUSCLE: multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput journal, March 2004

Potential for Chemolithoautotrophy Among Ubiquitous Bacteria Lineages in the Dark Ocean journal, September 2011

sinI- and expR-Dependent Quorum Sensing in Sinorhizobium meliloti journal, November 2005

Phylogenomic Data Support a Seventh Order of Methylotrophic Methanogens and Provide Insights into the Evolution of Methanogenesis journal, August 2013

Formation and breakdown of glycine betaine and trimethylamine in hypersaline environments journal, November 1990

A proteomic determination of cold adaptation in the Antarctic archaeon, Methanococcoides burtonii: Cold adaptation on an Antarctic archaeon journal, May 2004

Glycine reductase mechanism journal, October 2004

The Polymerase Incomplete Primer Extension (PIPE) Method Applied to High-Throughput Cloning and Site-Directed Mutagenesis book, January 2009

Quantification of acetylcholine, choline, betaine, and dimethylglycine in human plasma and urine using stable-isotope dilution ultra performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry journal, December 2010

The Sinorhizobium meliloti Glycine Betaine Biosynthetic Genes ( betICBA ) Are Induced by Choline and Highly Expressed in Bacteroids journal, August 2003

Bacterioplankton assemblages transforming dissolved organic compounds in coastal seawater journal, August 2007

The BCCT family of carriers: from physiology to crystal structure: BCCT carriers journal, September 2010

Intestinal Microbial Metabolism of Phosphatidylcholine and Cardiovascular Risk journal, April 2013

An Improved General Amino Acid Replacement Matrix journal, April 2008

Basic Local Alignment Search Tool journal, October 1990

Isolation of two novel corrinoid proteins from acetate-grown Methanosarcina barkeri. journal, August 1993

Interrelations between Glycine Betaine Catabolism and Methionine Biosynthesis in Sinorhizobium meliloti Strain 102F34 journal, October 2006

Kinetic and structural features of betaine aldehyde dehydrogenases: Mechanistic and regulatory implications journal, January 2010

Carnitine--metabolism and functions journal, October 1983

Archaebiotics: Proposed therapeutic use of archaea to prevent trimethylaminuria and cardiovascular disease journal, October 2013

GbdR Regulates Pseudomonas aeruginosa plcH and pchP Transcription in Response to Choline Catabolites journal, December 2008

The Desulfitobacterium genus journal, September 2006

Molecular mechanisms underlying roseobacter–phytoplankton symbioses journal, June 2010

Uptake of glycine betaine and its analogues by bacteroids of Rhizobium meliloti journal, January 1990

Purification and Characterization of Protein PB of Betaine Reductase and its Relationship to the Corresponding Proteins Glycine Reductase and Sarcosine Reductase from Eubacterium Acidaminophilum journal, November 1995

Genome characteristics of a generalist marine bacterial lineage journal, January 2010

One Carbon Metabolism in SAR11 Pelagic Marine Bacteria journal, August 2011

The Residue Mass of L-Pyrrolysine in Three Distinct Methylamine Methyltransferases journal, August 2005

Reactivity and Chemical Synthesis of L-Pyrrolysine— the 22nd Genetically Encoded Amino Acid journal, September 2004

Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease journal, April 2011

Glycine Betaine as a Direct Substrate for Methanogens (Methanococcoides spp.) journal, October 2013

Functional context, biosynthesis, and genetic encoding of pyrrolysine journal, June 2011

Regulation of homocysteine metabolism and methylation in human and mouse tissues journal, August 2010

Novel pathway for assimilation of dimethylsulphoniopropionate widespread in marine bacteria journal, May 2011

Osmotic control of glycine betaine biosynthesis and degradation in Rhizobium meliloti. journal, July 1988

Identification of Two Gene Clusters and a Transcriptional Regulator Required for Pseudomonas aeruginosa Glycine Betaine Catabolism journal, October 2007

A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding journal, May 1976

Microbiome composition comparison in oral and atherosclerotic plaque from patients with and without periodontitis journal, May 2020

Cobalamin-Dependent Methionine Synthase Is a Modular Protein with Distinct Regions for Binding Homocysteine, Methyltetrahydrofolate, Cobalamin, and Adenosylmethionine † journal, July 1997

Production of glycine betaine and dimethylsulfoniopropionate in marine phytoplankton. I. Batch cultures journal, November 1999

A rare SAR11 fosmid clone confirming genetic variability in the ‘Candidatus Pelagibacter ubique’ genome journal, May 2008

Involvement of the "A" isozyme of methyltransferase II and the 29-kilodalton corrinoid protein in methanogenesis from monomethylamine. journal, August 1995

Organization of the genes involved in dimethylglycine and sarcosine degradation in Arthrobacter spp. : Implications for glycine betaine catabolism journal, June 2001

Methanococcoides vulcani sp. nov., a marine methylotrophic methanogen that uses betaine, choline and N,N-dimethylethanolamine for methanogenesis, isolated from a mud volcano, and emended description of the genus Methanococcoides journal, March 2014

A Desulfitobacterium strain isolated from human feces that does not dechlorinate chloroethenes or chlorophenols
journal, November 2001

Studies of Dimethylglycine Oxidase Isoenzymes in Arthrobacter globiformis Cells
journal, December 2010

Cleavage of Structural Proteins during the Assembly of the Head of Bacteriophage T4
journal, August 1970

Comparative genomics of methylated amine utilization by marine Roseobacter clade bacteria and development of functional gene markers (tmm, gmaS): Methylamine utilization by Roseobacter
journal, April 2012

Homeostasis and Catabolism of Choline and Glycine Betaine: Lessons from Pseudomonas aeruginosa
journal, January 2013

Dissimilatory reduction of nitrate in seawater by a Methylophaga strain containing two highly divergent narG sequences
journal, April 2010

O -Demethylation by the Homoacetogenic Anaerobe Holophaga Foetida Studied by a New Photometric Methylation Assay Using Electrochemically Produced Cob(I)Alamin
journal, December 1994

Metaproteomic Survey of Six Aquatic Habitats: Discovering the Identities of Microbial Populations Active in Biogeochemical Cycling
journal, January 2014

Methanol:coenzyme M methyltransferase from Methanosarcina barkeri -- substitution of the corrinoid harbouring subunit MtaC by free cob(I)alamin : Substitution of
journal, May 1999

Glycine metabolism in anaerobes
journal, January 1994

A New UAG-Encoded Residue in the Structure of a Methanogen Methyltransferase
journal, May 2002

Regulatory Factors Associated with Synthesis of the Osmolyte Glycine Betaine in the Halophilic MethanoarchaeonMethanohalophilus portucalensis
journal, February 1999

Analysis of Relative Gene Expression Data Using Real-Time Quantitative PCR and the 2−ΔΔCT Method
journal, December 2001

The Expanding World of Methylotrophic Metabolism
journal, October 2009

Prognostic value of choline and betaine depends on intestinal microbiota-generated metabolite trimethylamine-N-oxide
journal, February 2014

Microbial conversion of choline to trimethylamine requires a glycyl radical enzyme
journal, November 2012

Metabolic changes of rhizobia in legume nodules
journal, April 2006

Reconstitution of Dimethylamine:Coenzyme M Methyl Transfer with a Discrete Corrinoid Protein and Two Methyltransferases Purified from Methanosarcina barkeri
journal, June 2000

Occurrence of Choline and Glycine Betaine Uptake and Metabolism in the Family Rhizobiaceae and Their Roles in Osmoprotection
journal, May 1999

A Desulfitobacterium strain isolated from human feces that does not dechlorinate chloroethenes or chlorophenols
journal, June 2001

Complete Genome Sequence of the Dehalorespiring Bacterium Desulfitobacterium hafniense Y51 and Comparison with Dehalococcoides ethenogenes 195
journal, March 2006

Betaine Fermentation and Oxidation by Marine Desulfuromonas Strains
journal, January 1989

The rapid generation of mutation data matrices from protein sequences
journal, January 1992

Betaine: New Oxidant in the Stickland Reaction and Methanogenesis from Betaine and l-Alanine by a Clostridium sporogenes-Methanosarcina barkeri Coculture
journal, January 1983

Ecological significance of compatible solute accumulation by micro-organisms: from single cells to global climate
journal, July 2000

Stability and Robustness of Human Metabolic Phenotypes in Response to Sequential Food Challenges
journal, December 2011

Pyrrolysine Encoded by UAG in Archaea: Charging of a UAG-Decoding Specialized tRNA
journal, May 2002

Trimethylamine N-oxide metabolism by abundant marine heterotrophic bacteria
journal, February 2014

Function of genetically encoded pyrrolysine in corrinoid-dependent methylamine methyltransferases
journal, October 2004

Characterization of an O-Demethylase of Desulfitobacterium hafniense DCB-2
journal, April 2012

Carnitine: An osmolyte that plays a metabolic role
journal, January 2000

The reductive acetyl coenzyme A pathway: sequence and heterologous expression of active methyltetrahydrofolate:corrinoid/iron-sulfur protein methyltransferase from Clostridium thermoaceticum
journal, October 1994

The energy conserving methyltetrahydromethanopterin:coenzyme M methyltransferase complex from methanogenic archaea: function of the subunit MtrH
journal, April 1999

MUSCLE: multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput
journal, March 2004

Potential for Chemolithoautotrophy Among Ubiquitous Bacteria Lineages in the Dark Ocean
journal, September 2011

sinI- and expR-Dependent Quorum Sensing in Sinorhizobium meliloti
journal, November 2005

Phylogenomic Data Support a Seventh Order of Methylotrophic Methanogens and Provide Insights into the Evolution of Methanogenesis
journal, August 2013

Formation and breakdown of glycine betaine and trimethylamine in hypersaline environments
journal, November 1990

A proteomic determination of cold adaptation in the Antarctic archaeon, Methanococcoides burtonii: Cold adaptation on an Antarctic archaeon
journal, May 2004

Glycine reductase mechanism
journal, October 2004

The Polymerase Incomplete Primer Extension (PIPE) Method Applied to High-Throughput Cloning and Site-Directed Mutagenesis
book, January 2009

Quantification of acetylcholine, choline, betaine, and dimethylglycine in human plasma and urine using stable-isotope dilution ultra performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry
journal, December 2010

The Sinorhizobium meliloti Glycine Betaine Biosynthetic Genes ( betICBA ) Are Induced by Choline and Highly Expressed in Bacteroids
journal, August 2003

Bacterioplankton assemblages transforming dissolved organic compounds in coastal seawater
journal, August 2007

The BCCT family of carriers: from physiology to crystal structure: BCCT carriers
journal, September 2010

Intestinal Microbial Metabolism of Phosphatidylcholine and Cardiovascular Risk
journal, April 2013

An Improved General Amino Acid Replacement Matrix
journal, April 2008

Basic Local Alignment Search Tool
journal, October 1990

Isolation of two novel corrinoid proteins from acetate-grown Methanosarcina barkeri.
journal, August 1993

Interrelations between Glycine Betaine Catabolism and Methionine Biosynthesis in Sinorhizobium meliloti Strain 102F34
journal, October 2006

Kinetic and structural features of betaine aldehyde dehydrogenases: Mechanistic and regulatory implications
journal, January 2010

Carnitine--metabolism and functions
journal, October 1983

Archaebiotics: Proposed therapeutic use of archaea to prevent trimethylaminuria and cardiovascular disease
journal, October 2013

GbdR Regulates Pseudomonas aeruginosa plcH and pchP Transcription in Response to Choline Catabolites
journal, December 2008

The Desulfitobacterium genus
journal, September 2006

Molecular mechanisms underlying roseobacter–phytoplankton symbioses
journal, June 2010

Uptake of glycine betaine and its analogues by bacteroids of Rhizobium meliloti
journal, January 1990

Purification and Characterization of Protein PB of Betaine Reductase and its Relationship to the Corresponding Proteins Glycine Reductase and Sarcosine Reductase from Eubacterium Acidaminophilum
journal, November 1995

Genome characteristics of a generalist marine bacterial lineage
journal, January 2010

One Carbon Metabolism in SAR11 Pelagic Marine Bacteria
journal, August 2011

The Residue Mass of L-Pyrrolysine in Three Distinct Methylamine Methyltransferases
journal, August 2005

Reactivity and Chemical Synthesis of L-Pyrrolysine— the 22nd Genetically Encoded Amino Acid
journal, September 2004

Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease
journal, April 2011

Glycine Betaine as a Direct Substrate for Methanogens (Methanococcoides spp.)
journal, October 2013

Functional context, biosynthesis, and genetic encoding of pyrrolysine
journal, June 2011

Regulation of homocysteine metabolism and methylation in human and mouse tissues
journal, August 2010

Novel pathway for assimilation of dimethylsulphoniopropionate widespread in marine bacteria
journal, May 2011

Osmotic control of glycine betaine biosynthesis and degradation in Rhizobium meliloti.
journal, July 1988

Identification of Two Gene Clusters and a Transcriptional Regulator Required for Pseudomonas aeruginosa Glycine Betaine Catabolism
journal, October 2007

A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding
journal, May 1976

Microbiome composition comparison in oral and atherosclerotic plaque from patients with and without periodontitis
journal, May 2020

Cobalamin-Dependent Methionine Synthase Is a Modular Protein with Distinct Regions for Binding Homocysteine, Methyltetrahydrofolate, Cobalamin, and Adenosylmethionine ^†
journal, July 1997

Production of glycine betaine and dimethylsulfoniopropionate in marine phytoplankton. I. Batch cultures
journal, November 1999

A rare SAR11 fosmid clone confirming genetic variability in the ‘Candidatus Pelagibacter ubique’ genome
journal, May 2008

Involvement of the "A" isozyme of methyltransferase II and the 29-kilodalton corrinoid protein in methanogenesis from monomethylamine.
journal, August 1995

Organization of the genes involved in dimethylglycine and sarcosine degradation in Arthrobacter spp. : Implications for glycine betaine catabolism
journal, June 2001

Methanococcoides vulcani sp. nov., a marine methylotrophic methanogen that uses betaine, choline and N,N-dimethylethanolamine for methanogenesis, isolated from a mud volcano, and emended description of the genus Methanococcoides
journal, March 2014

MEGA6: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Version 6.0
journal, October 2013

Characterization of a Three-Component Vanillate O-Demethylase from Moorella thermoacetica
journal, June 2001

Metabolism of Trimethylamine, Choline, and Glycine Betaine by Sulfate-Reducing and Methanogenic Bacteria in Marine Sediments †
journal, January 1984